Dzheyms Chedvik: biography, duab, qhib

Sir Dzheyms Chedvik (Diam duab nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm) - English physicist thiab Nobel laureate, uas tau koob meej tom qab tus foundations ntawm cov neutron. Nws tau fundamentally hloov lub physics ntawm uas lub sij hawm thiab pub zaum los tsim tshiab khoom, tab sis kuj coj mus rau lub foundations ntawm nuclear fission thiab nws siv rau cov tub rog thiab kev thaj yeeb lub hom phiaj. Chadwick yog cov ib pab pawg neeg ntawm British zaum, uas thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog lub US pab tsim lub atomic foob pob.

Dzheyms Chedvik: ib tug luv luv biography

Chadwick yug nyob rau hauv Bollingtone, Cheshire, England, Lub kaum hli ntuj 20, 1891, tus tub ntawm Dzhona Dzhozefa thiab Anne Meri Noulz. Nws kawm nyob rau hauv zos elementary thiab Manchester pej xeem cov tsev kawm ntawv. Lub kaum tau txais ib daim scholarship nyob rau lub University of Manchester. James xav mus kawm kev ua lej, tab sis yuam kawm introductory lectures rau physics thiab cuv npe kawm nyob rau hauv no tshwj xeeb. Thaum xub thawj, nws muaj misgivings txog nws kev txiav txim siab, tab sis tom qab thawj xyoo ntawm txoj kev tshawb, nws pom hauv chav kawm nthuav ntau. Chadwick twb cuv npe kawm nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawv ntawm Ernest Rutherford, qhov twg nws kawm hluav taws xob thiab magnetism, thiab tom qab ntawd taw lecturer James tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub tej lub caij radium.

thaum ntxov kev tshawb fawb

Dzheyms Chedvik kawm tiav nyob rau hauv 1911 thiab txuas ntxiv mus ua hauj lwm nrog Rutherford tshaj haum ntawm gamma tawg nrog ib tug master degree nyob rau hauv 1913. Thawj Tswj Xyuas Hauj pab mus rau nws lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshawb fawb cov nyiaj pab, uas hu ua rau kev ua hauj lwm rau lwm qhov chaw. Nws txiav txim siab mus kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Berlin nrog Hans Geiger, uas tau mus xyuas Manchester ntawm ib lub sij hawm thaum James tau txais ib tug master degree. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, Chadwick tsim lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug tas mus spectrum ntawm beta tawg uas thuam thuam soj ntsuam thiab coj mus rau lub foundations ntawm cov neutrino.

Nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv camp

Tsis ntev ua ntej cov thawj lub ntiaj teb ua tsov ua rog, thaum cov tub rog kev ua tau inevitable, Geiger Chadwick ceeb toom hais tias nws rov qab mus ces sai li sai tau. James twb tsis meej pem lub tswv yim mus ncig teb chaws tuam txhab thiab nyob mus txog rau thaum kawg ntawm tsov rog nyob rau hauv ib tug German pow camp. Nyob rau hauv lub tsib lub xyoos ntawm nws raug kaw Chadwick muaj peev xwm mus sib nrog cov tub zov thiab kev yooj yim kev tshawb fawb fluorescence.

Cov ua hauj lwm nyob rau Cavendish Laboratory

Dzheyms Chedvik, uas nws biography yog nyob rau hauv physics muaj tag nrho cov muaj feem yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav nyob rau hauv 1918, ua tsaug rau lub dag zog ntawm Rutherford rov qab mus rau science, thiab paub tseeb tias tus nucleus xwb yog sib npaug zos rau cov atomic tooj. Nyob rau hauv 1921 nws tau muab ib tug kev tshawb fawb internship ntawm Cambridge College Gonville thiab Keyes, thiab cov nram qab no xyoo los ua pab Rutherford nyob rau Cavendish Laboratory.

Ua hauj lwm txhua txhua hnub, nws tseem pom lub sij hawm rau kev tshawb fawb, kev taw qhia uas raws li ib tug tag nrho twb pom tias los ntawm Rutherford. Chadwick thiab khub niam txiv xaus Charles D. Ellis ces txuas ntxiv cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv Trinity College thiab Rutherford, soj transmutation ntsiab thaum bombarded nrog alpha hais (Helium nuclei). Cov pab neeg tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv Vienna, qhia rau cov kev tshwm sim hais tias yog tsis muaj raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau los ntawm lub Cavendish kuaj, cov neeg uas tau raug ably defended los ntawm ntxiv thwmsim Chadwick thiab nws cov npoj yaig.

Nyob rau hauv 1925, James sib yuav Aileen Stewart-Brown. Qhov ob peb muaj ntxaib ntxhais yug.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab 1920 Dzheyms Chedvik ua thwmsim rau lub scattering ntawm alpha hais nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj yub los ntawm hlau, nrog rau kub thiab uranium, thiab ces feem ntau ntawm cov Helium uas nws cov tub ntxhais muaj tib lub loj nrog lub alpha hais. Raug tawg ri niab yog asymmetric, thiab Chadwick piav qhia nws nyob rau hauv 1930 raws li ib tug quantum phenomenon.

Tus foundations ntawm cov neutron

Rov qab nyob rau hauv 1920, Rutherford npaj lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug electrically nruab nrab hais hu ua neutrons mus piav qhia txog lub hav zoov ntawm hydrogen isotopes. Peb ntseeg tias qhov no particle muaj ib tug electron thiab ib tug proton, tab sis qhov teeb meem ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg tsis tau pom.

Nyob rau hauv 1930, nws twb pom hais tias thaum bombarded nrog lub teeb nuclei alpha rays tawm txim liab polonium tshwm sim tob tob tawg tsis muaj lub fais xwb. Nws yuav tsum gamma rays. Txawm li cas los, thaum uas siv cov ib beryllium phiaj rays ntau lub sij hawm ntau ces tshaj siv lwm yam ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv 1931, Chadwick thiab nws colleague Webster pom tias tsis rays tau ua tim khawv rau lub hav zoov ntawm cov neutron.

Nyob rau hauv 1932, ib tug txij nkawm ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm Iren Kyuri thiab Frederika Zholio pom tias cov beryllium tawg yog ntau penetrating tshaj li cov neeg qhia los ntawm yav dhau los soj ntsuam ntawm, tab sis lawv kuj hu ua nws gamma rays. Dzheyms Chedvik nyeem daim ntawv qhia thiab tam sim ntawd pib mus ua hauj lwm rau lub xam ntawm nruab nrab particle loj, uas yuav muaj peev xwm los mus piav qhia qhov tseeb tau. Nws siv beryllium tawg mus bombard ntau yam ntsiab thiab pom hais tias cov kev tshwm sim raws qhov tus ntawm hauv nruab nrab hais nrog ib tug loj yuav luag zoo tib yam rau lub loj ntawm ib tug proton. Nws yog lub sim qhia txog cov hav zoov ntawm cov neutron. Nyob rau hauv 1925 rau no tau zoo, Chadwick tau txais cov Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv physics.

Los ntawm neutron nuclear tshuaj tiv thaiv

Neutron tau sai sai ua lub cuab tam ntawm physicists siv nws los txeem tau cov atoms ntawm lub ntsiab thiab lawv transformation, li ntawd, zoo them nucleus nws tsis yog repelled. Yog li, Chadwick npaj txoj kev mus rau lub fission ntawm uranium-235 thiab nuclear riam phom. Nyob rau hauv 1932, qhov no tseem ceeb foundations nws twb muab tsub lub Hughes Puav pheej, thiab nyob rau hauv 1935 lub Nobel nqi zog. Tom qab ntawd nws kawm tau hais tias Hans Falkenhagen sab neutron nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nrog nws, tab sis yog ntshai luam tawm lawv tau. German kawm modestly tsis yeem qhov kev muab cov Nobel nqi zog, uas tau muab nws Dzheyms Chedvik.

Tus foundations ntawm cov neutron pab tsim transuranic ntsiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj. Qhov no coj mus rau lub foundations ntawm Nobel nqi zog khiav Enrico Fermi nuclear tshua ntxias los ntawm qeeb neutrons, thiab tus foundations ntawm tus German chemists Otto Hahn thiab Strassmann ntawm nuclear fission, uas muaj cov nyhuv ntawm kev tsim nuclear riam phom.

Cov ua hauj lwm rau lub atomic foob pob

Nyob rau hauv 1935, Dzheyms Chedvik los ua xib fwb ntawm physics ntawm lub University of Liverpool. Raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm ib tug memorandum of Frisch-Peierls nyob rau hauv 1940 lub feasibility ntawm kev tsim kom muaj ib tug nuclear foob pob , nws teem tseg rau lub MAUD Committee mus xyuas qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Nyob rau hauv 1940 nws tau mus xyuas North America nyob rau hauv ib lub hom phiaj Tizard los tsim kev koom tes nyob rau hauv nuclear kev tshawb fawb. Tom qab rov qab mus teb chaws Aas Kiv, nws txiav txim siab hais tias nws yuav tsis ua hauj lwm kom txog thaum tsov rog yog tshaj.

Nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis ntawm lub tib lub xyoo Frensis Saymon, uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub MAUD, pom ib lub sij hawm rau cov cais cov isotope uranium-235. Nyob rau hauv nws tsab ntawv ceeb toom nws tau hais valuation thiab kev specifications rau lub creation ntawm ib tug loj enterprise rau uranium kawm. Chadwick tom qab sau tias tsuas yog ces nws pom tau hais tias ib tug nuclear foob pob yog tsis tsuas tau tab sis inevitable. Los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd nws yuav tsum tau pib noj sleeping ntsiav tshuaj. James thiab feem ntau txaus siab rau lub foob pob pab pawg neeg ntawm U-235, thiab pom zoo nws tso tawm los ntawm diffusion ntawm lub isotope U-238.

sij hawm lub neej

Tsis ntev nws mus rau Los Alamos, lub tsev hauv paus ntawm lub Manhattan Project, thiab ua ke nrog Niels Bohr muab nqi tswv yim mus rau lub developers ntawm lub atomic bombs poob rau Hiroshima thiab Nagasaki. Chedvik Dzheyms, uas nws discoveries muaj radically hloov lub chav kawm ntawm tib neeg keeb kwm, nyob rau hauv 1945, yog knighted.

Qhov kawg ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II, nws rov qab mus nws ncej ntawm Liverpool. Chadwick resigned nyob rau hauv 1958. Tom qab koj siv kaum xyoo nyob rau hauv North Wales, nws rov qab mus rau Cambridge nyob rau hauv 1969, qhov chaw uas nws tuag Lub Xya hli ntuj 24, 1974.