Cov sau ntawv ntawm cov nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog nyob rau hauv Russia

Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog nyob rau hauv Russia, tsim ntawm lub lem ntawm lub 19th thiab 20th centuries, yog ib qho tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm lub artistic cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm peb lub teb chaws. Rau lub sij hawm no twb tsiag ntawv los ntawm xub ntiag ntawm ntau yam tiam sis thiab tendencies, ideological inconsistency xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv tsis yog ib tug ntau yam ntawm tus sau phau ntawv, tab sis kuj muaj ib qho chaw txawm nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm ib tug neeg sau ntawv, composers thiab ntxias. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, daim ntawv rov ntxiv, rethinking ntau hom thiab lwm yam ntawm kev kos duab. Raws li muab sau los ntawm M. Nesterov, muaj yog "ib tug general ntsuam xyuas dua rau qhov tseem ceeb."

Txawm cov hnyav xav thiab kev cai nuj nqis pom ob piv rau lub tswv yim cuab yeej cuab tam sab laug los ntawm revolutionary Democrats.

decadence

Art kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv dav dav thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub nyiaj hnub nyoog nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob rau hauv particular ntawm lub lem ntawm 19-20 centuries tau cim los ntawm coob leej ntau tus decadence ( "decadence"), mus tshaj tawm txoj kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv yog vim li cas, tsis tau pej xeem hom phiaj, kev tu, ib tug neeg yaam puab paub. Yog li, ib co ntawm cov intellectuals nrhiav kom "khiav" los ntawm kev cov nyom ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv ib lub ntiaj teb ntawm unreality, kev npau suav, thiab tej zaum kuj mystical. Qhov no txoj kev coj qhov chaw yuav tsum tau, vim hais tias thaum lub sij hawm uas muaj ib tug teebmeem nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo lub neej thiab artistic creativity tsuas muaj kev cuam tshuam nws.

Decadence captures txawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub muaj tiag qhia nyob rau hauv kos duab. Txawm li cas los, feem ntau ntawm cov tswv yim no yog tseem cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm modernist tiam sis.

Modernism thiab realism nyob rau hauv kos duab

Lub sij hawm "modernism" siv rau ntau ntau yam ntawm 20th xyoo pua kos duab. Nws tau tshwm sim nyob rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua, thiab nws cov thawj ntawm yog realism. Txawm li cas los, lub tom kawg ntawm lub sij hawm uas tsis tau receded rau yav tag los, ua tsaug rau tus ntawm modernism muaj tej yam tshiab nta: ncaim "moj khaum" lub zeem muag ntawm lub neej, cov kev tshawb fawb pib rau tus neeg txhais tau hais tias ntawm kev qhia nyob rau hauv kos duab.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj feature ntawm cov kos duab ntawm thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua ua ib tug synthesis, sib txuas ntau yam ntaub ntawv.

References tig ntawm lub xyoo pua

Rov qab nyob rau hauv lub 90s ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv sawv kev taw qhia, tawm tsam qhov kev txiav txim thaum realism. Chief ntawm lawv yog modernism. Muaj ntau sau ntawv ntawm cov nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog (daim ntawv teev cov lus qhia thiab lawv lub ntsiab cov neeg sawv cev yuav muab suav hais tias hauv qab no) cas tau txais tawm ntawm lub realism. Lawv txuas ntxiv mus tsim, tsim tshiab tiam sis thiab qhia.

modernism

Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog nyob rau hauv Russia yuav qhib modernism. Muaj tau merged ntau yam paj huam thiab sau ntawv, tej zaum kuj sib txawv heev nyob rau hauv lawv cov ideological thiab artistic tsos. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, pib active modernist quest, uas yog tus tshoov siab qab ntau npaum li cas ntawm Friedrich Nietzsche, raws li zoo li ib co Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv, xws li AA Kamensky, MP Artsybashev thiab lwm tus neeg. Lawv hais tias txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev sau ntawv creation, xa mus rau lawv tus kheej raws li nws cov pov thawj, qhia qhov cult ntawm "superman", tsis kam los ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev ncaj ncees ideals.

symbolism

Raws li cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov cim uas nyob hauv Russia coj zoo ntawm lub lem ntawm 19-20 centuries. Faib "kev txwj quas laug" ntawm lub Symbolists, uas muaj xws li Brusov, F. Sologub, Konstantin Balmont, Z. Gippius, thiab lwm tus neeg leej twg yog tus thawj ua nyob rau hauv no cov kev taw qhia. Yog xav paub ntxiv junior neeg muaj xws li sau ntawv ntawm cov nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog ntawm Andrei Bely, V. Ivanov, S. Soloviev, BLOK, thiab lwm tus neeg. Lub theoretical, aesthetic thiab philosophical cov me nyuam yaus ntawm qhov no twb heev ntau haiv neeg. Piv txwv li, raws li V.Bryusov symbolism nws yog purely artistic, thiab Merezhkovsky coj raws li lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv; Vyacheslav Ivanov raug raws li nyob rau hauv lub loog thiab philosophy ntawm antiquity rau lub tawg ntawm Nietzsche, thiab A. Dawb yog fond ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Kant, Solovyov. Thaum cov tub ntxhais ntawm lub ideology ntawm lub "yau" symbolists yog ib tug philosophy ntawm Vladimir Soloviev nrog lub tswv yim ntawm cov tuaj ntawm lub Eternal poj niam thiab lub Peb Testament.

Symbolists tshuav ib tug legacy ntawm ob paj huam thiab prose, thiab ua yeeb yam. Tab sis muaj ntau cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov paj huam nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm lwm yam uas lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm ntau sau ntawm lub nyiaj hnub nyoog, kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no cov kev taw qhia.

VY Bruce

creativity VY Bryusov (1873-1924 gg.) Tau sau tseg ntau yam ntawm ideological quests. Lub revolutionary txheej xwm ntawm 1905 aroused nws admiration thiab cim pib ntawm ib tug ncaim lub symbolism ntawm lub kws sau paj lug. Txawm li cas los, tus tshiab cov kev taw qhia ntawm Bruce xaiv tam sim ntawd, raws li tau zoo raws li zoo li tus cwj pwm mus rau lub kiv puag ncig, uas yog heev contradictory. Poet zoo siab hlo txais tos cov rog uas, nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, yuav tsum tau ntxuav Russia ntawm lub qub ntsiab cai thiab kev ntseeg thiab muab tso rau ib tug thaum xaus mus rau lub qub ntiaj teb no. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm, thiab nws sau hais tias qhov no elemental quab yuam theem kev puas tsuaj. "Rhuav - Kuv mam li yuav nrog koj ua - tsis!" - VJ sau Bruce.

Rau nws ua hauj lwm yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm kev nrhiav kev scientific kev nkag siab ntawm lub neej, ib tug tshiaj paj nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm, uas yog qhia los ntawm lwm cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm cov nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog (daim ntawv teev cov neeg sawv cev ntawm symbolism lawm teev saum toj no).

realism

Ideological contradictions cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub era raws li ib tug tag nrho, tau cuam tshuam thiab nyob rau hauv ib co neeg uas xav tau qhov tseeb sau ntawv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm L. Andreev reflected ib tug ncaim lub muaj tiag hauv paus ntsiab lus.

Tab sis zuag qhia tag nrho realism tsis tau zoo. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog paj huam uas tuaj tawm ntawm realism, tau khaws cia no. Txoj hmoo ntawm cov txiv neej, cov ntau yam kev teeb meem, lub neej nyob rau hauv nws cov ntau yam ntaub ntawv tseem reflected nyob rau hauv lub kab lis kev cai. Ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj neeg sawv cev ntawm realism thaum lub sij hawm yog ib tug txawj sau ntawv Bunin (1870-1953 gg.). Nyob rau hauv ib tug nyuaj pre-revolutionary lub sij hawm nws tau tsim zaj dab neeg "Lub Zos" (1910) thiab "Qhuav Valley" (1911).

Acmeism

Nyob rau hauv 1910, muaj ib controversy lwm tus lub symbolism, thiab nws tau ib lub ntsoog. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm no cheeb tsam yog maj los Acmeism ( "Acme" nyob rau hauv Greek - lub siab tshaj plaws qib, nws yog lub sij hawm kom loj hlob). Cov founders ntawm tus tshiab sib yog xav tau NS Gumilev thiab SM Gorodetsky. Qhov no pab pawg neeg kuj muaj lub sau ntawv ntawm cov nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog OE Mandelstam, MA Kuzmin, V. Khodasevich, AA Akhmatova, MA Zenkevich thiab lwm tus neeg.

Tsis zoo li ib co ambiguity, symbolism nebula, acmeists tshaj tawm hais tias nws txhawb nqa hauv ntiajteb no cov hav zoov, "ib tug ntshiab outlook on lub neej." Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Acmeist ntaub ntawv ntawm lub nyiaj hnub nyoog (paj huam thiab sau ntawv uas tau cia li tau nyob) coj tuaj rau lub kos duab ntawm aesthetic thiab hedonistic muaj nuj nqi, ua mus tau deb ntawm kev teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov paj huam. Nyob rau hauv Acmeism hnov kom meej meej decadent motives thiab theoretical kev pab txhawb nqa ntawm no sib yog tus philosophical idealism. Ib txhia Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv ntawm cov nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog mus rau nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm, uas tau ua lub tshiab ideological thiab artistic zoo (xws li, AA Akhmatova, MA Zenkevich SM Gorodetsky).

Nyob rau hauv 1912 nws tau yug los tus sau "Hyperborean", nyob rau hauv uas tus tshiab cov ntaub ntawv rau thawj lub sij hawm tshaj tawm hais tias nws tus kheej. Acmeists xam tau tias yog lawv tus kheej successors ntawm symbolism txog uas Gumilev hais tias nws "tiav lawm nws lub vajvoog ntawm kev loj hlob", thiab hais tias cov rejection ntawm lub revolt, tus tawm tsam rau kev hloov nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob nyob, uas yog feem ntau qhia cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog.

Writers - cov neeg sawv cev acmeism sim mus rau revive tseem, objectivity, ntxuav nws nrog mysticism. Tab sis lawv cov dluab yog sib txawv heev los ntawm cov muaj tiag, nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm S. Gorodetsky, lawv zoo li "... cov thawj yug los" thiab tshwm sim ib yam dab tsi yeej tsis tau pom ua ntej.

AA Akhmatova

Nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no coj nws tuas ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw AA Akhmatova. Tus thawj sau los ntawm nws cov kwv huam, "yav tsaus ntuj" nyob rau hauv 1912. Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm restrained laus, psychology, qho ntsiab, xav thiab ib tug sib sib zog nqus lyricism. AA Akhmatova kom meej meej repelled los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm "primordial Adas," hais tias acmeists. Rau nws ua hauj lwm yog yus muaj los ntawm txoj kev hlub ntawm tus txiv neej, kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv nws muaj peev xwm, thiab sab ntsuj plig muaj zog. Feem ntau ntawm cov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub kws sau paj lug ntog rau hauv Soviet xyoo.

Ob tug thawj sau los ntawm Akhmatova, lub aforementioned "Yav tsaus ntuj" thiab "Rosary" (xyoo 1914), coj nws zoo koob meej. Lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam intimate, nqaim ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv uas veiled sau ntawv tu siab heev thiab tu siab. Lub ntsiab ntawm txoj kev hlub no, qhov tseem ceeb thiab tshwj xeeb, zoo kev cob cog tej kev txom nyem tshwm sim los ntawm biographical cov lus tseeb ntawm lub neej ntawm lub kws sau paj lug.

NS Gumilyov

Loj thiab tseem ceeb artistic cuab yeej cuab tam, NS Gumilyov. Nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm no kws sau paj lug lub ntsiab ntxhais tau keeb kwm thiab kab txawv, thiab nws tau hu zaj nkauj ntawm "muaj zog cwm pwm". Gumilev tsim ib daim ntawv ntawm nqe thiab ua rau nws ntau leej thiab caum pab.

Acmeists Creativity tau yeej ib txwm tau pom zoo rau lub Symbolists, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv lawv tej hauj lwm yuav tsum tau pom "lwm worlds", longing rau nws. Gumilyov thawj txais tos lub kiv puag ncig ib xyoos tom qab sau tau ib zaj paj huam hais txog txoj kev tuag ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, qhov kawg ntawm kev vam meej. Nws realizes lub ntsoog loj heev los ntawm ib tug tsov rog uas yuav tsum disastrous rau tib neeg. Nyob rau hauv nws zaj paj huam "Lub Work," nws ciali mus puas yuav to taub nws kawg ntawm lub tua proletarian mos txwv "uas cais los ntawm kuv lub ntiaj teb." Nikolai Stepanovich twb tua rau liam kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub counter-revolutionary kev koom tes.

Ib txhia ntawm cov paj huam thiab sau ntawv ntawm cov nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog - cov neeg sawv cev acmeism tom qab emigrated. Lwm tus tsis tau ua li ntawd. Piv txwv li, Anna Andreevna Ahmatova, nws tus poj niam, NS Gumilyov, twb tsis noj lub Great Lub kaum hli ntuj Revolution, txawm li cas los, nws tsis kam tawm nws lub teb chaws. Cov txheej xwm nyob rau hauv nws tus plig ib tug loj hneev taw, thiab kws sau paj lug yog tsis tam sim ntawd tau rov qab mus ua hauj lwm. Txawm li cas los, lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog dua paub nyob rau hauv nws ib tug patriot, kws sau paj lug, kaj siab lug nyob rau hauv lub yeej ntawm lawv lub teb chaws (cov khoom "ua siab loj," "Tus Lus Cog Tseg" thiab lwm tus neeg).

futurism

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm raws li Acmeism (ie, 1910-1912.), Muaj yog Futurism. Nws, zoo li lub lwm qhov chaw tsis yog homogeneous, vydelyalyaya ob peb tiam sis. Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm lawv, Cubo, koom paj huam V. Mayakovsky, VV Klebnikov, DD Burliuk, VV Kamensky, Kruchenykh thiab lwm tus neeg. Lwm yam ntawm futurism yog egofuturizm hais qhov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm I. Northerner. Cov pab pawg neeg "Centrifuge" yog beginners thaum paj huam NN Aseev thiab Pasternak Pasternak, raws li zoo li lwm yam neeg sau ntawv thiab sau ntawv ntawm cov nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog.

Futurism muaj revolutionized rau hauv daim ntawv uas muaj tam sim no ua ywj siab ntawm cov ntsiab lus, nws hais tias txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev hais lus, kiag tso cov zajlus laaj thiab kev lig kev cai. Futurist Manifesto "ncuav pias nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm pej xeem saj", luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1912, hais tias cov overthrow ntawm lub sam thiaj nrog xws li zoo cai, raws li Tolstoy, Pushkin thiab Dostoevsky.

Cov sau ntawv ntawm cov nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv VV Kamensky thiab Velimir Khlebnikov tswj rau kev vam meej thwmsim nrog lo lus uas ua rau lub ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam.

VV Mayakovsky

Ntawm cov Futurists pib los ua ib tug zoo kws sau paj lug VV Mayakovsky (1893-1930 gg.). Nyob rau hauv 1912 tuaj lub ntawv ntawm nws thawj thawj kwv huam. Mayakovsky yog tsis yog tawm tsam "txhua yam ntawm qua ntxi," tab sis kuj hais tias qhov yuav tsum tau rau ib tug tshiab pej xeem lub neej. Vladimir Vladimirovich twb paub lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, nws denounced lub nceeg vaj ntawm "roj", uas yog reflected nyob rau hauv nws cov kwv huam "ua tsov ua rog thiab kev sib haum xeeb", "Ib tug huab nyob rau hauv ris", "txiv neej", "Lub qaum Tshuab raj nplaim" nyob rau hauv uas tsis kam muab tag nrho capitalist system thiab hais tias txoj kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv tus neeg.

Lwm yam paj huam thiab sau ntawv ntawm cov nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, muaj lwm yam kaj paj huam thiab sau ntawv ntawm cov nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, uas yog ib qhov nyuaj rau tus cwj pwm mus rau ib tug kev taw qhia, piv txwv li MA Voloshin, MI Tsvetaeva. Creative tom kawg yam ntxwv demonstrative ywj siab thiab rejection ntawm cov pa cai ntawm kev coj cwj pwm thiab xeeb ceem.

Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub sij hawm no yog cov kev tshwm sim ntawm ib tug loj thiab complex txoj kev. Nws xam qhovkev sijhawm li qhia siv kuj tseem siab tib neeg, lub teb chaws thiab kev cai ywj pheej, dua li cov kev kub siab ntawm tsoom fwv lub teb. Xav paub ntau ntxiv muaj nyob rau hauv tej phau ntawv nyeem ( "Literature", Qib 11), Nyiaj hnub nyoog tas muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm.