Archaisms, historicism, neologisms: txhais, piv txwv ntawm cov kev siv ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab lus

Lavxias teb sab lus muaj active thiab passive cov ntsiab lus. Tus thawj muaj lus, peb txhua tus siv luag txhua txhua hnub, qhov thib ob pab pawg neeg yog tsis tshua muaj siv nyob rau hauv lub hais lus ntawm lo lus. Qhov no muaj xws li archaisms, historicism, neologisms. Lawv tshawb nrhiav yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub "Vocabulary thiab lexicology."

Active thiab passive paub cov ntsiab lus

Cov lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus nyob rau hauv lub tsheej lab ntawm cov lo lus. Linguists faib tag nrho cov lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus mus rau hauv ob pawg - active thiab passive cov ntsiab lus.

Rau passive paub cov ntsiab lus muaj xws li cov lo lus uas yog paub ib tug neeg los yog coj los rau lawv, tab sis lub tsis tshua muaj siv. Ntawm no yog raug rho tawm archaisms, historicism, neologisms.

Rau lub active paub cov ntsiab lus yog cov lus uas peb siv feem ntau heev. Cov no muaj xws alliances thiab tej lus, cov lus los ntawm cov uas peb txhais hais tias lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm peb. Qhov no yog ib lub npe ntawm lub rooj tog, ris tsho, khoom noj khoom haus, cov lus los piav qhia txog cov kev sib raug zoo, hauj lwm, lub npe, thiab ntau lwm yam cwj pwm txawv.

txhua tus neeg kom nquag plias thiab passive paub cov ntsiab lus yog ib tug neeg thiab nyob rau lub hnub nyoog, qhov chaw nyob, kev ua si. Thaum lub sij hawm tag nrho cov ntawm peb lub neej yuav hloov nws cov ntim rau hauv yog kev taw qhia, nyob ntawm seb ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam.

passive paub cov ntsiab lus

Rau passive paub cov ntsiab lus yog outdated thiab tej lo lus tshiab.

Cov obsolete lus txawv ob lub ntsiab pawg: archaisms thiab historicism. Nyob rau lawv yuav tsum tau tham nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw, xav txog lub ntsiab txhais ntawm lub zog uas ua tau archaisms thiab historicism, piv txwv ntawm cov lus.

Tshiab lus uas ua li ib tug me me seem ntawm lub passive paj tau paj ntawm lus thiab yog hu ua neologisms. Tom ntej no, peb yuav kawm txog lawv txhais thiab ua ntawm kev hais lus.

archaisms

Yuav pib lauj obsolete lus - archaisms thiab historicism. Archaisms - outdated lus, tam sim no disused. Qhov no yog lub npe laus los yog cov npe uas niaj hnub khoom. Feem ntau tuaj los hloov archaisms lwm lo lus uas raug xa mus rau tib lub tswv yim thiab tej khoom uas outdated lo lus. Lawv txhua tus muaj ib tug niaj hnub sib npaug, nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lo lus yaj.

Nyob ntawm seb tus qauv ntawm kev kawm ntawv, muaj cov archaisms:

1. Lexical, uas tau hloov los ntawm cov lus uas muaj ntau cov hauv paus hniav. Cov lus tsis yooj yim rau to taub tsis paub txog tus neeg txhais lus los yog cov thawj tus nqi. Cov yuav muaj lus xws li lub qhov ncauj - daim di ncauj, cov ntiv tes - ntiv tes, neeg txhais lus - tshuab txhais lus.
2. Lexical-lo lus tsim. Nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem no, lub archaic thiab cov niaj hnub version muaj tib lub hauv paus, tab sis txawv nyob rau hauv lo lus-tsim morphemes. Piv txwv li, ib tug acquaintance - ib tug acquaintance, fishermen - neeg nuv ntses.
3. Lexical thiab phonetic - sib txawv los ntawm lub niaj hnub version ntawm phonetic tsim. Piv txwv li, lub kws sau paj lug - ib tug kws sau paj lug, gistoriya - keeb kwm, cipher - xov tooj.
4. Lexical-semantic. Qhov no muaj xws li archaisms uas tseem ua tau hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov lus, thaum muaj ib tug txawv lub ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li, lo lus txaj muag li yav tas los meant ib spectacle hnub no - txaj muag los yog disgrace.

Qhov kawg ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm peb mam li saib lub luag hauj lwm ntawm archaisms nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov ntaub ntawv. Archaisms kaw nyob rau hauv dictionaries cim "obsolete".

historicism

Historicism hu ua lo lus uas yog siv los xa mus rau lo lus thiab tej yam khoom uas muaj ua ntej, tab sis zoo los ntawm peb lub neej. Historicism, piv txwv uas peb pom me ntsis ntau nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem - lub policeman, lub stationmaster, pud, thiab tshaj. Cov tswv yim yuav ua tau hauj lwm hnub no nyob rau hauv keeb kwm cov phau ntawv thiab keeb kwm, phau ntawv qub thiab ntawv xov xwm.

Los ntawm historicism yog lo lus uas txhais tau hais tias ib tug pej xeem txoj kev ntawm lub neej, lub npe ntawm lub tsev, ua hauj lwm thiab txoj hauj lwm, cov tub rog ibyam, yam khoom thiab weaponry, qub units, txiaj, thiab tsev neeg cov khoom. Piv txwv li: ib tug tavern, tsho tiv no, mace, ntaus cov tau nyiaj ntau heev, tus lackey, tus cob moos, cov gunner.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias historicism tsis txhais. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom nco ntsoov, raws li nws yog ib tug ntawm txuam rau historicism.

Lo lus-historicism yog tseem tau mus rau lub dictionaries uas koj twb cim "obsolete", tsawg "ist". Tsis tas li ntawd muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam dictionaries historicism, qhov chaw uas koj yuav saib tau tsis tsuas lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus, tab sis kuj mus ntsib nrog rau cov duab ntawm tus kwv uas nruab nrab yog cov tswvyim.

Historicism thiab archaisms: qhov txawv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm

Heev feem ntau cov menyuam kawm ntawv thiab menyuam kawm ntawv, thiab tsuas yog cov neeg uas tsis muaj feem xyuam rau Philology, rau lo lus nug tshwm sim: dab tsi archaisms txawv los ntawm historicism? Lub ntsiab sib txawv yog hais tias lub archaic - obsolete los ntawm ib tug kwv los yog ib lub tswvyim uas yog tseem tam sim no nyob rau hauv peb lub neej. Historicism hais txog lub tswv yim thiab cov khoom yog ntev dhau caij nyoog.

Raws li twb tau hais, lwm txawv feature - archaisms yog txhais, historicism - tsis muaj. Raws li cov kev ob txawv nta, koj yuav tau yooj yim xam tawm uas qeb ib qho kev outdated lo lus.

neologisms

Neologisms - lo lus uas tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tshiab uas los tswv yim. Tej lub sij hawm ib lo lus yog ib tug neologism, tom qab ntawd nws yuav obscheupotreblyaemym thiab nkag mus rau hauv active paub cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus.

Neologisms yuav ob leeg tshwm sim los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm technology, thiab tau txais tawm ntawm tus sau phau ntawv ntawm tus cwj mem. Yog li, tus neeg sau ntawm cov lus "coj ib tug rov qab lub rooj" yog F. M. Dostoevsky, thiab lo lus "kev lag luam" twb qhia nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm N. M. Karamzin. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm no tso tawm copyrights thiab ntau hom lus neologisms.

Nyob rau hauv sij hawm sib txawv ntawm neologisms yog lus xws li ib lub tsheb, ib tug foob pob ua ntxaij, ib tug laptop, mail thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Thaum txoj kev siv cov neologisms nce mus txog nws cov ncov thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus yuav kom meej rau txhua leej txhua tus, cov lus uas yuav txiav mus rau hauv qeb obscheupotreblyaemyh.

Yog hais tias historicism thiab archaisms yog kaw nyob rau hauv phau ntawv txhais lus nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb cim, lub neologisms nkag mus rau dictionaries tsuas yog tom qab ib feem ntawm lub active Tshuag ntawm cov lus system. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los no thaum pib los mus muab tshwj xeeb dictionaries ntawm neologisms.

ua rau

Peb pom tau hais tias archaisms, historicism, neologisms. Tam sim no ib ob peb lo lus hais txog yog vim li cas lawv tshwm sim.

Yog vim li cas rau txoj kev hloov ntawm cov lo lus los ntawm cov active mus rau lub passive paub cov ntsiab lus yog tseem tsis to taub nyob rau hauv kom meej. Thiab yog hais tias historicism yog ntau dua los yog tsawg to taub, vim tom qab lub disappearance ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm designating nws lo lus mus rau hauv ib passive paj tau paj, los ntawm lub archaisms nws yog ntau npaum li cas complicated.

Feem ntau cov feem ntau xa mus rau raws li hauv qab no ua rau archaisms: izmenija ntau yam kev, kev cai yam, txawv lus yog vim li cas - tus ntawm lwm yam lus, stylistic kev sib txuas lus, kev hais lus kom zoo.

Lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau cov emergence ntawm neologisms muaj xws li:

- ntau yam izmenemeniya nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo lub neej;

- kev kawm, uas yog, qhov tsos ntawm yam khoom tshiab, lub tswv yim thiab phenomena.

Niaj hnub no, feem ntau neologisms kev cob cog rua nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub computer science thiab computer engineering.

stylistic nqi

Ob peb lo lus hais txog cov stylistic luag hauj lwm ntawm cov lo lus nyob rau hauv ib tug passive paub cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab lus. Cov feem ntau siv cov ntaub ntawv poob lawm ntawm cov lo lus nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv.

Yog li, siv cov archaisms yuav pab tau ntau meej recreate cov txawj sau ntawv piav ib qho era yus muaj los ntawm ib tug cim nrog kev pab los ntawm nws kev hais lus. Muaj tseeb koj twb pom hais tias nyob rau hauv tus hais lus ntawm ib co cim dominates ib cov lus, piv txwv li ib tug ntau niaj hnub, nyob rau hauv ib tug hais lus rau lwm yam - lub lwm yam, dhau caij nyoog los yog lub suab hais lus. Yog li, cov txawj sau ntawv thim lub hlwb thiab kev portrait ntawm cov ua cim.

Siv lawv nyob rau hauv poetic hais lus rau muab ib tug ntau solemn, sublime coloring khoom. Lub satire archaisms yog siv los ua ib tug comic los yog satirical nyhuv, muab ib tug twist.

Kawm nyob rau lub tsev kawm ntawv

Ib feem ntawm archaisms, historicism, neologisms yog kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov tshooj lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus thiab ntaub ntawv. Feem ntau, paub cov lo lus chav kawm ntawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub thib tsib thiab thib kaum qib nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no Radel "Lexicology". Cov menyuam kawm ntawv kawm kom paub qhov txawv lus thiab nrhiav tau lawv nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv ntawm ntau hom. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, thaum koj kawm classics, peb yuav ntsib nrog tej lus rau peb, uas tau ntev lawm tawm ntawm kev siv, ua me ntsis txog cov lawv lub ntsiab lus, keeb kwm.

Kawm nyob rau lub tsev kawm ntawv

Ib tug xav paub ntau dua cov kev taw qhia rau cov active thiab passive paub cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab lus pib thaum lub universities nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm "Lexicology" section. Feem ntau qhov no yog nyob rau hauv nws ob lub xyoo nyob rau ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm Philology. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv yuav tau qhia dab tsi archaisms txawv los ntawm historicism, yuav ua li cas thiab nyob qhov twg nws yuav nrhiav tau lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus no, yuav ua li cas cais lawv raws li lawv cov keeb kwm, los mus txiav txim rau cov kev ua ntawm tej phau ntawv.

Cov menyuam kawm ntawv yuav ua kom lawv tus kheej vocabularies, kawm kom nrhiav tau ib passive paub cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv phau ntawv thiab hloov nws, rau kev tsom xam cov keeb kwm ntawm neologisms, yog vim li cas rau lub disappearance ntawm cov lo lus nyob rau hauv lub active xov xwm khoom Lavxias teb sab kev sau ntawv hom lus.

tshawb pom

Nyob rau hauv ib tug passive paub cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab lus muaj cov nram qab no pab pawg neeg ntawm tokens: archaisms - outdated npe ntawm cov lo lus thiab cov tswv yim, historicism - cov npe ntawm cov khoom thiab phenomena, ncaim ntawm peb cov khoom, neologisms - lus siv los piav qhia txog tej lub ntsiab tshiab.

Dhau caij nyoog lo lus siv nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem thaum sau ntawv keeb kwm ntawv rau recreate qhov chaw ntawm lub sij hawm tau piav nyob rau hauv cov khoom.