Subjective idealism ntawm Berkeley thiab Hume

Ntawm cov ntau philosophical systems uas paub txog lub primacy ntawm sab ntsuj plig hauv paus ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tej yam uas, ib tug ob peb sawv tawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm John. Berkeley thiab David Hume, uas yuav tsum tau luv luv piav raws li subjective idealism. Lub nkag tau rau lawv cov lus xaus yog cov writings ntawm medieval scholastics-nominalists thiab lawv successors - xws li conceptualism, John Locke, uas neeg pab leg ntaubntawv kom muaj nyob rau hauv ntau - yog lub hlwb cuam tshuam ntawm nquag rov muaj dua cov tsos mob ntawm ntau yam sib txawv.

Raws li lub chaw ntawm cov John Locke, English npis sov thiab philosopher George. Berkeley muab lawv thawj txhais lus. Yog hais tias muaj no xwb ua li khiav ri, cais tej khoom, thiab tsuas yog tib neeg lub siab, tuag rov muaj dua xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv ib co ntawm cov khoom, qhia khoom nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg thiab hu cov pab pawg neeg los ntawm tej yam lus, nws yuav lam xav tias yuav tsis muaj paub daws teeb lub tswv yim, tsis yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov khoom thiab cov qualities ntawm cov khoom lawv tus kheej. Hais tias yog, peb yuav tsis xav txog tej yam ib tug txiv neej ntawm paub daws teeb, tab sis xav "tus txiv neej," peb xav hais tias ib txoj kev. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau peb cov pem abstraction tsis muaj lawv cov hav zoov, lawv yog generated los ntawm peb lub hlwb kev ua si. Qhov no yog subjective idealism.

Nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm "Nyob rau hauv Principles of Human paub" txawj xav formulates nws yooj yim lub tswv yim: "nyob ua ib ke" - nws txhais tau tias "yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi." Peb pom ib tug kwv ntawm peb tus ntxhiab, tab sis tsis yog tias cov kwv yog zoo tib yam rau peb txoj kev xav (thiab cov tswv yim) txog nws? J. subjective idealism. Berkeley cav hais tias peb tsis totaub peb "simulate" tus kwv uas peb xaav. Ces nws puv tawm, yog hais tias tus raug tsis xav knowable kwv, muaj yog tsis ib tug nyob rau tag nrho - raws li muaj nyob rau hauv Antarctica, alpha hais los yog Pluto nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm George Berkeley ..

Cov lus nug ces tshwm sim: yog muaj dab tsi ua ntej tib neeg? Raws li ib tug Catholic npis sov, John. Berkeley twb yuam kom khiav tawm nws subjective idealism, los yog, raws li nws yog hu ua, solipsism, thiab tsiv mus nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub hom phiaj idealism. Txom nyob rau hauv lub Zeitgeist muaj nyob rau hauv lub siab tag nrho tej yam uas ua ntej qhov pib ntawm lawv lub neej, thiab nws muab lawv rau peb xav tias. Thiab vim hais tias ntawm muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm tej yam thiab qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv uas ib tug neeg yuav tsum xaus, kom deb li deb raws li Vajtswv yog paub qab hau thiab zoo.

British philosopher Devid Yum tsim subjective idealism ntawm Berkeley. Raws li cov tswv yim ntawm empiricism - lub ntiaj teb no ntawm kev kawm los ntawm kev - philosopher ceeb toom hais tias peb tuav general tswv yim yog feem ntau raws li peb kev txiav txim zoo ntaus tswv yim ntawm ib tug neeg khoom. Tab sis qhov kev kawm thiab peb piav thoob hlo xaav ntawm nws - yog tsis yeej tib yam nkaus. Yog li ntawd, cov hauj lwm ntawm philosophy - txoj kev kawm no tsis yog los ntawm cov xwm, tiam sis ntawm lub subjective ntiaj teb no, ntaus tswv yim, kev xav, tib neeg logic.

Subjective idealism ntawm Berkeley thiab Hume muaj ib tug tseem ceeb feem nyob rau evolution ntawm British empiricism. Nws twb siv, thiab cov Fabkis Enlightenment, thiab cov installation ntawm agnosticism nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav ntawm kev txawj ntse Hume muab impetus mus rau tsim ntawm tus thuam ntawm Kant. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub "tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej" ntawm lub German tus paub txog yog lub hauv paus ntawm German classical philosophy. Epistemological optimism Bacon thiab skepticism Hume tom qab sim hawm caij nyoog philosophers mus rau lub tswv yim ntawm "pov thawj" thiab "falsification" ntawm lub tswv yim.