Phosphorus hydroxide - mis khoom

Muaj peb cov chav kawm ntawm complex inorganic tebchaw: oxides, hydroxides (uas muaj xws li acids thiab bases) thiab ntsev ntawd. Muaj ntau hlau thiab uas tsis yog-hlau yuav tsim oxides, hydroxides, thiab ib feem ntawm lub acid residues. Yog li, phosphorus yog muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug acidic residue PO _4. Muaj ntau ntau ntau ntau yam ntawm phosphorus oxide. Raws li, nws muaj ntau yam hydroxides uas yog ua los ntawm cov oxides. Ntxiv phosphorus hydroxide - yog phosphoric acid. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav saib rau lub cev thiab tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm lub caij thiab nws cov tebchaw, raws li zoo raws li qhia rau koj txog nws cov loj heev nyob rau hauv cov xwm, thiab lwm yam lus tseeb.

Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm phosphorus

Nws yuav muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm variations. Phosphorus - ib yam khoom uas muaj ib tug hluas tshuaj caij. Nws atoms tsis muab tsim molecules. Phosphorus mis - R. Txawm li cas los, nyob ntawm seb tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo qauv, lub caij tej zaum yuav muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm peb tshuaj.

Feem ntau yog cov dawb phosphorus - nws muaj ib tug waxy qauv thiab siab toxicity. Lub melting point ntawm no substance yog plaub caug-plaub degrees Celsius thiab cov kub - ob puas thiab yim caum degrees. Los ntawm kev sib txhuam nws sai sai zes cov khoom, yog li txiav nws, cia li muab nyob rau hauv lub dej ib puag ncig. Yog hais tias rau ib ntev lub sij hawm los ua cua sov nws nyob rau ib tug kub ntawm ob puas thiab tsib caug degrees Centigrade, nws yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv liab phosphorus. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hmoov brownish-liab xim. Liab phosphorus, raws li txwv mus rau dawb, yog tsis lom.

Qhov tseem ruaj khov hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hav zoov no lub caij tej zaum yuav hu ua dub phosphorus uas nyob rau ib co lwm nta zoo xws li cov hlau: muaj ib tug peculiar gloss, muaj siab hardness, hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity.

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm Science News for KIDS

Phosphorus - caij, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub thib tsib pab pawg neeg thiab tus thib peb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj. Los ntawm no peb yuav xaus uas lub valence ntawm nws yog tsib. Ntxiv mus, lub periodic system yuav pom tias lub caij phosphorus muaj ib tug atomic hnyav sib npaug zos rau peb caug rau ib gram ib tus nas. Qhov no txhais tau tias 1 tias ntawm ib tug yuav hnyav 31 grams. Xav tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm phosphorus, peb yuav tham txog nws kev xav rau tej yam yooj yim thiab complex tebchaw.

Sis nrog tej yam yooj yim tshuaj

Tus thawj tshaj plaws kom koj nco ntsoov - lub oxidation ntawm phosphorus. Nws yog nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog rau oxygen. Tag nrho yuav yog nyob ntawm seb proportions ntawm cov Cheebtsam - Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ob tug sib txawv tshuaj peev xwm yuav tsim.

Ib tug thawj embodiment - ntawm plaub moles ntawm phosphorus thiab peb moles ntawm cov pa uas ua ob moles ntawm phosphorus trioxide. Cov ntaub ntawv uas zoo sib xws tshuaj sis los ntawm kev siv hauv qab no kab zauv: 4F + 3O ₂ = 2P ₂ O _3.

Ob txhais xaiv - ib tug tsim ntawm plaub mus rau tsib moles ntawm phosphorus thiab oxygen moles ob moles ntawm phosphorus pentoxide. Yuav kom qhia no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm kev siv hauv qab no kab zauv: 4P + 5O ₂ = 2P ₂ O _5.

Thaum ob tug tshuaj tshua yog ib tug tseem ceeb emission ntawm lub teeb. Ntxiv mus, phosphorus yuav nrog xws yooj yim tshuaj xws li co, halogens (fluorine, iodine, bromine, tshuaj chlorine ua), sulfur. Active tshuaj caij yog tau muaj ob txo thiab oxidising zog. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub sis raug zoo nrog halogens yuav pab chlorination. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob ua sawv. Tus thawj - tus tsim ntawm ob moles ntawm phosphorus trihlorata ob moles xam tau tias yog nonmetal thiab peb moles ntawm chlorine. Qhov no tiv thaiv yuav yuav qhia los ntawm no kab zauv: 2P + 3Cl ₂ = 2PCl _3.

Cov kauj ruam thib ob ntawm tus txheej txheem muaj nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd ntawm tshuaj atoms rau phosphorus trihloratu twb tau. Yog li, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau ib lub tias ntawm lub yav tas ntawm cov nyiaj tib tshuaj ua ib tus nas ntawm phosphorus pentahlorata. Peb sau tsab ntawv no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv li no: PCL ₃ + Cl ₂ = PCL _5.

Cov cai ntawm phosphorus sis raug zoo nrog cov hlau yuav xav txog lub piv txwv nram qab. Yog hais tias peb coj peb moles ntawm poov tshuaj ib tus nas ntawm phosphorus ib lub tias tau poov tshuaj phosphide. Cov ntaub ntawv no zoo ntawm txoj kev siv tau cov nram qab no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv: P = 3K + K ₃ R.

Sis nrog complex tshuaj

Rau txoj tshuaj tebchaw, uas muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm reacting phosphorus muaj xws li acids thiab ntsev. Peb tam sim no piav qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm lub caij nrog cov ntaub ntawv pab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj.

Phosphorous acid thiab

Ntawm tag nrho lwm yam tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb reacting phosphorous thiab nitric acid. Yuav kom xws li ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum noj cov nram qab no Cheebtsam: phosphorus nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm peb moles ntawm tsib moles ntawm nitric acid thiab dej - ob moles. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj sis peb muab tau cov nram qab no cov khoom: phosphoric acid thiab Nitrogen oxide. Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv yog sau raws li nram no: 3P + 5HNO ₃ + 3H ₂ O = 3H ₃ PO ₄ + 5NO.

Phosphorus ntsev thiab

Qhov no zoo ntawm cov tshuaj sis yuav suav hais tias raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas nrog nonmetal cuprum sulfate. Mus nqa tawm no nws yog tsim nyog los noj ob moles ntawm phosphorus, tsib moles ntawm tooj liab sulfate, yim moles ntawm cov dej. Lub sis ntawm cov tshuaj peb muab tau cov nram qab no tshuaj tebchaw: acid sulfate nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm tsib moles ntshiab tooj liab - tib yam, raws li tau zoo raws li phosphoric acid - ob moles. Cov ntaub ntawv no yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov no kab zauv: 2P + 5CuSO ₄ + 8H ₂ O = 5H ₂ li ₄ + 5Cu + 2H ₃ PO _4.

Kev npaj ntawm cov nonmetal

Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lo lus nug yog ua los ntawm cov tshuaj tebchaw xws li calcium phosphate. Yuav kom qhov no yog nqa tawm raws li nram no tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: tus hais tias ntsev yog tov nrog xuab zeb (silica) thiab cov pa roj carbon nyob rau hauv ib tug hniav puas ratio ntawm 1: 3: 5, them taus calcium silicate, phosphorus thiab chadny roj nyob rau hauv ib tug hniav puas piv ntawm 3: 2: 5.

Phosphorus tebchaw thiab lawv lub zog

Cov feem ntau sib txuas ntawm phosphorus yog suav tias yog ib tug nonmetal hydroxide. Nws yuav ua tau ntawm ob peb hom, nyob ntawm seb lub oxide uas yog tsim nyob rau. Tau phosphorus hydroxide yog tau los ntawm kev txhais tau tias ntawm ib tug tshuaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm nws oxide thiab dej. Los ntawm xws tshuaj tiv thaiv ua ntau hom tshuaj. Yog li, ntawm lub hydroxide yuav npaj trioxide (3), thiab los ntawm pentoxide - phosphorus hydroxide (5). Cov ntaub ntawv muaj acidic zog thiab muaj peev xwm, nyob rau hauv lem, hnov mob nrog co, ntsev, bases thiab lwm tus neeg.

Ntxiv phosphorus hydroxide - yog phosphoric acid. Nws yog oxygenated thiab tribasic. Nws mis - H ₃ PO _4.

Lub ntsiab tshuaj zog

Hydroxide phosphorus, uas nws mis yog muab saum toj no, muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm reacting nrog ob yooj yooj yim thiab complex tebchaw. Xav txog cov dab nyob rau hauv kom meej.

phosphoric acid tshuaj tiv thaiv uas co

Ib yam li lwm cov chav kawm ntawm tshuaj tebchaw, phosphorus hydroxide muaj peev xwm ntawm reacting nrog hlau. Thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem no muaj yog hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv uas lub hlau atoms ntawm Hydrogen atoms displace, li no txoj kev ua ib lub ntsev thiab hydrogen, tso tawm rau saum cua raws li ib tug roj nrog ib tug unpleasant tsw. Yuav kom qhov no tiv thaiv yuav yuav nqa tawm, cov hlau yuav tsum tau positioned mus rau sab laug ntawm lub hydrogen nyob rau hauv lub electrochemical series ua si. Hais tias yog, yam tshuaj xws li tooj liab, silver thiab lwm leej lwm tus ib yam li lawv, tsis muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm reacting nrog phosphoric acid, vim hais tias vim nws tsis muaj reactivity, lawv yuav tsis muaj peev xwm mus displace atoms ntawm Hydrogen los ntawm lawv cov tebchaw.

Raws li ib qho piv txwv, xav txog txhuas. Thaum muab ob moles ntawm lub caij rau ob tug moles ntawm phosphorus hydroxide peb tau txhuas phosphate thiab hydrogen nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm 2 los yog 3 moles feem. Cov kab zauv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog sau raws li nram no: 2Al + 2H ₃ PO ₄ = 2AlPO ₄ + 3H _2.

Sis nrog bases

Hydroxide phosphorus, raws li zoo li ntau lwm acids yuav nkag mus rau hauv tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog bases. Tej dab no yog hu ua metathesis. Ntawm lawv, ib tug tshiab tshwm sim hydroxide, thiab cov tshiab acid. Qhov no zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav nqa tawm tsuas yog ib tug ntawm cov tau cov khoom no yog insoluble nyob rau hauv dej, i.e. precipitates, suab mus rau hauv ib tug roj los yog dej los yog ua tsis muaj zog ntsha.

Phosphoric acid thiab ntsev thereof

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no kuj nws tshwm sim pauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws yog ua tau kom tau ib tug tshiab acid thiab ntsev. Mus nqa tawm no hom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, dhau lawm, yuav tsum ua raws li cov kev cai, uas tau piav saum toj no cia.

Cov kev siv ntawm phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw nyob rau hauv kev lag luam

Tus thawj compound ntawm no tshuaj caij yog siv los ua ib tug sib tov uas yog thov mus rau sab nto ntawm matchboxes. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ib tug sib tov ntawm phosphorus kho lawv tus kheej lub taub hau ntais ntawv. Nonmetal xam tau tias yog pentoxide yog dav siv raws li ib tug roj tshuab. Nws kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj kev lag luam nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau phosphorus hydroxide, mis thiab nws zog tau los sib tham saum toj no. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cov iav.

phosphorus hydroxide kuj pom daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv ntau industries. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua chiv. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias phosphorus tsuas yog qho tseem ceeb heev rau cov nroj tsuag. Yog li ntawd, muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv chiv, uas yog ua rau lub hauv paus uas tsis yog-hlau tebchaw yog suav hais tias. Rau lub hom phiaj no tshuaj xws li calcium phosphate. Ntsev yog siv raws li ib tug fertilizer nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug rauj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, rau lub hom phiaj no, zoo tib yam thiab triple superphosphate. Raws li cov chiv kuj pab ammophos thiab nitroammophos. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau saum toj, ntsev los yog phosphorous hydroxide siv raws li ib tug reagent rau tebchaws hauv lub xub ntiag nyob rau hauv kev daws nyiaj tebchaw. Yog li, lub ntxiv substance, uas muaj xws li ib tug acid residue PO _4, mus rau ib tug tov. Yog hais tias tus tom kawg muaj ntsev los yog nyiaj hydroxide precipitate lub caij nplooj zeeg nplua nuj daj xim. Qhov no Argentum phosphate muaj cov tshuaj mis: AgNO _3.

Tus qauv ntawm lub phosphorus atom

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias tag nrho cov atoms yog muaj li ntawm ib tug nucleus thiab electrons yam nyob ib ncig ntawm nws. Lub keeb muaj protons thiab neutrons. Electrons muaj ib tug tsis them nyiaj, protons - zoo thiab neutrons - zero. Cov naj npawb ntawm cov phosphorus nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj - kaum tsib. Nws muaj peev xwm yuav xaus lus los ntawm qhov uas lub kaum tsib protons muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov keeb. Yog hais tias lub atom yog nruab nrab, tsis yog ib qho ion, lub electrons ntau li ntau thiab protons. Hais tias yog cov ntaub ntawv nrog lub phosphor ntawm kaum tsib.

Yog hais tias ib tug electron yuav tawm nws orbit, lub atom ua ib tug zoo them ion, uas yog ib tug ntawv. Yog hais tias ib tug electron daim ntawv ib tug tsis zoo them ion - anion.

Lub periodic system ntawm tshuaj ntsiab yuav pom tias phosphorus belongs rau lub thib peb lub sij hawm. Los ntawm no nws yog tseeb hais tias muaj yog peb ntawm cov orbit nyob rau hauv uas lub electrons yog tusyees faib nyob ib ncig ntawm cov tub ntxhais. Tus thawj ob yog nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - yim electrons, thiab lub thib peb - tsib.

Lub loj heev nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Lub loj feem ntawm phosphorus nyob rau hauv lub kiav txhab yog 0.08%. Nws yog tsis heev nyob rau hauv cov xwm, ib tug tshuaj caij. Txawm li cas los, muaj ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov zaub mov, uas muaj xws li phosphorus. Qhov no apatite thiab phosphorite. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv thawj pab pawg neeg - fluorapatite. Nws tshuaj mis yog raws li nram no: 3Ca ₃ (PO4) ₂ • CAF _2. Nws yog qhov tseeb, ntsuab thiab turquoise ntxoov. Cov calcium phosphate phosphate faib feem ntau, muaj lub tshuaj mis: Ca ₃ (PO4) _2. Ntxiv mus, phosphorus tebchaw pom nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm ntau yam ntaub so ntswg uas muaj sia nyob.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw nyob rau hauv qhov thiab lub cev

Qhov no tshuaj caij tseem ceeb heev rau cov hauj lwm ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov nruab nrog cev thiab tshuab. Nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw nws yog tsis tau tsis muaj teeb meem-dawb ua hauj lwm ntawm ob lub raum. Qhov no lub caij yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub metabolism ntawm tus kab mob. Nws tseem muaj txhawb rau sai lwm cov ntaub so ntswg. Yog tsis muaj nws, ib co vitamins tsuas yuav tsis qhib kom ua huaj muab kev pab rau lub cev - qhov no yog vim li cas luag tag nrho cov vitamin tshuaj raws li ib tug ntxiv tivthaiv yog feem ntau ntxiv phosphorus. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog ib tug ntawm cov tshuaj hais tias kom lub cev tau hauj lwm ntawm lub plawv. Nws, dua li tag nrho cov saum toj no, koom nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cell division, thiaj li tsis muaj qhov no kab keeb yuav tsis muaj lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb.

Cai ntawm cov dej-ntsev tshuav nyiaj li cas - ib tug ntau feature, uas yog nqa nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm lub kev twb kev txuas nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm nonmetal. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab Cheebtsam ntawm cov pob txha thiab tej nqaij. Ib tug loj feem pua ntawm nws yog muaj nyob rau hauv cov hniav. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog tseem tsim nyog sau cia hais tias phosphorus yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kom lub cev tau hauj lwm ntawm lub paj hlwb. Cov tsos mob ntawm tsis muaj txoj lw caij nyob rau hauv lub cev pom tau hais tias cov nram qab no: nkees, tsis tshua muaj efficiency, teeb nyob rau hauv lub paj hlwb (neurosis, hysteria, etc.), ib yam nkaus thiab nquag tau khaub thuas, qaug ntawm lub plawv mob, mob nyob rau hauv cov pob txha thiab cov nqaij, heev tsis qab los. Kom tsis txhob xws li ib tug tshwm sim, raws li ib tug phosphorus tsis muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv lub cev, nws yog tsim nyog los paub dab tsi cov khoom nws muaj. Foremost nrad khoom xam tau tias yog nplua nuj tshuaj caij, highlight ntses. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog siab phosphorus concentration yog cai nyob rau hauv xws ntaub ntawv raws li sturgeon, mackerel, nees mackerel, tuna, sardine, capelin, Pollock, smelt. Tsis tas li ntawd los sib tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, muaj ib tug kab mineral pom nyob rau hauv roob ris nqaij, cw, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv khoom noj siv mis xws li tsev cheese, kua cheese, cheese.

tshawb pom

Phosphorus yog, tab sis yog tsis heev nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tshuaj caij, tab sis muaj kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb los ntawm muaj thiab lom taw tes ntawm view. Nws thiab nws tus kev sib txuas, nyob rau hauv particular, phosphorus hydroxide, siv nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm ntau hom ntawm cov khoom. Cov tsab xov xwm kuj piav cov khoom hydroxide phosphorus (phosphoric acid), thiab tshwj xeeb yog nws cov kev sib tshuam uas muaj cov hlau, bases thiab ntsev.