Cov tshooj lus los ntawm keeb kwm: dab tsi yog sab ntsuj plig kev nyeem ntawv thiab sau ntawv?

Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg - nws lub ntsiab cov khoom muaj nqis thiab nco, uas muaj peev xwm tsis nco qab tom qab thiaj li muaj ntau centuries. Curious tseeb txog lub neej ntawm lawv cov pog koob yawg koob, peb feem ntau pom tias cov ntaub ntawv yog shrouded nyob rau hauv paub tsis meej thiab no: lub ntsiab lus. Muaj ntau tus neeg sim mus nrhiav seb yog dab tsi yog sab ntsuj plig kev nyeem ntawv thiab sau ntawv, raws li nws yog to taub thiab decipher. Ib txhia soj ntsuam muab lub tswvyim hauv qab no txhais: sab ntsuj plig kev nyeem ntawv thiab sau ntawv - ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws qhov chaw ntawm medieval Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm, ib yam ntawm cov tim khawv, nyob tsis tau tsuas yog rau tej tib neeg, tab sis kuj mus rau lub tag nrho lub teb chaws, thiab xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv.

princes Wills

Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, kom to taub zoo li cas muaj feudal tub vaj ntxwv, nws yog txaus cia li mus saib nyob rau ntawm nws sab ntsuj plig kawm ntawv. Nws muab ncauj lus kom ntxaws qhia txog ntawm cov khoom ntiag tug tswv, txog cov ua rau thiab txoj kev ntawm nws nrhiav tau. Tsaug rau sau cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv tshaj plaw yuav, peb muaj peev xwm taug puab ntawm qhov sib sau ua ke los yog crushing tus tub huabtais lub teb chaws thiab cov kev pab. Nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog uas yog sab ntsuj plig kev nyeem ntawv thiab sau ntawv, peb paub yuav luag txhua yam. Hmoob ntev thiab ua tib zoo khaws cia, vim hais tias cov ntaub ntawv tau yav tas los rhiab heev. Kom txog rau thaum hnub no tau mus txog ib tug sau ntawm wills grand princes ntawm Moscow.

Lub neej thiab kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Ivan Kalita

Ib qho ntawm feem zoo kawg li thiab tseem ceeb yog xav tau rau sab ntsuj plig charter Ivana Kality. Nws yog tiag tiag cov neeg pej xeem Duke, uas tau yug los nyob rau hauv 1283 thiab dhau ib tug yooj yim txoj kev uas yuav mus ua ntej ua ib tug naas ej thiab respected txiv neej thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej. Thaum pib ntawm nws reign, tus tub huabtais lawm zoo kawg li tshwm sim. Nws twb fwm rau nws muaj peev xwm mus nrhiav tau ntau hom lus nrog cov neeg, raws li tau zoo raws li siab thiab txoj kev mob siab. Tsaug rau cov poj Ivan, economic, thiab nom tswv lub neej ntawm lub union ntawm lub Moscow nqi zog thiab cov Golden Horde tuaj mus rau hauv kev sib raug zoo. Kalita yog ruthless traitors thiab nruj nrog nws cov neeg, tej confrontation yeej ib txwm suppressed lawv tau yooj yim.

Sab ntsuj plig kev kawm ntawv Ivan Kalita

Sab ntsuj plig tsab ntawv Kalita tso ua ke ib lub sij hawm ntev, ib tug heev yooj yim keeb kwm lub sij hawm rau Russia. Thaum pib ntawm yuav yog ib qho hais txog ntawm lub xeev kev kho mob ntawm tub huabtais. Nws paub zoo tias txhua nrog nws nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim hais tias lub hlwb thiab lub cev tsis ncaj ncees lawm muaj ib yam nkaus thiab. Thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej, Kalita tau sau txaus capital, uas bequeathed mus rau nws tus tub thiab nws tus poj niam, ntxhais fuabtais Yuliana. Ivan Daim ntawv teev tseg tag nrho nws cov nyiaj, uas nws tau txais los ntawm nws tus txiv, yawg, thiab cov neeg uas nws khwv tau rau lawv tus kheej. Los ntawm txoj kev, muaj ntau. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, cov neeg pej xeem Duke yog tus tswv ntawm ob peb lub zos, ntawm lawv kho Ruza, Zvenigorod, Mozhaisk, Serpukhov, Kolomna. Ivan Kalita koom dozens ntawm lub zos thiab townships.

Yog li, cov lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi yog sab ntsuj plig kev nyeem ntawv thiab sau ntawv, nws yog tau muab ib tug yooj yim cov lus teb - tam sim no ua tim khawv, twv nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub reign. Kalita thawj tsis quav ntsej li cov kev cai ntawm txoj kev uas cov qub txeeg qub teg. Nws muab nws rau tag nrho nws cov tub Attendance, tsis muaj kev xav txog "nce tus ntaiv", uas ib tug loj kev faib ua feem ntawm nws tau txais tej eldest tus tub. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias Ivan Kalita tsis tu tej yam ntau txog leej twg tab sis nws tsev neeg. Tag nrho cov qub txeeg qub teg twb muab faib mus rau hauv lub nyob ze tsev neeg voj voog. Ib tug interesting tseeb yog tias tus tub huabtais tau tsis tseg "poj ntsuam tus qhia" ntawm nws tus poj niam. Nyiaj rightfully teej tug mus rau nws, nws muab nws eldest tus tub thiab hais rau nws kom saib xyuas ntawm nws niam thiab nws tus kwv yau.

Phau Kalita hnub no

Tu siab, ob peb cov neeg paub tias dab tsi yog sab ntsuj plig kev nyeem ntawv thiab kev sau ntawv, tab sis yeej tsis lig dhau lawm mus nyeem nws thiab xav tias tus txheej xwm ntawm ib txhiab xyoo dhau los. Piv txwv li, lub ua tim khawv Ivana Kality yog tam sim no muaj rau sawv daws. Muaj ob versions ntawm sab ntsuj plig tsiaj ntawv ntawm cov neeg pej xeem Duke, txhua tus uas tsim nyog paub.