Xov xwm thiab Society, Celebrities
Cooper, James Fenimore: nyuag Phau ntawv sau, phau ntawv
Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor - paub American txawj sau ntawv, sau ntawm 33 novels. Nws style ua ke ntsiab ntawm Romanticism thiab enlightenment. Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm ntawm Cooper, nws yog ib lub personification ntawm lub American taug txuj kev nyuaj cov ntaub ntawv. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, ua ntej nws sau xws tej hauj lwm. Tab sis Fenimore yog thawj txawj sau ntawv, cov acclaimed European tuaj saib. Nws novels tau ua ib feem ntawm lub voj voog ntawm kev txaus siab ntawm cov loj heev tooj ntawm cov me nyuam. Qhov tsab xov xwm yog ib tug nyuag Phau ntawv sau txog cov txawj sau ntawv, thiab piav qhia txog nws tseem ceeb cov khoom.
thaum yau
Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper yug nyob rau hauv 1789 nyob rau hauv Burlington (New Jersey). Tus tub tus txiv yog ib tug loj tswv av. Childhood ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej sau ntawv twb muaj nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Cooperstown yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm New York, los ntawm lub pas dej. Nws lub npe hu ua nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm James 'txiv. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, lub keeb kwm ntawm lub tshuav ib qho imprint rau tsim ntawm nom tswv views, tus hero ntawm no tsab xov xwm. Fenimore nyiam txoj kev ntawm lub neej "nyob deb nroog gentleman" thiab tseem ib tug supporter ntawm lub loj Estates. Ib tug kev ywj pheej lub teb chaws kho txuas tsuas nrog rampant demagoguery thiab bourgeois acquisitiveness.
Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev mus
Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor, thawj twb kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv zos tsev kawm ntawv, thiab ces mus kawm Yale College. Tom qab kawm tiav tus tub hluas twb tsis muaj siab mus ntxiv nws kev tshawb fawb. Kaum xya xyoo James los ua ib tug neeg tsav nkoj rau ib tug neeg ua lag luam, thiab tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv lub Navy. Lub neej yav tom ntej sau ntawv hla lub Atlantic dej hiav txwv, mus rau ib tug ntau. Fenimore kuj tau kawm cov Great Lakes, uas yuav sai sai no nthuav nws cov nyhuv tej hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv cov xyoo, nws tau sau ib tug ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas rau nws txawj ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm lub neej yaam puab paub.
Early hauj lwm
Nyob rau hauv 1810, tom qab nws tus txiv lub ntees, Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor sib yuav thiab tswm nrog nws tsev neeg nyob rau hauv ib tug me me lub zos Skarsdeyle. Kaum xyoo tom qab ntawd, nws sau nws thawj thawj tshiab hu ua "precautionary". Tom qab ntawd, James hais tias, nws tsim ib tug ua hauj lwm "rau ib tug thawj koom ruam." Fenimore tus poj niam yog fond ntawm cov lus Askiv tshiab. Yog li ntawd, tus hero ntawm no tsab xov xwm jokingly-poluserozno pib sau ntawv xws li ib tug phau ntawv.
"Neeg soj xyuas"
Ua tsov ua rog ntawm Independence - uas yog cov ntsiab lus, uas yog heev xav nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper. "Neeg soj xyuas", sau los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv 1821, twb nkaus mob siab rau qhov no qhov teeb meem. Patriotic tshiab, tus sau tau coj yeeb koob heev. Peb yuav hais tias qhov no ua hauj lwm Cooper sau cov tsis muaj dabtsis nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawv, thiab tsom nws cov lus qhia rau yav tom ntej txoj kev loj hlob. Los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd nyob rau hauv Fenimore Kuv txiav txim siab mus devote nws tus kheej kom txawj ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau tom ntej no rau lub xyoo, nws tau sau ob peb novels, xws li peb tej hauj lwm muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug yav tom ntej Pentalog lub Tawv Stocking. Tab sis peb yuav tham txog lawv nyias.
Teb chaws Europe
Nyob rau hauv 1826, Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, uas nws phau ntawv tau nrov heev, mus rau cov teb chaws Europe. Nws nyob tau ib lub sij hawm ntev nyob rau hauv ltalis thiab Fabkis. Tsis tas li ntawd ib tug txawj sau ntawv thiab tau mus ncig mus rau lwm lub teb chaws. Tshiab yaam puab paub yuam nws tig mus rau lub keeb kwm ntawm ob lub qub thiab tshiab ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, cov hero ntawm no tsab xov xwm tau sau ob nautical tshiab ( "Hiav txwv dab", "Red Corsair") thiab cov trilogy ntawm cov Nrab Hnub nyoog ( "The executioner", "Geydenmauer", "Bravo").
Rov qab mus rau America
Xya xyoo tom qab, Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor tuaj hauv tsev. Thaum lub sij hawm nws tsis tuaj kawm ntawv, America tau hloov ntau heev. Lub heroic lub sij hawm ntawm lub kiv puag ncig yog yav tag los, thiab tej ntsiab cai ntawm cov tshaj tawm ntawm Independence tau tsis nco qab lawm. Nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States nws pib lub sij hawm ntawm lub kiv puag ncig industrial, uas rhuav tshem cov remnants ntawm patriarchy nyob rau hauv tib neeg kev sib raug zoo thiab nyob rau hauv lub neej. "Qhov zoo ncaj ncees dab noj hnub" - yog li dubbed Cooper tus kab mob, penetrated rau hauv American haiv neeg. Feem ntau dua kev txaus siab thiab rau cov neeg ua nyiaj.
Thov kom khub pej xeem
Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, uas nws phau ntawv twb paub deb tshaj tus ciam teb ntawm America, txiav txim siab los sim "tham tej kev txiav txim" ntawm lawv cov phooj ywg pej xeem. Nws tseem ntseeg nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam ntawm kev sib raug thiab nom tswv system ntawm lawv tus kheej lub teb chaws, xav tias qhov phem los ces, lwm distortion ntawm chiv noj qab nyob zoo thiab tsim nyog hauv paus. Thiab Fenimore tso "Cov tsiaj ntawv mus rau lub teb chaws." Nyob rau hauv lawv, nws hu ua mus txog sib ntaus sib tua yuav tsum "distorted".
Tab sis kev vam meej tsis yog qhov kawg. On qhov tsis tooj, James ntaus ib tug ntau ntawm daim card hais lus phem thiab qhib kev sib ntxub. Bourgeois America tau tso nws hu tsis muaj neeg saib. Nws liam Fenimore arrogance, quarrelsomeness, tsis muaj patriotism thiab tsis muaj kev txawj txuj ci. Tom qab hais tias, cov txawj sau ntawv tau mus rau Cooperstown. Muaj nws txuas ntxiv mus tsim journalistic tej hauj lwm thiab novels.
Qhov kawg lub sij hawm ntawm creativity
Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, kom tej hauj lwm uas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua txhua cov tsev qiv ntawv, tas lub xeem ob novels Pentalog lub Tawv Stocking ( "Deerslayer", "Pathfinder"). Nyob rau hauv 1835 nws luam tawm ib tug satirical tshiab "Monokines" hais txog cov kev phem ntawm liab qab socio-thoj system ntawm lub teb chaws USA thiab hais. Nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv, lawv muab tau nyob rau hauv lub npe Nizkoprygiya thiab Vysokoprygiya. Tsis tas li ntawd tseem ceeb rau nws trilogy txog av nqi xauj tsev ( "surveyor", "dab ntxwg nyoog tus ntiv tes", "Redskins"), luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub forties. Lub ideological thiab artistic cov nqe lus kawg ua hauj lwm Cooper yog heev sis tsis ncaj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus thuam ntawm bourgeois haiv neeg, lawv muaj Cheebtsam ntawm conservative utopia, muab cov txawj nyeem ntawv qhov cuav xaav "ntawm lub tsaws aristocracy." Tab sis, dua li no, cov txawj sau ntawv tau yeej ib txwm adhered mus rau lub tseem ceeb heev los tiv thaiv-bourgeois txoj hauj lwm.
Pentalog Leatherstocking Stocking
Qhov no series ntawm cov phau ntawv yog lub siab tshaj plaws kev kawm tau ntawm creativity Cooper. Nws muaj tsib novels: "Cov Tho Kev", "Tiaj pom khab," "Tus kawg ntawm lub Mohicans," "Deerslayer" thiab "Pathfinder". lawv muaj tag nrho cov koom los ntawm txoj kev ntawm lub protagonist muaj npe Nataniel Bampo. Nws yog ib tug saib xyuas uas muaj ntau nicknames: Ntev Carbine, Tawv Stocking, Hawkeye, Pathfinder, St. John lub wort.
"Deerslayer"
Muaj Natty Bumppo NW nyuam qhuav nees nkaum. Yeeb ncuab cov tub hluas yog Khab los ntawm cov Huron pawg neeg. Sib ntaus sib tua lawv, Natty raws li nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev Chingachgook. Nrog rau qhov no Mohicans Bumpo ua phooj ywg thiab yuav muaj ib tug kev sib raug zoo rau lub neej. Qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm nyuab los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias cov dawb phoojywg Natty tsis ncaj ncees thiab lim hiam rau txawv teb chaws neeg. Lawv ntxias bloodshed thiab ua nruj ua tsiv. Sis taug txuj kev nyuaj - kev poob cev qhev, khiav, battles, ambushes - unfolds tiv thaiv lub keeb kwm ntawm ib tug heev zoo nkauj xwm - lub hav shores ntawm shimmering pas dej thiab nws daim iav zoo li saum npoo av.
"Lub Xeem ntawm lub Mohicans"
Tej zaum cov feem ntau nto moo tshiab los ntawm James Fenimore. Ntawm no yog cov antithesis Bumpo treacherous thiab lim hiam tus thawj coj ntawm Magua. Nws kidnapped Alice thiab Cora - cov ntxhais ntawm Colonel Munro. Bumpo coj ib tug me me tub cheev xwm thiab mus rau dawb cov raug. Natty yog tseem nrog Chingachgook thiab nws tus tub Uncas. Kawg nyob rau hauv kev hlub nrog ib tug ntawm cov kidnapped ntxhais (Cora), tab sis tsis yog tshwj xeeb yog Cooper npaj no kab. Chingachgook tub yog tua nyob rau hauv sib ntaus sib tua, sim kom txuag tau nws tus hlub. Cov dab neeg xaus nrog lub scene ntawm lub ntees tuag ntawm Cora thiab Uncas (qhov kawg ntawm lub Mohicans). Tom qab Chingachgook thiab Natty yuav muab xa mus rau tus tshiab cov lus.
"Pathfinder"
Lub cuab ntxhiab ntawm no tshiab yog lub Anglo-Fabkis rog 1750-1760 xyoo. Nws cov mej zeej sim rau kev dag los yog kev xiab nyiaj rau nyiam cov neeg Qhab mus rau lawv sab. Chingachgook thiab Natty sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv lub pas dej Ontario, kom pab tau lawv cov kwv tij. Txawm li cas los, Cooper lub qhov ncauj Bumpo xav foom phem rau cov tsov rog launched los ntawm cov colonialists. Nws qhia txog cov meaninglessness ntawm txoj kev tuag nyob rau hauv no sib ntaus sib tua li cov Khab thiab dawb. Txiav txim siab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub muab lyric kab. Tawv Stocking hlub nrog Mabel Dunham. Nws txaus li lub siab dawb pub thiab ua siab tawv qhawv los ntawm ib tug scout, tab sis tseem mus Jasper, uas yog nyob ze rau nws tus cwj pwm thiab muaj hnub nyoog. Chim, Natty yoojyim rau sab hnub poob.
"Cov tho kev"
Qhov no yog lub feem ntau problematic tshiab, uas yog sau los ntawm Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper. "Cov tho kev" piav qhia txog lub neej Tawv vuam txwv ntev nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm xya caum. Tab sis, dua li no, lub menyuam pob yog tsis poob vigilance, thiab nws txhais tes yog tseem nyuaj. Chingachgook tag nrho raws li nyob ze, cia li tawm ntawm lub hwj chim thiab paub qab hau thawj coj, nws tig mus rau hauv ib tug neeg qaug cawv decrepit txiv neej laus laus. Ob cim nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm colonists, qhov twg cov kev cai ntawm lub "civilized" haiv neeg. Lub hauv paus teeb meem ntawm tus tshiab cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub confrontation contrived kev txiav txim thiab cov kev cai ntawm qhov. Thaum lub kawg ntawm tus tshiab Chingachgook tuag. Bumpo deb ntawm lub zos thiab zais nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov.
"Tiaj pom khab"
Qhov kawg ib feem ntawm Pentalog, uas yog sau los ntawm Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper. "Tiaj pom khab" qhia zaj dab neeg txog Nathaniel lub neej nyob rau hauv cov laus hnub nyoog. Bumpo tau ua phooj ywg tshiab. Tab sis tam sim no nws yuav pab lawv kom tsis txhob zoo-tswj txhaj tshuaj, thiab ntau lub neej kev, muaj peev xwm mus nqa nyob rau ib tug sib tham nrog hnyav Indian thawj coj thiab chaw nyob ntawm cov kev puas tsuaj. Natty nrog cov phooj ywg txwv lub hav txwv yeem tsev neeg ntawm settlers thiab cov Khab Sioux. Tab sis lub adventurous zaj dabneeg xaus zoo heev - ib tug muab ob npaug rau tshoob. Qhov kawg khoom yog piav los ntawm heartfelt thiab tseem ceeb scene ntawm lub kawg ntawm lub neej thiab kev tuag Bumpo.
xaus
Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, uas nws biography tau raug nthuav saum toj no, tshuav ib tug loj heev kev sau ntawv cuab yeej cuab tam. Nws sau tau 33 novels, thiab ob peb tagnrho ntawm mus ncig teb chaws sau ntawv, sau xov xwm, keeb kwm tshawb fawb thiab pamphlets. Cooper tau ua si ib tug lossis loj lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub American tshiab, tuaj nrog ib co ntawm nws cov subgenres: utopian, satirical tseeb, kev sib raug zoo thiab domestic, hiav txwv, cov keeb kwm. Rau cov txawj sau ntawv tej hauj lwm twb yus muaj los ntawm ib tug epic rog xav txog ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Hais tias yog dab tsi pab cov unification ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm nws novels nyob rau hauv lub voj voog: dilogy trilogy, Pentalog.
Nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper them peb lub ntsiab ntsiab lus: lub neej ntawm lub frontier, lub hiav txwv thiab kev tsov kev rog ntawm kev ywj pheej. Qhov no xaiv qhia ib tug romantic hauv paus ntawm nws txoj kev. American haiv neeg, mired nyob rau hauv kev ntshaw, nws tawm tsam txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm lub hiav txwv ntsiab thiab cov tub rog heroism. Qhov no kis thiab lub fact romantic zoo tagnrho yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov tswv yim artistic tsim ib yam khoom Cooper.
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