Danish physicist Bor Nils: biography, qhib

Niels Bohr - Danish physicist thiab pej xeem daim duab, ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm physics nyob rau hauv nws cov tam sim no daim ntawv no. Nws yog tus tsim thiab tus thawj coj ntawm lub Copenhagen lub koom haum rau Theoretical Physics, tus creator ntawm lub ntiaj teb no lub scientific lub tsev kawm ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li ib tug txawv teb chaws tswv cuab ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub USSR. Qhov tsab xov xwm no yuav piav txog keeb kwm ntawm lub neej ntawm Niels Bohr thiab nws lub ntsiab achievements.

Merit

Danish physicist Bor Nils nrhiav tau cov kev tshawb xav ntawm lub atom, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub planetary qauv ntawm lub atom, lub quantum repose thiab tus kheej muaj lawv postulates. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Bohr nco qab txog ib qho tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm rau nuclear kev tshawb xav, nuclear tshua thiab hlau. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov creators ntawm quantum mechanics. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau cov nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm physics, Bohr sau ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej hauj lwm hauv philosophy thiab tej yam ntuj tso kev kawm. Paub txog kev koom tawm tsam lub nuclear kev hem thawj. Nyob rau xyoo 1922 nws twb muab tsub lub Nobel nqi zog.

thaum yau

Yav tom ntej tus paub txog Niels Bohr yug nyob rau hauv Copenhagen on Lub kaum hli ntuj 7, 1885. Nws txiv yog ib tug Christian xib fwb ntawm lub cev ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, thiab nws niam Ellen tuaj los ntawm ib tug muaj nyiaj Jewish tsev neeg. Niels muaj ib tug kwv yau Harald. Niam cov txiv tau sim ua kom yau tub zoo siab thiab sated. Cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm tsev neeg, thiab nyob rau hauv particular leej niam, ua si ib tug tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lawv sab ntsuj plig zoo.

tsim

Thawj hom kev kawm yog nyob rau hauv Bor Gammelholmskoy tsev kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv, nws yog fond ntawm football, thiab tom qab ntawd - skiing thiab sailing. Nyob rau hauv nees nkaum-peb lub xyoos, Bohr los ua ib tug kawm tiav ntawm lub University of Copenhagen, qhov uas nws twb ntshai li ib tug unusually gifted physicist thiab soj ntsuam. Rau nws thesis project rau lub ntsiab txhais ntawm lub nto nro ntawm cov dej los ntawm ib lub dav hlau ntawm dej deeg, Niels twb muab tsub ib tug kub puav pheej los ntawm cov noob nom noob tswv Danish Academy ntawm Sciences. Educated, ib tug aspiring physicist Bor Nils tau ua hauj lwm nyob rau lub tsev kawm ntawv. Muaj nws nqa tawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb kev tshawb fawb. Ib tug ntawm lawv twb mob siab rau tus classical electron kev tshawb xav ntawm co thiab tsim lub hauv paus rau nws doctoral dissertation Bora.

sab kev xav

Muaj ib hnub tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub Royal Academy, Ernest Rutherford, nug kev pab los ntawm ib tug colleague los ntawm lub University of Copenhagen. Xeem nws npaj yuav muab nws tus tub kawm ntawv tus nqi qis tshaj kev ntsuam xyuas, thaum nws xav tias tsim nyog kev soj ntsuam "zoo heev". Ob leeg tsis txaus siab tus menyuam pom zoo los cia siab rau lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug thib peb tog, tsis muaj ib tug arbitrator, uas ua Rutherford. Raws li cov kev kuaj mob cov lus nug, cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv yuav tsum tau piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas siv lub barometer koj yuav txiav txim seb lub qhov siab ntawm lub tsev.

Cov me nyuam kawm ntawv teb hais tias nws xav tau kev pab los khi lub barometer mus rau ib tug ntev txoj hlua rau nce nrog nws mus rau lub ru tsev ntawm lub tsev, txo nws mus rau hauv av thiab ntsuas qhov ntev ntawm txoj hlua bygone down. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, cov lus teb yog kiag li tseeb thiab muaj txhij, tab sis nyob rau lwm yam - nws muaj me ntsis ua li cas nrog physics. Ces Rutherford tswv yim hais tias tus menyuam kawm ntawv dua ib zaug sim teb. Nws muab nws rau feeb, thiab ceeb toom tias cov lus teb yuav tsum piv txwv txog kev nkag siab ntawm lub cev cov cai. Tsib feeb tom qab, nws hnov los ntawm ib tug tub ntxhais kawm ntawv hais tias nws xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm ob peb lub ntsiab, Rutherford tau nug kom nws teb nyob rau hauv ua ntej. Thaum lub sij hawm no tus menyuam kawm ntawv tau muaj cov barometer rau lub ru tsev, muab pov nws mus ntsuas lub caij nplooj zeeg thiab, siv ib tug tshwj xeeb mis kom paub tseeb lub qhov siab. Cov lus teb no txaus siab rau tus xib fwb, tab sis nws yog nrog Rutherford yuav tsis muab kuv tus kheej lub Library mloog mus rau tus so ntawm tus menyuam kawm ntawv version.

Cov qauv hauv qab no yog raws li nyob rau hauv ntsuas lub altitude thiab barometer siab ntawm ntxoov ntxoo duab ntxoov ntxoo lub tsev, ua raws li los ntawm ib tug tov kev faib ua feem. Nws yog ib qho kev xaiv zoo li Rutherford, thiab nws enthusiastically nug ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv mus rau lub teeb lub seem txoj kev. Ces tus me nyuam kawm ntawv muab nws qhov uas yooj yim xaiv. Cia li yuav tsum tau mus muab ib tug barometer rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev thiab ua sau ntawv, thiab ces suav cov xov tooj ntawm cov qhab nia, thiab muab rau lawv los ntawm qhov ntev ntawm lub barometer. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv ntseeg tau hais tias xws li ib cuab teb tseeb yuav tsis tau overlooked.

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li tsis mus muab suav hais tias nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag ntawm zaum prankster me nyuam kawm ntawv thiab muaj cov feem ntau sophisticated kev xaiv. Tying lub barometer rau lace - nws hais rau kuv - koj yuav tsum tau co ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev thiab nyob rau nws lub ru tsev, tus nqi ntawm cov frozen lub ntiajteb txawj nqus. Los ntawm cov sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau, nws puas yuav tau paub qhov siab qhov, Yog hais tias qhov kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub qev pendulum rau ib txoj hlua los ntawm lub-ru tsev, nws yog ua tau los mus txiav txim rau qhov siab ntawm cov precession lub sij hawm.

Thaum kawg, me nyuam kawm ntawv tau hais kom mus nrhiav tus neeg saib xyuas ntawm lub tsev thiab nyob rau hauv rov qab rau ib tug zoo barometer mus nrhiav tau tawm nws qhov siab. Rutherford nug seb tus me nyuam kawm ntawv yeej tsis paub cov pa lo lus teb rau qhov teeb meem. Nws tsis tau nkaum hais tias nws paub hais tias, tab sis tuaj nyob hais tias nws yog pub mus nrog cov xib fwb imposing lawv txoj kev xav pawg ntseeg nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab kawm ntawv qib siab, thiab tau cov rejection uas tsis yog-tus qauv ntsiab. Raws li koj tej zaum guessed, qhov no tus menyuam kawm ntawv yog Niels Bohr.

Tsiv mus ces

Thaum ua hauj lwm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv rau peb lub xyoos, Bohr tsiv mus ces. Cov thawj xyoo nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Cambridge Yauxej Thomson, ces tsiv mus rau Ernest Rutherford nyob rau hauv Manchester. Rutherford kuaj thaum lub sij hawm twb ntshai ua tus tshaj koj. Tsis ntev los no, muaj thwmsim tias muab sawv mus rau lub foundations ntawm cov planetary qauv ntawm lub atom. Ntau precisely, tus qauv ces yuav tseem nyob rau hauv nws kiag.

Lub thwmsim rau cov zaj uas lub alpha hais los ntawm ib tug ntawv nyiaj pub Rutherford kom paub tias nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm ib tug atom yog ib tug me me them nucleus, uas tso nyiaj rau yuav luag tag nrho loj ntawm lub atom thiab cov electrons cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntsws. Txij li thaum lub atom yog electrically nruab nrab, cov nqi ntawm cov nqi ntawm electrons yuav tsum sib npaug zos rau cov ntsiav module xwb. Qhov xaus uas lub nuclear xwb yog ib tug ntau ntawm cov electron xwb yog central nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, tab sis kom deb li deb tseem tsis totaub. Tab sis lawv pom tias isotopes - tshuaj uas muaj ib yam tshuaj uas muaj zog tab sis txawv atomic loj.

Lub atomic tooj ntsiab. xaav txoj cai

Ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj ntawm Rutherford, Bohr pom tau hais tias cov tshuaj zog nyob ntawm seb tus xov tooj ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv ib tug atom, uas yog, los ntawm nws xwb, thiab tsis yog pawg, uas piav txog lub hav zoov ntawm isotopes. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb ua ntej Bohr txoj kev kawm nyob rau hauv no kev kuaj. Txij li thaum lub alpha particle txo nws hwj ib Helium nucleus nrog ib tug saib xyuas ntawm +2 los ntawm alpha lwj (particle yog tawm txim liab los ntawm cov tub ntxhais) "tus ntxhais" lub caij nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj yuav tsum tau muab tso rau sab laug ntawm lub ob hlwb tshaj cov "niam txiv", thiab lub beta lwj (electrons tawm txim liab ntawm nuclei) - mus rau sab xis los ntawm ib tug cell. Yog li twb tsim lub "txoj cai ntawm tej xaav." Ntxiv mus, lub Danish physicist ua ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj discoveries, uas muaj kev txhawj xeeb heev qauv ntawm lub atom.

Rutherford-Bohr qauv

Cov qauv no yog tseem hu ua planetary vim hais tias nws electrons tig ib ncig rau cov tub ntxhais nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev raws li ntiaj teb nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hnub. Cov qauv no muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov teeb meem. Lub fact tias cov atom nws yog disastrously tsis ruaj tsis khov, thiab tsis muaj zog rau ib puas millionth ntawm ib tug thib ob. Nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag, txawm li cas los, qhov no tsis tshwm sim. Ib tug teeb meem ciali insoluble thiab yuav tsum tau ib tug radically tshiab mus kom ze. Ntawm no thiab muaj pov thawj qhov Danish physicist Bor Nils.

Boron tswv yim hais tias, tsis tooj mus rau cov kev cai ntawm electrodynamics thiab mechanics, orbits nyob rau hauv atoms yog tsiv ntawm uas electrons tsis ntaiv. Lub orbit yog ruaj khov, yog hais tias lub sij hawm ntawm lub electron nyob rau nws yog sib npaug zos rau ib nrab ntawm cov Planck qhov. Tawg tshwm sim, tiam sis tsuas yog thaum lub sij hawm ntawm qhov kev hloov ntawm ib tug electron los ntawm ib tug orbit mus rau lwm lub. Tag nrho cov zog uas yog tso tawm thaum nws yog nqa los ntawm ib tug quantum ntawm hluav taws xob. Tej photon muaj zog sib npaug zos rau cov khoom ntawm muab zaus los ntawm Planck tus tsis tu ncua, los yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov pib thiab thaum kawg electron zog. Yog li, Bohr Rutherford ua ke khiav hauj lwm lub sij hawm thiab lub tswv yim ntawm quanta, uas yog npaj los ntawm Max Planck nyob rau hauv 1900. Xws li ib tug union tooj mus rau tag nrho cov kev cai ntawm cov tsoos txoj kev xav, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tsis txhob tsis kam lees nws kiag li. Electron mas suav hais tias raws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas tus taw tes, uas tsiv raws li lub classical cai ntawm mechanics, tiam sis lub "tso cai" yog tsuas yog cov orbits uas nqa "quantization tej yam kev mob". Nyob rau hauv xws orbits, lub electron zog yog inversely xwm yeem mus rau plaub fab ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm orbits.

Qhov xaus ntawm lub "kev cai ntawm frequencies"

Raws li cov "txoj cai ntawm frequencies", Bor xaus lus tias cov tawg zaus yog proportional rau rov qab squares ntawm qhov txawv ntawm cov zauv. Yav tas los, no txawv tau raug tsim muaj spectroscopists, tab sis yuav tsis nrhiav tau ib tug theoretical piav. Ziag Niels Bohr tso cai rau piav qhia txog lub spectrum tsis tsuas hydrogen (atoms ntawm qhov nyuaj), tab sis Helium, xws li ionized. Tus paub txog sodvizheniya piv txwv li no cov nyhuv uas cov tub ntxhais thiab twv seb yuav ua li cas sau hluav taws xob zoo li, uas qhia rau hauv lub cev xwm ntawm lub periodicity ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm lub periodic system. Rau cov achievements, nyob rau hauv 1922, Bohr twb muab tsub lub Nobel nqi zog.

Bohr lub koom haum

Tomqab kawm tas, Rutherford twb pom tau hais tias physicist Bor Nils rov qab mus rau nws teb koj chaw, nyob qhov twg nws tau caw nyob rau hauv 1916 los ntawm ib tug xib fwb ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Copenhagen. Ob xyoos tom qab ntawd nws los ua ib tug mej zeej ntawm lub Danish Royal Society (nyob rau hauv 1939 ib tug kws ntawv coj nws).

Nyob rau hauv 1920, Bohr nrhiav lub koom haum ntawm Theoretical Physics thiab ua nws cov thawj coj. Tus tub ceev xwm ntawm Copenhagen, nyob rau hauv paub ntawm lub merits ntawm physics, muab nws mus rau los haum ib tug historic "lub tsev ntawm Brewer." Lub koom haum tau ntsib tag nrho cov miv nyuas, ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm quantum physics. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg uas tseem ceeb heev rau qhov no tau tus kheej zoo ntawm Bor. Nws ncig nws tus kheej nrog ib tug txawj ntse ua hauj lwm thiab kawm ntawv, rau ib thaj tsam nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog feem ntau pom. Bohr lub koom haum yog thoob ntiaj teb, nws nrhiav rau lub caij nplooj zeeg tawm nyob qhov twg. Ntawm cov nto moo natives Bohr tsev kawm ntawv yog: F. Bloch, V. Weisskopf, H. Casimir, Aage Bohr, L. Landau, J. Wheeler thiab ntau lwm tus neeg ..

Los ntawm Bor tau pheej tau mus xyuas lub German tus paub txog Heisenberg Vernet. Nyob rau ib lub sij hawm thaum tsim "uncertainty ntsiab cai" Bohr debated Erwin Schrödinger, uas yog ib tug supporter huv-yoj taw tes ntawm view. Nyob rau hauv lub yav tas los "tsev ntawm Brewer," tsim lub hauv paus rau qualitatively tshiab physics ntawm lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua, ib qhov tseem ceeb cov nuj nqis uas yog Niels Bohr.

atom qauv npaj los ntawm Danish paub txog thiab nws saib Rutherford, yog inconsistent. Nws integrates lub postulates ntawm lub classical kev tshawb xav thiab kev xav, kom meej meej ua tsis nws. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kov yeej tej kev contradictions, nws yog tsim nyog los radically kho qhov yooj yim tenets ntawm txoj kev tshawb xav. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm yog ua si los ntawm cov ncaj pab Bora, nws credibility nyob rau hauv lub scientific lub zej lub zos, thiab ib tug tus kheej cawv. Ua hauj lwm Niels Bohr pom tias kom tau lub cev daim duab ntawm lub microworld yog tsis haum mus kom ze twb tau ntse thov mus rau "lub ntiaj teb no kuj zoo kawg thiab tej yam uas," thiab nws mus ua ib tug ntawm cov pioneer ntawm no mus kom ze. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau ua tswvcuab tswv yim xws li "uncontrolled raug ntsuas cov txheej txheem" thiab "ntxiv qhov tseem ceeb".

Copenhagen quantum kev tshawb xav

Lub npe ntawm lub Danish paub txog txuam ntau yam (aka Copenhagen) txhais ntawm quantum kev tshawb xav, thiab txoj kev tshawb no ntawm nws heev heev "paradoxes". Ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm no yog ua si los ntawm cov kev sib tham ntawm Bohr thiab Albertom Eynshteynom, uas tsis nyiam yog tus Bohr quantum physics nyob rau hauv ib tug probabilistic txhais lus. "Xov xwm hauv paus ntsiab lus", formulated los ntawm lub Danish paub txog, ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev to taub ntawm txoj cai ntawm lub microworld thiab lawv sib tham nrog cov classical (non-quantum) physics.

nuclear teeb meem

Pib mus koom nyob rau hauv nuclear physics yog tseem nyob rau hauv Rutherford, Bohr mob siab ib tug ntau ntawm cov xim rau nuclear kawm. Nws npaj siab nyob rau hauv 1936 lub hom phiaj ntawm lub compound nucleus, tsis ntev muab ntxiv rau txoj kev nco qauv, uas tau ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm nuclear fission. Nyob rau hauv kev, Bor yog twv ua ntej txawj fission ntawm uranium.

Thaum lub Nazis nyob Denmark, tus paub txog twb nyiag coj mus ces thiab ces mus rau America, qhov twg, ua ke nrog nws tus tub Aage ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Manhetennskim project ntawm Los Alamos. Nyob rau hauv lub postwar xyoo, Bor siv ntau lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm nuclear caj npab tswj thiab lub tiaj siv atomic. Nws coj ib feem nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm lub European Center rau Nuclear kev tshawb fawb, thiab txawm kho nws lub tswv yim mus rau lub UN. Raws li qhov tseeb hais tias Bohr tsis kam sib tham nrog cov Soviet physicists yog tej chaw ntawm lub "nuclear project", nws xam tau tias yog ib tug txaus ntshai monopoly ntawm atomic riam phom.

Lwm yam chaw ntawm kev txawj ntse

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Niels Bohr, uas nws biography tuaj rau ib tug kawg, yog tseem xav nyob rau hauv tej teeb meem bordering nrog physics, biology ua nyob rau hauv particular. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog xav nyob rau hauv lub philosophy ntawm science.

Koj Danish paub txog tau tuag lawm los ntawm ib tug plawv nres Lub kaum hli ntuj 18, 1962 nyob rau hauv Copenhagen.

xaus

Niels Bohr, cov lus qhib ntawm uas, ntawm chav kawm, hloov cov physics, nyiam ib tug zoo scientific thiab kev ncaj ncees thiab txoj cai. Kev sib txuas lus nrog nws, txawm fleeting, ua tau ib lasting tswv yim interlocutors. Los ntawm kev hais lus thiab sau ntawv Bohr yog cuab kev tias nws ua tib zoo xaiv nws cov lus, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav feem ntau yog muaj piv txwv li koj xav. Lavxias teb sab physicist Vitaly Ginzburg hu ua Bora incredibly rhiab thiab paub qab hau.