Gothic castles ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. Gothic architecture

Gothic architectural style originated nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th hauv Northern France. Lub zog ntawm Abbe Sutheria tau ua rau qhov no. Nws ntau tshaj plaws flowering style nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, kis mus rau ib ncig ntawm niaj hnub Spain thiab Czech koom pheej, Austria thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees, thiab Britain.

Koj tuaj yeem ntsib Gothic hauv architecture ntawm ltalis. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov style no tau raug xa mus rau lub teb chaws no tsawg dua tom qab, muaj kev hloov hlab ntsha loj. Txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua mus. Thoob ntiaj teb gothic swept tag nrho ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. Nyob hauv cov tebchaws nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws no, qhov no tau tshwm sim tom qab thiab kav mus txog rau tiam 16th century. Gothic muab lub ntiaj teb no tsis tsuas yog nws tus kheej peculiar cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov style no tau tsim ib qho kev nkag siab tshiab ntawm qhov ntim ntawm qhov tsim thiab koom haum ntawm qhov chaw.

Cov theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob

Muaj ib lub caij nyoog ntawm qhov kev txhim kho ntawm no cov qauv vaj tse zoo kawg nkaus. Yog li, tus Gothic yog distinguished:

- Yav thaum ntxov (12 th xyoo pua);
- Txuj ci style (13th xyoo pua);
- flaming (14-15 centuries);
- thoob ntiaj teb.

Tom qab ntawd, lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov txawv ntawm no pib siv rau hauv lub tsev cov qauv kho vajtse. Rau tej lub tuam txhab lo lus "neo-Gothic" siv.

Architectural nta

Lub Gothic style yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm verticality ntawm composition, lub complex thav ntawm kev them nyiaj yug system, lub ribbed koov, thiab kuj taw ntse arch. Cov qauv tsim no tau tsim rau kev tsim kho ntawm cov pob zeb loj loj (vim muaj cov stiffeners) thiab nrog cov phab ntsa ntawm thicker thickness (vim repetitions ntawm loads ntawm lawv los ntawm qhov kev khiav nkaum lub cev). Cov kws tshawb fawb kom ntau li ntau tau txo cov loj ntawm cov vaj tsev xauj tsev. Qhov no ua tau vim yog qhov kev taw qhia ntawm pob txha. Yog li ntawd, cov phab ntsa ceased ua hauj lwm raws li cov kabmob loading.

Distinctive nta

Uas twb muaj lawm hauv ib lub keeb kwm theem style architectural lug undergo ib co kev hloov lub sij hawm. Thiab lub Romanesque style tau maj transformed rau hauv ib Gothic.

Dab tsi yog nws lub ntsiab nta? Muaj xya qhov txawv ntawm Gothic style:

1. Cov xim tsis muaj zog thiab feem ntau - xim xiav, liab thiab daj.
2. Lancet cov kab uas ua lub vault ntawm ob txoj kab sib tshuam.
3. Cov duab zoo ntawm lub tuam tsev nyob hauv txoj kev npaj, tig mus rau txoj hlua arched arches.
4. Ib tus kiv cua koov ua ntawm cov kev txhawb zog. Xwb, nws qee zaum ntsib lub qab nthab. Cov chav nyob hauv vaj tse xws li ntev thiab nqaim. Los yog dav, nrog cov kev txhawb nqa ntsia nruab nrab ntawm qhov chaw. Cov kab no nyob hauv cov chav no yog qhov siab.
5. Lancet, wireframe, openwork, pob zeb, elongated archways, thiab zoo li lub pob txha taub tawv ntawm tag nrho cov duab.
6. Ntau qhov rais iav qhov rais. Lawv cov duab yuav hloov los yog elongated.
7. Fillet cov qhov rooj ntoo thiab cov hlua khi ntawm cov qhov rooj.

Ib qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov txuj ci no yog qhov muaj cov sculptures. Mythical creatures thiab gloomy figures feem ntau decorated lub phab ntsa ntawm monasteries, temples thiab cathedrals.

Muaj ntau lub tsev teev ntuj medieval nyob teb chaws Europe tau ua hauv Gothic style. Qhov no yog qhov qhia tseeb ntawm ntau yam txuj ci, xws li:

- architecture;
- sculpture;
- cov duab thaij duab;
- arts thiab crafts.

Cathedrals nyob rau hauv Gothic style hlua li nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus nroog squares, dominating lub nyob ib puag ncig ob los yog peb-lub tsev nyeem. Qhov chaw no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau Eastern Europe thiab Ltalis.

Thawj kev tsim ntawm Gothic style

Raws li qhov project ntawm lub abbot ntawm Sugeria, lub tsev teev ntuj Saint-Denis tau tsa. Nws yog thawj lub tsev ua hauv Gothic style. Thaum lub cathedral tau tsa, ib tug loj pes tsawg ntawm sab faib thiab txhawb nqa raug muab tshem tawm. Vim li ntawd, lub tuam tsev tau saib zoo nkauj, uas tsis yog piv rau cov Roman lub fortresses.

Lub Gothic cathedral tsa los ntawm tus kws pab tswv yim muaj koob muaj npe thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub Sugeri monastery nqa ib qho kev thauj khoom ntsiag to. Nws muab kev zoo rau lub rooj sib txoos, uas yog lub qhov ntxa ntawm Fabkis cov vaj ntxwv. Raws li contemporaries, lub tuam tsev, tau tsim los ntawm Sugeriy, tau ua ib lub teeb nruam thiab ua kom zoo uas ua rau sab hauv nrog kev zoo nkauj. Coob leej hauv hnub ntawd, Louis IX tau txiav txim kom muab cov pob zeb tshiab tshiab coj los kho ntawm kaum rau Fabkis cov txiv plig. Tag nrho cov no yog xav kom ntxiv dag zog rau vaj ntxwv hwj chim.

St. Stephen lub Cathedral

Ntau lub Gothic castles yog lub teb chaws cim ntawm lub teb chaws uas nws ib ncig lawv ua. Qhov no siv rau cov Catholic Cathedral ntawm St. Stephen, nyob rau hauv Vienna. Nws yog suav hais tias yog lub teb chaws ntawm Austria.

Lub tsev majestic, tau tsim nyob ze li ntawm ob lub xyoo, tau ua nyob hauv plawv ntawm cov peev hauv Australian. Zoo li ntau Gothic castles ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, nws sawv ntawm lub xwmfab. Thiab mus rau hnub no nyob rau hauv no cathedral txhua txhua hnub tuav Vajtswv txoj kev pab.

Rau thawj lub sij hawm no Catholic lub tsev teev ntuj yog hais nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau tseg rov qab mus rau 1137. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th. Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Xatefanas tau txais ib zaj lus qhia ntawm Romanesque style. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv 14-16 centuries. Lub tuam tsev tau kiag li rov qab tsim dua thiab tau ua txhua yam zoo nkauj. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 17th. Lub sab hauv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj hloov me ntsis. Raws li nws tau ua ntawv los ua nrov Baroque style.

Hauv Cathedral ntawm St. Stephen muaj ob lub yees. Ib tug ntawm lawv, tsis tiav, yog sab qaum teb ib. Nws qhov siab yog 68 m. Qhov thib ob ntauwd yog sab qab teb. Nws nce 136 m tshaj hauv av thiab muaj ib qho kev soj ntsuam nrog ib qho kev xav pom tsis zoo ntawm Vienna, tab sis kuj ntawm nws ib puag ncig. Nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj yog lub tswb nrov nyob hauv lub tebchaws. Nws qhov hnyav yog 21 tons, thiab txoj kab uas hla peb lub metres. Lub tswb tswb nkaus xwb nyob rau hnub tseem ceeb, tsis pub ntau tshaj 11 zaug hauv ib lub xyoo.

Chartres Cathedral

Gothic castles tawm ib lub tswv yim sib sib zog nqus hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm txhua tus neeg. Qhov siab thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm ntau tus yees thiab ntse arches ncav mus rau lub ntuj amazes lawv. Tsis tas li, castles hauv Gothic style yog ntev heev. Yog li, Chartres Cathedral, nyob rau hauv Fabkis, muaj ib qhov ntev sib npaug zos rau 130 meters ntawm txhua tus xaiv tshiab pom ntawm lub tsev fuabtais zoo li nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshiab. Thiab tag nrho cov no ua tsaug rau qhov tsim tsim ntawm façade.

Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau Romanesque pawg ntseeg, uas muaj qhov yooj yim thiab meej cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj, kev soj ntsuam ntawm Chartres Cathedral muab lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug tsis muaj phab ntsa. Cov kos duab, arches, yees, qhov rais loj loj, ntau platforms nrog arcades sawv cev rau kev ua si ntawm cov ntaub ntawv openlass. Zoo li txhua lub Gothic castles, Chartres Cathedral yog cia inhabited los ntawm ib pawg ntawm ntau sculptures. Muaj txog kaum txhiab saum hauv lub tuam tsev. Cov nuj nqis no tsis yog nyob hauv cov duab thiab lub qhov. Lawv yuav pom nyob rau lub eaves thiab lub ru tsev ntawm lub kauv staircases thiab kav dej, nyob rau consoles thiab nyob rau hauv lub arches ntawm lub chapels. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, Gothic castles rau neeg tuaj xyuas sawv cev rau lub ntiaj teb tsis pom thiab muaj kev ntseeg loj.

Notre Dame Cathedral

Lub Gothic style ntawm medieval castles kuj siv nyob rau hauv ib lub tuam tsev lossis loj, kev tsim kho ntawm uas pib hauv 1163. Thawj pob zeb nyob hauv lub hauv paus ntawm Notre Dame Cathedral raug nteg los ntawm Louis VII thiab Pope Alexander III. Kev ua haujlwm tau kub ntev dua li ib xyoo dhau los. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws pib maj mam hloov ntawm sab hnub tuaj nruab nrab ntawm lub tuam tsev mus rau sab hnub poob. Raws li cov thawj lub hom phiaj, lub tsev teev ntuj yuav tsum muaj tag nrho cov neeg nyob ntawm Paris, los ntawm pib ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm 10 000 inhabitants. Txawm li cas los, tom qab kev tsim kho ntawm lub tuam tsev, lub nroog tau loj hlob ntau zaus, uas tsis tau tso cai rau txoj kev npaj.

Lub puab qhov chaw ntawm lub tuam tsev yog tam sim no kingdom pob zeb slender ncej tug ncej uas sib thooj, taw arches. Lub sab hauv yog qhov tiag realm ntawm txoj kab ntsug, qhia ncaj qha, mus rau saum ntuj. Cov iav tsom iav tso rau hauv cov xim thaij iav qhov rai tshav ntuj uas pours rau saum cov dav heev ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov npisov, cov me nyuam thiab cov poj niam, cov txiv neej thiab cov vaj ntxwv. Tsis muaj cov phab ntsa hauv lub tuam tsev no. Es tsis txhob lawv, ib tug thav duab yog tsim, muaj raws ntawm pillars txuas nrog arches. Sau no tsim cov qhov rai qhov rais, uas zoo ib yam li cov duab loj heev ntawm ntau ntau cov duab. Lub teeb ntawm lub hnub ua xim dawb lias-iav qhov rais zoo li gems loj loj. Muaj qee cov ntsiab lus mystical nyob rau hauv no, uas teev tus neeg ntawm ib qho kev cai dab qhuas pious.

Cologne Cathedral

Kev tsim kho ntawm no grand Gothic style tsev yog pib hauv 1248. Lub cathedral yog txawv ntawm lub teeb yees ntawm lub hnub facade nrog taw lub ru tsev, thiab raws li ib tug muaj kuab kua rau tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus qauv thiab qhov txawv qhov siab ntawm nruab nrab nave.

Qhov no lub tuam tsev yog lub tshaj plaws recognizable thiab feem ntau nrov nyob rau peb lub ntiaj teb tag nrho. Saib ntawm qhov kev zoo nkauj ntawm Gothic architecture, uas nyob rau hauv nws qhov siab yog nyob rau hauv peb qhov chaw ntawm tag nrho cov cathedrals ntawm lub ntiaj teb, yog nrhiav los ntawm tag nrho cov tourists mus xyuas lub teb chaws Yelemees.

Palazzo Doge

Qhov no cathedral yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm Venetian Gothic style, uas tsis paub qhov tsis tsim cov qauv, tab sis lub decorativeness ntawm no amazing style. Lub façade ntawm lub tuam tsev yog qhov txawv hauv nws cov lus. Ib cov kab dawb marble kab sab nraud ntawm lub tsev fuabtais. Lub tuam tsev monumental pom cov thev rau hauv qab no. Qib thib ob yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom qhib loggia. Nws txuas nrog keeled arches thiab ntau heev nyias nyias. Qhov no tier yog txawv los ntawm kev hlub thiab yooj yim. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb lub tsho peb sab, ntawm cov phab ntsa liab uas tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv qhov rais. Qhov no ntawm cov façade yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab ntawm cov xim dawb. Tag nrho lub palace pleases lub qhov muag nrog lub sonority ntawm nws zoo nkauj daws. Nws muab cov splendor ntawm Byzantium nrog secular cheerfulness.