Applied kos duab - yog dab tsi? Arts and crafts thiab nws cov hom

Arts and crafts - ib tug uas nws kim heev seem ntawm cov kos duab yuav tsum vov ntau spheres ntawm artistic kev ua si thiab teem rau kev tsim khoom utilitarian xwm. Nkauj theem ntawm tej khoom no feem ntau yog heev siab. Collective sij hawm combines ob hom uas kawm askiv - crafts thiab kho kom zoo nkauj. Tus thawj muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tswv yim daim ntawv thov, cov thib ob yog npaj los decorate lub tib neeg ib puag ncig.

Creativity thiab nqi hluav taws xob

Applied kos duab - yog dab tsi? Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog cov khoom uas muaj cov yam ntxwv yog nyob ze rau qhov artistic style, thiab lawv lub hom phiaj yog heev ntau haiv neeg. Vases, pitchers, tais diav los yog poob lawm ntawm zoo Tuam Tshoj, raws li zoo raws li ntau lwm yam khoom yog kho kom zoo nkauj chav tsev nyob, chav ua noj, chav pw thiab cov me nyuam chav. Ib txhia yam khoom yuav tsum ua hauj lwm uas yog thawj kos duab, thiab cuaj kaum belongs rau cov qeb ntawm thov arts.

Lub sab uas cov kev ua ub

Applied kos duab - dab tsi yog nws los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm tus tswv? Laborious muaj tswv yim tus txheej txheem, los yog yooj yim crafts ua los ntawm cov ntaub rau ntawm txhais tes? Yeej, nws yog ib tug ua hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab, tsim nyog ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws qhuas. Utilitarian lub hom phiaj cov khoom tsis detract los ntawm nws cov hauj lwm zoo. Arts and crafts - ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev ua ub no rau nyuab thiab sculptors, designers thiab stylists. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog prized kom tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab tsim nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, cov khoom manufactured nyob rau hauv series, yog ranked li souvenirs.

Decorations nyob rau hauv lub tsev

Arts and crafts - dab tsi nws yog, yog hais tias peb xav txog nws raws li ib feem ntawm cov aesthetic filling tsev puag ncig? Peb yuav hais nrog cog qoob loo uas tag nrho cov khoom thiab tej khoom nyob ib ncig ntawm, muaj kev cuam tshuam cov tastes ntawm cov neeg uas yog nyob ze sib thooj nrog lawv, raws li ib tug txiv neej nws mus puag ncig lawv tus kheej nrog zoo nkauj yam. Arts and crafts muab lub sij hawm los mus kho ib lub tsev, chaw ua hauj lwm qhov chaw, ib tug kev ua si hauv cheeb tsam. Kev mloog yog them rau tus tsim ntawm cov chaw rau cov me nyuam.

Thiab, thaum kawg, thov kos duab - yog dab tsi nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem txoj kev nkag siab? Qhov no exhibition, miv, fairs thiab ntau lwm pej xeem cov txheej xwm, uas txuas mus rau kab lis kev cai. Fine arts and crafts creativity tsub kom txog qib ntawm tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob, yeej txhawb lub tsim ntawm nws aesthetic saj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, kev soj ntsuam ntawm teev ncua lub zuag qhia tag nrho outlook. Txhua exhibition ntawm applied kos duab - ib tug paub nrog cov pej xeem hauv lub tshiab tau nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm artistic creation. Tej yam zoo li yog ntawm kev tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv kev qhia ntawv rau cov hluas tiam.

Ib me ntsis keeb kwm

Folk arts and crafts originated nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lub zos. Tej yam yooj yim lub tsev-zus crafts tswv craftsmen feem ntau dej num raws li cov khoom nyob rau hauv qeb "Arts and crafts". Ib tug piv txwv zoo ntawm pej xeem cov style yog qhov thiaj li hu ua Dymkovo qho khoom ua si - dawb lias cockerels, cov nuj nqis, ornaments ntawm liab av nplaum.

Nuv ntses yog rooted nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm, nws yog ntau tshaj plaub lub xyoos. Muaj yog ib qho ancient pej xeem kos duab khoom vim lub teb chaws nyiaj so koobtsheej "Whistler", thaum tag nrho cov poj niam cov pejxeem lepilo av nplaum whistles rau hnub no nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov qaib, yaj thiab cov nees. Festivities ntawd kub ntev li ob hnub.

Thaum lub sij hawm, lub Festival tau poob nws cov ntsiab lus, thiab pej xeem cov-ntaub ntawv kos duab txuas ntxiv mus tsim. Tam sim no Dymkovo kos duab khoom circulate nyob rau hauv cov koom haum "Vyatka qho khoom ua si". Khoom feeb them nrog whitewash thiab pleev xim ci, nplua nuj xim.

Graphic-arts and crafts

Cov khoom ntawm national art nyob rau hauv nws cov thawj daim ntawv no, raws li ib tug txoj cai, yog lub hauv paus coj mus muag tej yaam num. Fairy taleas cim yees los ntawm cov inhabitants ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub zos, muaj tso tawm nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov Palekh thawv, Zhostovo tais, ntoo Kokhloma khoom. Hos daim duab ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, txhua cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej txaus siab, cov khoom ntawm Lavxias teb sab masters yog nyob rau hauv siab thov los ntawm txawv teb chaws lolus.

"Thov tsim mov" - kab lus no yuav tsis tau zoo qhia qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm pej xeem cov arts and crafts ntawm Russia. Piv txwv li, kos duab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv gzhel style nrov ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no rau ob peb centuries. Lub npe nrov xiav thiab dawb vases, daim hlau, tshuaj yej thiab kas fes poob lawm yog txais tos nyob rau hauv txhua txhua lub tsev, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tseem ceeb cov nrws yog qhov kev txaus siab ntawm lolus. Nws yog tseem paub tsis meej li cas lub applied kos duab - ua hauj lwm, khoom siv tes ua los yog artistic creativity. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, txhua yam yuav tsum tau siv zog los tsim nws, thiab thaum twg nws yog tsim nyog los muab cov duab ntawm artistic tus nqi.

Arts thiab Crafts nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam me

Nyob rau hauv tej yam mob, artistic kawm yuav tsum muab rau cov hluas tiam. Ntawm kev nqi yog cov khoom los ntawm cov me nyuam txhais tes. Immediacy peculiar rau cov tub hluas thiab cov ntxhais ntawm pre-lub tsev kawm ntawv uas muaj hnub nyoog, naïve fantasy tov nrog ib tug lub siab xav mus qhia lawv deepest txoj kev xav sawv los masterpieces. Cov me nyuam kawm Askiv thiab crafts sawv cev los ntawm drawings, plasticine figurines, cov duab los qhia tib neeg cov nuj nqis - qhov no yog qhov real artistic creativity. Niaj hnub no, tag nrho cov tshaj Russia kev sib tw, uas koom nrog me me "painters" thiab "sculptors".

Kawm Lavxias teb sab applied kos duab

Cov duab, daguerreotypes, etchings, ceev xwm txheej, prints, raws li zoo raws li ntau lwm yam piv txwv - nws tseem yog ib artistic creativity. Cov khoom yuav ua tau txawv heev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tag nrho cov ntawm lawv koom los ntawm teej tug mus rau lub social thiab kev cai lub neej nyob rau hauv lub title - arts and crafts. Ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no muaj ib tug pej xeem style. Tsis muaj lub zem tag nrho cov arts and crafts coj nws keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab xeev nyob rau hauv lub zos. Cov khoom yuav tsum havzoov homegrown simplicity thiab lub tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm lub pretentiousness hais tias tej zaum tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm fine art, duab. Txawm li cas los, lub Folk kos duab theem siab txaus.

Lavxias teb sab hniav kos duab yog ib feem ntawm lub economic hwj chim ntawm lub teb chaws. Hauv qab no yog ib daim ntawv teev cov ntsiab lus qhia ntawm pej xeem cov arts and crafts, uas tau txais thoob ntiaj teb paub thiab yog exported rau ib tug muaj scale.

1. Lac thumbnails rau ib tug ntoo puag (Paleh, Mstera, Fedoskino).
2. Zhostovo kos duab painting rau hlau, Limoges enamels, enamel.
3. Khokhloma, Gorodets, Mezen art daim ntawv teev nyob rau hauv ib tsob ntoo.
4. Gzhel, filimonovo qho khoom ua si, Dymkovo qho khoom ua si - kos duab painting rau ceramics.

Palekh

Palekh pej xeem kos duab khoom siv tes ua nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab qhib tej qhov chaw thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Cov kos duab ntawm lacquer qauv sawv nyob rau hauv lub zos me me ntawm Ivanovo xeev nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm Palekh. Nuv ntses yog ib tug continuation ntawm iconographic kos duab, uas nws muaj nws keeb kwm nyob rau pre-Petrine lub sij hawm. Tom qab ntawd, Palekh masters koom nyob rau hauv lub painting ntawm lub ncau Chamber ntawm lub Moscow Kremlin, Novodevichy monastery, cathedrals Trinity-Sergius Lavra.

Cov kiv puag ncig ntawm 1917 abolished lub iconography, qhov nyuab yog tawm ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv 1918, lub Palekh artistic craftsmen guild raug tsim, nyob rau hauv uas lub pleev xim rau ntoo crafts. Ces tus craftsmen kawm tau li cas los tsim thawv ntawm papier-mache thiab pleev xim rau lawv nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm thumbnails siv cov tsoos icon-nrag technology.

Nyob rau hauv 1923, lacquer Miniatures tau hais nyob rau ntawm qhov All-Lavxias teb sab ua liaj ua teb thiab muaj exhibition, uas tau txais lub diploma ntawm lub 2nd degree. Thiab ob lub xyoos tom qab, Palekh thawv tau tshaaj nyob rau hauv Paris, nyob lub ntiaj teb tso rau neeg pom.

Cov kev vam meej ntawm qhov txawv kos duab khoom tau los ua ib tug dej siab rau cov lub creation ntawm cov koom haum "Palekh ntxias Union" thiab "Palekh kos duab cob qhia" nyob rau hauv lub Art Fund ntawm lub USSR.

Fedoskino

Nrog rau qhov no lo lus txuam Lavxias teb sab lacquer painting nrog roj-raws li xim tsev. Nuv ntses nyob hauv ib lub zos nyob ze Moscow Fedoskino nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 18th caug xyoo. Daim duab yog thov rau cov khoom ua los ntawm papier-mache, thiab ces varnished nyob rau hauv ob peb khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg.

Pib kos duab Fedoskino Miniatures muab Lavxias teb sab ua lag luam kev txhim kho PI Korobov, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub German nroog ntawm Braunschweig, thiab kawm qhov twg lub technology los mus tsim ib tug snuff bisernits, thawv thiab lwm yam khoom decorated nrog cov duab zoo nkauj.

Fedoskino roj xim tsev yog xim nyob rau hauv plaub kauj ruam: thawj yog ib tug qauv npaj nqus ( "zamalevok") raws li los ntawm ncauj lus kom ntxaws txoj kev tshawb no ( "peremalovka"), ib tug glaze - pob tshab xim txheej, lub tom kawg cov txheej txheem - blikovka kis highlights thiab ntxoov ntxoo nyob rau hauv cov duab.

Fedoskinskya nqus cov txheej txheem yuav siv cov lub paab txheej podkrasochnogo Cheebtsam: kub ci, ib tug hlau hmoov los yog potal. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, tus tswv yuav ua lub sab hauv ntawm lub nacre. Pob tshab lessirovochnomu xim nrog hauv ob sab phlu tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb cov nyhuv sib sib zog nqus ci ntsa iab. Cov xim txheej yog hais txog cov tom qab dub.

Mstera

Yog li ntawd hu ua Lavxias teb sab pej xeem khoom siv tes ua, uas nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua thaum 18th nyob rau hauv Vladimir xeev. Nws tag nrho cov pib nrog "petty cov tsiaj ntawv" - me me icons nrog ib tug portrayal ntawm txhua yam. Tom qab lub 1917 kiv puag ncig, thaum tsis muaj lawm yuav tsum tau iconography, Mstera tsiv mus rau thawv thiab papier-mache. Daim duab yog thov tempera xim, tov nrog lub qe yolks. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th thaum kawg tsim technology Mstera lacquer Miniatures.

Lub ntsiab ntsiab cai ntawm kos txhais nrog tus qhia circuits tau khij rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom, ua raws li los ntawm "roskrysh" ncaj qha thov qauv. Cov theem tom ntej - ncauj lus kom ntxaws painting. Thiab thaum kawg, "Plavi" - zaum kawg painting nrog blikovkoy muaj yaj kub (fine cov hmoov kub). Lub tiav lawm cov khoom coated nrog ib tug pob tshab cov kua roj vanish rau khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg nrog intermediate kom qhuav thiab ces polished.

Yam ntxwv tej yam tshwm sim Mstiorskya painting - ib tug zoo nkauj ntaub pua plag, ib tug yuav luag tsis paub ua si ntawm cov xim thiab peb cov xim schemes siv nyob rau hauv lub coloring: daj ochre, liab thiab nyiaj-xiav. nqus ntxhais classic: fairy tales, keeb kwm monuments, architecture.

Zhostovo

Cov neeg nuv ntses Zhostovo - ib tug hlau tais, pleev xim rau nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb style. Zhostovo kos duab originated nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo, nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm cov pawg ntseeg ntawm Trinity nyob rau hauv Moscow. Neeg uas nyob ntawm peb lub zos (Ostashkovo, Zhostovo thiab Khlebnikovo) koom nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cov khoom ua los ntawm pleev xim rau papier-mache. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub studio Vishnyakov cov kwv tij txawm tau pib ua cov tais ua los ntawm tin nrog ib tug yeeb yuj qauv.

Vishnjakova nqi daim ntawv teev muaj ob dozen khoom los ntawm hlau thiab papier-mache, lawv tau tag nrho cov pleev xim rau, beautifully dai kom zoo nkauj thiab nyob rau hauv siab thov ntawm fairs, thaum nyob rau hauv lub foreground yeej ib txwm pleev xim rau tais.

Zhostovo painting - ib tug floral ntsiab nyob rau hauv ob peb lub versions: ib tug bouquet ntawm vaj paj "vraskidku" garland braided wreath. Tsiaj qus nroj tsuag constituted ib daim muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Paj rau hauv lub tais saib tej yam ntuj tso vim yog lub ceev faj txoj kev tshawb no ntawm me me kom paub meej. Cov palette ntawm cov xim nrog rau cov kev siv cov nyiaj pab ntau tshaj saturation. Tom qab yog feem ntau dub, yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ib tug openwork tais ntug qauv, zaub los yog stylized ntoo qauv. Zhostovo tais yog ib txwm pleev xim rau los ntawm txhais tes thiab yog cov kom ua hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab.

Khokhloma

Qhov no lub npe tau muab rau Lavxias teb sab pej xeem khoom siv tes ua, ncab ib ce rov qab mus rau hauv thaum ntxov 17th caug xyoo. Khokhloma painting yog lub feem ntau complex thiab kim ntawm tag nrho cov uas twb muaj lawm txoj kev. Artistic crafts - yog ib tug ntev muaj tswv yim txheej txheem uas txuam nrog rau kev ua ntawm ntoo, multi-txheej primer thiab coloring roj.

Cov tsim txoj kev pib nrog Kokhloma raug preforms. Thawj, tus tswv tuav thumbs, ie kolyat taus ntoo blocks. Ces tus workpiece yog machined mus rau lub yam loj thiab zoo. Ua workpiece hu ua "linen". Tom qab sib tsoo lawv lub tsho tiv no nrog tshwj xeeb kua av nplaum thiab qhuav. Ces twb luam dawb paug yog coated nrog ob peb khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm linseed roj nrog intermediate kom qhuav. Qhov no yog ua raws li los ntawm tin plating los yog muab tshuaj ntxuav qhov chaw ntawm lub txhuas hmoov, tom qab uas cov khoom yuav dawb-specular xim. Rau ntawm no theem nws yog npaj txhij rau painting.

Primary xim Khokhloma - nws yog dub thiab liab (dub thiab cinnabar), chaw hauj lwm ntawm cov xim muaj hlau: kub, xim av, lub teeb ntsuab thiab daj. Txhuam thaum uas siv cov heev nyias (ua heev dua lwm yam ntawm tus nas ncuav tails), raws li tau thov tus cwj nrag NW nyuam qhuav hnov li cas kov.

Case nqus cov ntsiab lus - Rowan berries, viburnum, txiv pos nphuab, me me nplooj, slender, me ntsis nkhaus ntsuab stems. Tag nrho cov twv kaj, mob siab heev xim, qhov nkhaus kom meej meej qhia tau. Cov duab no yog ua nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm zoo.

Gzhel

Qhov no yog cov feem ntau nrov pej xeem khoom siv tes ua, tsoos Lavxias teb sab ntau lawm chaw ntawm artistic ceramics. Nws occupies ib tug loj heev cheeb tsam uas muaj 27 lub zos nyob rau hauv lub npe Gzhel hav txwv yeem 60 kilometers ntawm Moscow.

Gzhel qhov chaw rau centuries tau nto moo deposits ntawm high-qib av nplaum haum rau kws cov hlab ntsha. Nyob rau hauv 1770 Gzhel zos pawg neeg thaj av tau rua lub apothecary kev txiav txim. Ces nyob rau hauv Gzhel zos tsim zus tau tej cov bricks, tais diav ntim chaws, kav, qhov cub vuas thiab khoom ua si rau Moscow.

Diav rawg los ntawm Gzhel av nplaum yog tshwj xeeb yog zoo, khaub-ncaws nyias thiab check. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 nyob rau hauv lub parish, muaj 25 nroj tsuag ua khob iav. Qhov sib thooj ntawm Moscow tau tsa txoj kev loj hlob ntawm siv thiab ua cov av nplaum khoom, fairs nyob rau hauv lub capital muag countless tais, daim hlau, tais diav, thiab lwm yam hauv chav ua noj lauj kaub tais diav.

Gzhel qho khoom ua si thaum lub sij hawm tau ua los ntawm pov tseg houseware ntau lawm. Tsis muaj teeb meem ntau npaum li cas av nplaum los yog sab laug, tag nrho nws tau siv rau modeling cockerels, qaib, yaj thiab tshis. Chiv, handicraft kev cob qhia ua hauj lwm erratically, tab sis tsis ntev muaj lawm ib tug meej kab nyob rau hauv ntau lawm. Nyoo steel sau rau souvenirs, wizards kuj tau tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv cov profile ntawm cov feem ntau nrhiav-tom qab cov khoom.

Dawb ci nees thiab saum raug pleev xim rau hauv cov xim txawv raws li ntev raws li muaj cobalt, universal xim. Khaus kaj xiav xim yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua ke nrog snow-dawb txha hniav laus piece. Nyob rau hauv lub 50s ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo ntxias kiag li uas tag nrho cov lwm yam xim thiab pib siv poglazurnoy cobalt xiav coloring. Motives xam li yuav yog sib txawv heev, nyob rau tej lub npe.

lwm yam Crafts

Lub spectrum ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem arts and crafts arts and crafts yog unusually dav. Ntawm no thiab artistic Kasli casting, thiab stamping nrog lub ntsiab blotches. intarsia thiab marquetry hom kev kawm pub koj tsim stunning paintings thiab panels. Lavxias teb sab applied kos duab - ib tug loj heev kev cai stratum ntawm lub teb chaws, wealth ntawm cov haiv neeg.