Ammonia. Tshuaj zog, lub zog. Thov thiab tau txais

PP caravan tseem khiav nyob ze pas dej mojsab qhua North Africa Amoos - dabneeg pom tau hais tias lub tsev ammonia. Pov thawj pe hawm Vajtswv Amon, thaum lub sij hawm lawv rituals siv hydrogen nitride thaum rhuab exuded ammonia tsw. Lawv hu ua amoniany obviously lub npe ntawm tus ammonia los ntawm cov sij hawm.

Niaj hnub nimno zaum tsis tau mus rau extract xwb ntshiab ammonia, mus nrhiav tau nws ib tug ntau ntawm daim ntawv sau npe, tab sis kuj muaj peev xwm simulate tus tsim tshuaj molecules uas chemists kev voj voog no yog hu ua "hydrogen nitride." Tsim hnog ammonia molecule configuration yog tias nws yog ib tug tsis tu ncua hauv, xws li cov neeg uas tau ua tim khawv pom tus thawj synthesis ntawm no substance nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt.

Nitrogen yog nyob rau ntawm lub kab los sib ntsib nyob rau hauv saib xyuas hauv ua nrog cov hydrogen atoms ntawm ncov qaumteb qabteb daim ntawv cog lus. Lub nitrogen atom nyob rau hauv lub chaw tub rog muaj ib tug unshared khub ntawm electrons, nws yog qhov yooj yim mob rau lub tsos ntawm cov muaj peev xwm ntawm ammonia los rau pub-acceptor hydrogen bonds thiab, thaum lub sij hawm lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug compartment nrog ib tug loj polarity ammonia molecule steel ua rau ib tug muaj zog sis nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ammonia yam ntxwv sib txawv los ntawm cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tebchaw ntawm no hom.

Nrog tsis hnov tsw ntawm ammonia txhua tus cim, nws yog kev cob cog rua nrog lub advent ntawm ammonia, uas yog ib tug tsis muaj kob roj, sib zog dua cov pa ob zaug. Rau cov neeg nws yog tshuaj lom, muaj siab solubility.

Ammonia yog cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm lawv qhia tau hais tias kuj lom zem ntau vim lub unshared electron khub. Nws yog tau noj dua ib tug proton, li no txoj kev ua ib tug ammonium ion. Lub aqueous tov ntawm ammonia (lub npe hu ua kua ammonia) muaj ib tug me ntsis alkaline ras txog. Muab ammonium ntsev los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog acids txhawb ammonia. Cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm no compound zoo xws li nucleophiles los yog complexing.

Nyob rau lwm cov tes exhibits lub thaj chaw ntawm ammonia thiab ib tug tsis muaj zog acid muaj peev xwm ntawm reacting nrog co, txoj kev amides. Amides derived ntawm alkali hlau li raug tus kab mob rau ammonia. Imides, nitrides thiab ntsev ntawm ob peb co yog tau los ntawm kev cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov kua ammonia. Nitrides npaj los ntawm cua sov rau cov hlau nyob rau hauv ib tug nitrogen cua.

Nyob rau hauv amides hlau hydroxides zog tshwm sim. Ib tug zoo xws li cov alkali amide-ammonia kev daws teeb meem ntawm ntsev yog zoo conductors ntawm hluav taws xob.

Ammonia tshuaj zog thaum interacting nrog phenolphthalein teev, dawb lias nrog ib tug liab xim, qhov sib ntxiv ntawm acid tau nyob rau hauv nws cov neutralization. cua sov rau cov ammonia tso cai rau nws mus yuav tshwm sim raws li ib tug reductant. Nws yog tau mus hlawv nyob rau hauv cov pa, qhov tshwm sim yog ib tug dej thiab nitrogen. Nyob rau hauv lub oxidation ntawm ammonia kom tau ib lub hauv paus ntawm platinum nitric oxide, ib yam khoom rau lub industrial synthesis ntawm nitric acid.

Txo muaj peev xwm nitrogen siv rau tu cov hniav hlau los ntawm oxides thaum lub sij hawm soldering. Nyob rau hauv lub oxidation ntawm ammonia nrog sodium hypochlorite (yuav tsum xub ntiag ntawm gelatin) hydrazine twb npaj. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog halogens (tshuaj, iodine) ua explosives.

Yog li, tseem ceeb heev muaj lub muaj synthesis ntawm ammonia. Tshua nws npaj muaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sis raug zoo ntawm nitrogen thiab hydrogen. Nws yog hu ua tus Haber txheej txheem. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv exotherm tshwm sim thiab txo volume. Paaj tej yam kev mob rau lub synthesis ntawm ammonia yog cov uas tsis muaj kub thiab siab siab.

Coj mus rau hauv tus account lub tawm los ammonia tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm ib co tshuaj ua raws li catalysts rau tus txheej txheem no. Lawv siv yog tau mus leeb qhov kev kawm ntawm equilibrium.