Basic ntsiab ntawm kinematics thiab equation

Yuav ua li cas yog cov tswv yim ntawm kinematics? Qhov no ua rau cov science thiab kev tshawb ntawm yog dab tsi nws tau ua dab tsi? Niaj hnub no peb yuav tham txog dab tsi yog qhov kinematics ntawm uas tus tswv yim ntawm kinematics muab qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm thiab lawv txhais li cas. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb tham txog qhov tseem ceeb, uas feem ntau cov feem ntau muaj nrog.

Kinematics. Basic ntsiab thiab txhais cov ntsiab

Yuav pib, cia tham txog dab tsi nws yog. Ib qho ntawm feem kawm qhov chaw ntawm physics nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv yog ib hoob kws kho tsheb. Nws nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav paub meej txog molecular physics, hluav taws xob, optics thiab ib co lwm yam khej, xws li, piv txwv li, nuclear thiab atomic physics. Tab sis cia wb mus saib closer nrog lub mechanics. Qhov no ceg ntawm physics deals nrog txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tus neeg kho tshuab cov lus tsa suab ntawm lub cev. Nws teev ib co qauv thiab kawm nws txoj kev.

Kinematics raws li ib feem ntawm lub mechanics

Cov yav tas yog muab faib ua peb qhov chaw: kinematics, puab thiab statics. Cov peb podnauki yog hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm yuav hu ua, yog ib co ntawm cov yam ntxwv. Piv txwv li, ib tug zoo li qub txoj kev tshawb no txoj cai ntawm equilibrium ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab tshuab. Tam sim ntawd los mus mloog lub koom haum nrog lub tais ntawm cov teev. Dynamics kawm cov kev cai ntawm cov lus tsa suab ntawm lub cev, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm thim mloog mus rau cov rog kuj rau lawv. Tab sis lub kinematics muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tib yam, tsuas nyob rau hauv lub xam ntawm lub dag lub zog yuav tsis tau txais. Yog li ntawd tsis coj mus rau tus account nyob rau hauv lub teeb meem thiab qhov loj ntawm lub heev lub cev.

Basic ntsiab ntawm kinematics. cov neeg kho tshuab zog

Cov kev kawm ntawm no science yog qhov khoom point. Nws yog to taub raws li ib tug lub cev, qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov uas, muab piv nrog ib tug tej yam cov neeg kho tshuab system yuav tsis saib tsis xyuas. Qhov no thiaj li hu ua idealized lub cev, akin mus rau ib qho zoo tagnrho cov roj, uas yog suav tias yog nyob rau hauv lub seem ntawm Molecular Physics. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub tswvyim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tus taw tes, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv mechanics nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv kinematics, nyob rau hauv particular, plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm. Feem ntau cov feem ntau nws yog pom thiaj li hu ua hnyav zog.

Qhov no txhais li cas thiab yuav ua li cas yuav nws yuav?

Feem ntau, lub zog yog muab faib mus rau hauv muab thiab Translational. Basic ntsiab ntawm kinematics rau pem hauv ntej lub zog no mas txuam nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb siv nyob rau hauv cov qauv. Nyob rau lawv yuav tsum tau tham tom qab, tab sis rau tam sim no cia peb rov qab mus rau lub hom zog. Kom meej meej, yog hais tias peb tham txog ib tug teb, lub cev puv. Raws li, qhov reciprocating zog ntawm lub cev yuav raug xa mus rau nyob rau hauv ib tug dav hlau los yog linearly.

Lub theoretical lub hauv paus rau kev daws teeb meem

Kinematics, lub tswv yim thiab tus qauv uas xav txog tam sim no muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm kev pab raws qib. Qhov no yog tiav los ntawm cov ib txwm combinatorics. Ib txoj kev ntawm ntau haiv neeg no - kev hloov ntawm tsis paub hais tias tej yam kev mob. Qhov teeb meem qub yuav muaj tuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv lub teeb, tsuas yog hloov nws cov hom phiaj daws teeb meem. Koj xav mus nrhiav qhov kev ncua deb, ceev, lub sij hawm, acceleration. Raws li koj tau pom, cov kev xaiv uas tag nrho cov hiav txwv. Yog hais tias tus mob tseem nyob ntawm no mus cuag cov dawb lub caij nplooj zeeg, lub Scope yog tsuas unimaginable.

Qhov tseem ceeb thiab cov qauv

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, peb ua ib tug reservation. Raws li yog lub npe hu, tus nqi yuav muaj ib tug dual xwm. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, ib tug tej yam muaj nuj nqis tej zaum yuav sib haum mus rau ib tug hais txog zauv tus nqi. Tiam sis nyob rau lwm cov tes, tej zaum nws yuav muaj thiab cov kev taw qhia ntawm hais tawm. Piv txwv li, ib tug yoj. Nyob rau hauv optics, peb yuav ntsib nrog ib lub sij hawm xws li wavelength. Tab sis yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug coherent lub teeb qhov chaw (tib yam laser), peb kam nyob rau hauv ib tug beam ntawm dav hlau-polarized tsis. Yog li, tus yoj yuav haum tsis tsuas cov zauv tus nqi qhia nws kav ntev npaum, tab sis kuj cov predetermined kev taw qhia ntawm hais tawm.

Ib tug classic piv txwv

Xws li mob yog cov analogy nyob rau hauv mechanics. Wb hais tias, peb muaj ib tug dov lub tawb nqa khoom. Los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm cov lus tsa suab vector, peb yuav txiav txim seb tus yam ntxwv ntawm nws ceev thiab acceleration. Ua nws nyob rau hauv neeg txhais lus (piv txwv li, nyob rau ib du pem teb) yog ib tug me ntsis ntau yooj yim, li ntawd, peb xav txog ob tus neeg: thaum lub tsheb kuav los tiag mus thiab thaum nws rolls down.

Yog li ntawd, xav txog tej yam uas lub tsheb mus li ib tug me me txoj kab nqes. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yuav tsum tau slowed down, yog hais tias nws yog tsis ua raws li los ntawm lwm cov rog. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub rov qab qhov teeb meem no, namely, thaum lub trolley yog dov los ntawm cov saum toj kawg nkaus, nws yuav leeb. Cov kev ceev nyob rau hauv lub ob tus neeg yog hais mus rau qhov twg tus kwv yog tsiv. Qhov no yuav tsum ua rau nws txoj cai. Tab sis lub acceleration tej zaum yuav hloov lub vector. Thaum decelerating nws yog qhia nyob rau hauv kev coj rov qab mus rau lub tshaj tawm vector. Qhov no piav txog cov slowdown. Ib tug zoo xws li cov saw ntawm logic yuav tau mus thov mus rau lub thib ob qhov teeb meem no.

Qhov seem ntau

Peb tau cia li tham txog tias nyob rau hauv lub kinematics khiav lag luam xwb tsis scalar qhov tseem ceeb, tab sis kuj cov vector. Tam sim no peb coj lwm kauj ruam rau pem hauv ntej. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub ceev thiab acceleration ntawm kev daws ntawm teeb meem siv nta xws li deb thiab lub sij hawm. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov kev ceev yog muab faib ua thawj thiab tam sim ntawd. Cov Thawj zaug ntawm lawv yog ib tug tshwj xeeb cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub thib ob. Instantaneous ceev - qhov no yog cov kev ceev ntawm uas yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau ntawm txhua lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv thawj zaug tej zaum tag nrho cuab.

ua hauj lwm

Ib tug loj ib feem ntawm qhov kev tshawb xav tau raug kawm yav tas los nyob rau hauv lub ntej paragraphs. Tam sim no koj tsuas muaj mus muab qhov yooj yim mis. Tab sis peb yuav ua li cas txawm zoo: tsis txhob cia li saib cov mis, tab sis kuj thov lawv kom daws tau qhov teeb meem, thaum kawg ntsaub lawv cov kev paub. Nyob rau hauv lub kinematics siv ib tug txheej ntawm cov qauv, uas ua ke, yuav ua tau txhua yam uas koj yuav tsum daws kom tau. Ntawm no yog qhov teeb meem nrog rau ob tug tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub qhov no siab.

Cyclist slows cia tom qab hla tus finish line. Siv ceev xwmphem nws coj nws tsib seconds. Nrhiav tawm yuav ua li cas nws brakes nrog acceleration thiab braking mus uas yuav tsum tau mus los ntawm. Braking deb yog linear, finite ceev tau pes tsawg. Thaum lub caij ntawm hla lub finish line ceev yog 4 meters ib ob.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov teeb meem yog heev nthuav thiab tsis yog raws li tej yam yooj yim raws li nws tej zaum yuav zoo li thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Yog hais tias peb yuav ua tiag coj deb nyob rau hauv lub kinematics ntawm lub mis (S = Vot + (-) (ntawm ^ 2/2)), muaj yog tsis muaj dab tsi peb yuav tsis, vim hais tias peb muaj ib qho kev nrog ob tug tsiaj ntawv. Yuav ua li cas peb yuav tau ua nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no? Peb yuav mus ob txoj kev: thawj xam cov acceleration los ntawm hloov cov ntaub ntawv mus rau hauv cov mis V = VO - nyob rau ntawm los qhia tawm acceleration thiab hloov nws nyob rau hauv qhov kev ncua deb mis. Wb siv cov thawj txoj kev.

Yog li, qhov kawg tshaj tawm yog pes tsawg. Elementary - 4 meters ib ob. Los mus hloov lub duas paub qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv rau sab laug thiab sab xis ntawm kab zauv acceleration tau qhia. Ntawm no nws yog: a = VO / t. Yog li, nws yuav ua ncaj rau 0.8 meters ib ob squared, thiab yuav nqa inhibitory nyob rau hauv cov xwm.

Taug kev mus rau cov mis mos mus. Nws tsuas hloov cov ntaub ntawv. Peb tau txais ib lo lus teb: siv ceev xwmphem deb yog 10 meters.