Albrecht Durer: biography thiab ua hauj lwm. Tej hauj lwm los ntawm Albrehta Dyurera: daim ntawv teev

A. Dürer (1471-1528) - tus poj German artist, thiab nyob rau hauv lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej thiab kos duab theorist. Nws biography thiab ua hauj lwm yog zoo txuas mus rau lub Renaissance. Tej hauj lwm los ntawm Albrehta Dyurera thiab niaj hnub no nyiam ntau connoisseurs ntawm cov kos duab. Koj puas xav paub ntxiv txog nws? Lub neej thiab kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Albrehta Dyurera nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

cov ntaub ntawv kawm vitae

Nws txiv yog ib tug neeg uas nyob hauv Hungary teb, lub silversmith. Albrecht kawm ua ntej nrog nws txiv thiab nws ces thaum Michael Wohlgemuth, neeg pleev kob thiab engraver los ntawm Nuremberg. 1490-1494 - "Xyoo Pilgrimage", yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau lub npe ntawm tus tswv. Albrecht siv lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm lub Upper Rhine (Strasbourg, Colmar, Basel). Ntawm no nws nkag mus hauv lub voj voog ntawm phau ntawv printers thiab humanists. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias Dürer xav los txhim kho nyob rau hauv lub engraving rau cov hlau M. Shogauera nyob rau hauv Colmar, tab sis nrhiav tsis tau nws ciaj sia. Albrecht ces tau pib kawm tej hauj lwm ntawm no tswv, hais lus rau nws cov tub, uas kuj ntxias.

Nyob rau hauv 1494 nws rov qab mus rau Nuremberg Albrecht Dürer. Biography thiab ua hauj lwm nws tau sau nyob rau ntawm lub lub sij hawm ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb cov txheej xwm. Nws twb ces muaj sib yuav rau Agnes Frey, raws li zoo raws li qhib nws tus kheej studio. Tom qab ib co sij hawm, Albrecht txiav txim siab los ua ib tug tshiab txoj kev taug, qhov no lub sij hawm xaiv lub sab qaum teb Ltalis. Nws tau mus rau Padua thiab Venice nyob rau hauv 1494-95, ntsig txog. Nyob rau hauv Venice, Dürer kwv tij, thiab nyob rau hauv 1505, nws nyob muaj mus txog rau thaum 1507. Albrecht acquaintance nrog cov huab tais Maximilian kuv hais txog 1512. Thaj, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, Dürer pib mus ua hauj lwm rau nws, kom txog thaum Maximilian tuag, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1519 yog zoo dua lub npe hu hais tias Albert kuj tau mus xyuas lub Netherlands. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1520 mus 1521, nws mus ncig rau lub zos xws li Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges, Malines, thiab lwm tus neeg.

creativity Durer

Albrecht Dürer, biography thiab creativity ntawm uas coincide nrog tus sawv ntawm lub German Renaissance, yuav tsis nyob deb ntawm lub ncauj ke ntawm nws lub sij hawm. Nws yog ib tug yooj yim, kev lom zem ntau disharmonious lub sij hawm. Nws cim tshuav nws cov cim rau tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov kos duab. Lub rooj txhawb siab nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Albrecht accumulates lub originality thiab richness ntawm German kos duab lig kev cai. Lawv manifest lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov dyurerovskih cim deb ntawm txoj kev zoo nkauj los ntawm lub foundations ntawm cov classical zoo tagnrho. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tus tswv prefers txawv, them zoo mloog los ib tug neeg nthuav dav. Ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb rau Albrecht yog nyob rau tib lub sij hawm kev sib cuag nrog cov kos duab ntawm ltalis. Creativity Albrehta Dyurera sau tseg hais tias nws sim kom to taub lub zais ntawm nws cov perfection thiab kev sib raug zoo. Dürer yog tib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm lub sab qaum teb Renaissance, uas yog multifaceted thiab cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev txaus siab, tus muaj siab kom to taub cov kev cai ntawm daim duab, mus tsim meej proportions ntawm tus tib neeg daim duab yuav tsum muab tso rau hauv ib tug par nrog tus poj masters ntawm lub Italian Renaissance.

drawings

Creativity Albrehta Dyurera ntau haiv neeg. Nws twb ntse nruab siab raws li ib tug draftsman, engraver thiab cov neeg pleev kob. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub engraving thiab duab yuav siv sij hawm nws tej zaum txawm ua lub luag hauj lwm. Ntau tshaj 900 los xij ntawm cuab yeej cuab tam muaj Dürer-cov neeg pleev kob. Raws li cov ntau yam thiab vastness ntawm nws yuav muab piv nrog cov hauj lwm ntawm Leonardo da Vinci. Thaj, lub painting yog ib feem ntawm lub neej txhua hnub ntawm tus tswv. Dürer txig mastered rau tag nrho cov duab hom kev kawm ntawm lub sij hawm - los ntawm thee, watercolor, mem hluav mus rau Italian pas nrig cwj mem thiab nyiaj nawj. Raws li rau lub Italian masters, kos tau ua ib qho tseem ceeb nyob ntev rau hauv lub Durer compositing. Qhov no yuav tsis nyob ntev nrog Studi, sketches ntawm hau, ob txhais ceg, caj npab, draperies.

Rau Durer duab yog lub twj paj nruag uas nws kawm tus yam ntxwv hom - Nuremberg fashionistas, zoo-hnav khaub ncaws gentlemen thiab peasants. Illustrious ua hauj lwm Albrehta Dyurera - Watercolor Masters "Hare" (pictured saum toj no) thiab "Ib daim ntawm turf." Lawv yog ua los nrog chilly detachment thiab xws li kev siv uas yuav ua tau illustrations rau scientific codes.

ib tug series ntawm ua hauj lwm

Tus thawj tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm ntawm tus tswv yog ib tug series ntawm ua hauj lwm ntawm 1494-95 xyoo. Cov hauj lwm ntawm Albrehta Dyurera tua nyob rau hauv watercolor thiab gouache thaum lub sij hawm nws mus txawv tebchaws mus rau Ltalis. Lawv yog ua tib zoo kuas, tsim muaj pes tsawg leeg spatial npaj ntseeg nkaws alternating nrog txhua lwm yam. Cov hauj lwm ntawm Albrehta Dyurera yog cov thawj nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm European art "dawb huv" ua hauj lwm.

"Christmas", "adoration ntawm lub Magi", "Adas thiab Eva"

Clear tus mus ob peb vas, lub siab xav ntawm tus sau mus rau ib tug harmonious nqi koj tshuav ntawm atherosclerosis thiab nrhiav - cov no yog cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm cov kos duab los ntawm Durer los ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th lig rau thaum pib ntawm lub thib ob xyoo caum ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Qhov no yog lub thaj ntawm "Christmas", ua nyob ib ncig ntawm 1498, thiab hais txog qhov 1504 kev ua hauj lwm "adoration ntawm lub Magi," nyob rau hauv uas Dürer theem ua ke ib pawg ntawm peb Magi thiab Madonna tus silhouettes, twj ywm yeej atherosclerosis thiab koov motif, rov qab ob peb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub architectural kho kom zoo nkauj. Nyob rau hauv lub 1500s ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab tswv yim ntawm creativity Albrecht yuav muaj lub siab mus nrhiav tus zoo tagnrho cov proportions ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Nws nrhiav kev lawv secrets, Yog nqus liab qab poj niam thiab txiv neej cov nuj nqis. Nco ntsoov tias nws yog tus thawj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, Albrecht pib kawm liab qab. Cov tshawb tau sau ua ke nyob rau hauv ib tug 1504 engraving "Adas thiab Eva", raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm txog 1507 loj eponymous scenic diptych.

"Adoration ntawm lub Trinity" thiab "tsiab peb caug ntawm lub rosary"

Cov feem ntau nyuaj ua hauj lwm, harmonically kom pictorial compositions los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov nuj nqis tua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo uas muaj tswv yim kom loj hlob Albrecht Dürer. Notable tej hauj lwm ntawm nws muaj xws li tsim nyob rau hauv 1506 "Celebration of hlaws dai", nyob rau hauv 1511 - "Lub adoration ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Trinity." "Tsiab peb caug ntawm lub rosary" yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj tej hauj lwm los ntawm Dürer (161.5 x 192 cm). Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog ib tug ntawm cov loj suab qauv. Ua hauj lwm nyob ze rau lub kos duab ntawm lub Italian masters, tsis tsuas yog tus motives, tab sis kuj lawv loj hlob polnozvuchiem xim tsev plethora ntawm cov dluab (feem ntau portraits), lub equilibrium compositions, lub breadth ntawm kev sau ntawv. Cov duab hu ua "adoration ntawm lub Trinity", cov sawv cev ib tug me me ua hauj lwm thaj, zoo semicircles uas resonate nrog ib tug arched tiav thaj ua ke floating nyob rau hauv lub ntuj tubtxib saum ntuj txiv thiab dawb huv party. Qhov no qauv tsa lub "hais tsis sib haum" los ntawm Raphael.

thaum ntxov portraits

Tsis muaj Portraits ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam ua hauj lwm Albrehta Dyurera. Duab nws nyob rau hauv no ib hom ntawv nyeem yog heev heev thiab heev nthuav. Albrecht yog twb nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua hauj lwm, ua txog 1499 (Portrait ntawm Oswald Krell) pib lub tsim tswv. Nws txig qhia puab lub zog qauv, cov uniqueness ntawm cov ua cim. Lub uniqueness ntawm Albrehta Dyurera lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov self-portrait yog ib tug thawj coj nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm thaum ntxov ntawm nws portrait ua hauj lwm. Rov qab nyob rau hauv 1484 nws tau tsim ib tug nqus nyiaj nawj, hais ua ntej lawm nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm. Ntawm no Albrecht depicts 13-xyoo-laus tus me nyuam. Twb nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm txhais tes Durer coj thrust rau nws tus kheej-kev txawj ntse, uas yog tsim ntxiv nyob rau hauv thawj peb ntawm nws paintings-portraits. Peb tham txog cov hauj lwm 1493 nyob rau hauv 1498 thiab 1500 tus. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no ua hauj lwm (yees duab nws yog sawv cev saum toj no) qhia tau hais tias Albrecht ncaj qha los ntawm pem hauv ntej. Framed los ntawm ib tug me me hwjtxwv thiab cov plaub hau ntev ntawm nws txoj cai lub ntsej muag rau peb nco txog ntawm cov duab ntawm Khetos Pantocrator.

ceev xwm txheej

Creativity Albrehta Dyurera (1471-1528) yog nthuav nyob rau hauv uas nws nqa tawm prints Attendance zoo rau tooj liab thiab nyob rau ntoo. Albrecht muab engraving tom qab Schongauer, ib yam ntawm cov loj arts. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Dürer yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm nyob tsis tswm, nyob tsis tswm ntsuj plig ntawm nws muaj tswv yim xwm, raws li zoo raws li lub ua txoj kev coj tsis ncaj tsis sib haum uas txhawj xeeb rau nws. Nyob rau hauv ntse sib piv rau cov ntshiab thiab twj ywm thaum ntxov picturesque tej hauj lwm ntawm tus tswv twb ua tus thawj loj-scale duab series, uas muaj 15 engravings rau hauv lub ntsiab ntawm lub Apocalypse. Cov hauj lwm yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tsob ntoo Albrecht tsim nyob rau hauv 1498. Durer engravings nyob rau hauv lawv ntau npaum li cas tshaj paintings, yog raws li nyob rau hauv German kev lig kev cai. Lawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub angular siv, ntse movements, overexpression dluab atherosclerosis swirling, sai tawg kab thiab folds. Cov duab ntawm lub Fortune copperplate engraving "Nemesis", hais txog rau hauv thaum ntxov 1500 tus., Yog ib tug formidable cim. Qhov no sau yog ib tug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm los ntawm Dürer.

"Lub neej ntawm tus ntxhais nkauj xwb", "Great Mob siab" thiab "me me mob siab rau"

. Nyob rau hauv lub duab voj voog "Lub neej ntawm Mary", tsim txog 1502-05 xyoo, mas txawj sau ntawv paj nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem, raws li zoo raws li ib tug nplua mais ntawm cov ntsiab lus - nta ntse German kos duab kev lig kev cai. Qhov no duab series yog lub feem ntau kom meej thiab twj ywm mus ob peb vas. Ob tug lwm devoted mob siab rau ntawm Tswv Yexus, yus muaj los ntawm ib tug ua txoj kev qhia. Nws yog tsim los ntawm ib tsob ntoo "Great Mob siab" (txog 1498-1510 gg.), Raws li tau zoo raws li ob tug series ntawm kev kos tooj liab "Me me mob siab" (xyoo ntawm creation - 1507-13 thiab 1509-11). Cov hauj lwm los ntawm Dürer yog tus nto moo tshaj plaws hauv nws lub contemporaries.

Triptych 1513-1514 gg.

Engraving 1513 "Knight, tuag thiab Ntxwg Nyoog", raws li zoo raws li ob tug tej hauj lwm ntawm 1514 ( "Hieronymus nyob rau hauv cell" thiab "Melancholy") ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Albrecht cuab yeej cuab tam. Lawv tsim ib tug zoo ntawm triptych. Cov hauj lwm tua nrog ib tug tswv virtuoso subtlety. Lawv txawv los ntawm ib tug tsawg figurative concentration thiab conciseness. Thaj, Dürer tsis xeeb los mus tsim lawv raws li ib tug tib voj voog. Cuaj kaum, tus ua hauj lwm combines tus cuj pwm thiab philosophical siv, heev (txhais lus ntawm nws mob siab rau ib tug ntau ntawm kev ua hauj lwm niaj hnub no). Thaj, lub treatise "ntawm txhais tes ntawm cov Christian warrior" E. Rotterdam twb inspired los ntawm cov duab ntawm ib tug nruab nrab-hnub nyoog sau ntawm ib tug siab tawv warrior, uas yog tsiv mus rau ib qho tsis paub hais tias lub hom phiaj, tsis hais txog ntawm lub dab ntxwg nyoog, nram qab no nyob rau hauv nws heels, raws li zoo raws li txoj kev tuag ntshai heev txawm. Warrior yog hais tiv thaiv tus mob rocky qus scenery. Nws tsis yog ib qho yooj yim rau perceive ua hauj lwm Albrehta Dyurera. Txoj kev uas lub aforementioned treatise yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau qhov kev nkag ntawm tus tub rog duab.

Saint Jerome (pictured saum toj no), uas mus rau tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb, yog lub personification ntawm lub contemplative lub neej thiab sab ntsuj plig introspection. Lub majestic winged melancholy, raus nyob rau hauv nws tu siab heev xav, hais tawm tsam lub backdrop ntawm ib tug chaotic pawg ntawm fast-ntws lub sij hawm cim thiab Sciences, cov cuab yeej ntawm cov lag luam tawm.

Nws yog feem ntau yog txhais li lub personification ntawm lub tswv yim nyob tsis tswm tib neeg ntsuj plig. Nco ntsoov tias lub Renaissance humanists pom nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas muaj ib tug melancholy luv, "divine xav xav tau" ntse heev, lub embodiment ntawm creativity. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav hais tias nyob rau hauv lub kev sib yog muaj tswv yim, thiab Albrehta Dyurera. Thiab luv luv tuab nws tom qab ua hauj lwm.

tom qab tej hauj lwm

Dürer tom qab 1514 ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Maximilian kuv (hais saum toj no nws portrait, ua los ntawm Albrecht). Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no ua ntau ntau yam hauj txiav txim Albrecht Dürer. Tej hauj lwm uas tsim los ntawm lawv, yuav tsum tau ib tug ntau ntawm kev txawj, tiam sis feem ntau lub sij hawm-siv ntawm lawv twb pleev xim rau lithography, ua rau 192 cov laug cam. Qhov no ua hauj lwm yog hu ua "koov Maximilian kuv". Nws yog ua los ntawm zog, tsuas yog Durer, ib tug loj pawg ntawm ntxias. Tom qab ib qho chaw twg mus rau lub Netherlands, ua li cas nyob rau hauv 1520-21 xyoo., Los Albrecht pib ib tug tshiab muaj tswv yim lam ua. Thaum lub sij hawm no, ib tug tswv tsev ntawm tus khiav nkaum sketches. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo nraaj portraits tau Iwj khoom Albrehta Dyurera. Sau lawv raws li nram no: ua nyob rau hauv 1520 nrog thee , "Erazm Rotterdamsky", raws li zoo raws li kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv 1521, "Lucas van Leyden" (ua nyiaj mem hluav), "Agnes Dürer", lub creation ntawm uas siv cov hlau stick, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Portraits ntawm lub 1520s

Portrait nyob rau hauv lub 1520s ua ib tug loj ib hom ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Dürer. Thaum lub sij hawm no, cov duab tsim nyob rau hauv lub engraving tooj liab mas humanists ntawm nws lub sij hawm Albrecht Dürer. Major ua hauj lwm raws li nram no: nyob rau hauv 1526 - Portrait Filippa Melanhtona, nyob rau hauv 1524 - Willibald Pirkheyma nyob rau hauv 1526 - Erasmus. Cov painting zoo nkaus li nyob rau hauv 1521 "Portrait ntawm ib tug txiv neej hluas" nyob rau hauv 1524 - "Portrait ntawm ib tug txiv neej," nyob rau hauv 1526 - "Jerome Holtsshuer" thiab lwm yam hauj lwm. Cov me me tej hauj lwm yog distinguished los ntawm cov neeg ncaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, classical perfection, minted silhouettes. Lawv spectacularly nyuab nkhaus loj loj velvet beret los dav-brimmed kaus mom. Lub compositional chaw ntawm no ua hauj lwm - lub ntsej muag, qhov no close-up, los ua ib tug yuav luag tsis paub zaus ntawm lub teeb thiab ntxoov ntxoo. Nyob rau hauv ib tug nyuam qhuav perceptible ntawm lub ntsej muag qhia, nyob rau hauv nws ob lub qhov muag dav-qhib lub qhov muag, nyob rau hauv lub ntaem me ntsis nkhaus nyob rau hauv ib tug luag los yog ib tug ib nrab-qhib daim di ncauj, cheekbones nyob rau hauv ib tug nquag daim duab thiab zog frown yuav pom ib co kua nplaum ntawm ib tug mob siab heev sab ntsuj plig lub neej. Qhib Albrecht nyob rau hauv nws lub contemporaries fortitude yuav loj scale nyob rau hauv lub diptych "Plaub tug Thwj Tim" (pictured hauv qab no), qhov kawg tswv ntawm paintings (1525). Nws twb sau ntawv rau Nuremberg Dürer Hall. Pib ua loj loj nuj nqis qhia Txoj Moo Zoo Mark, cov thwj tim Paul, Peter thiab John, uas sawv cev rau, raws li tus tswv txoj kev contemporaries, 4 temperaments.

Theoretical ua hauj lwm, cov nqi ntawm creativity

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, lub neej ntawm Albrecht tau luam tawm theoretical ua hauj lwm: kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv ntsuas tus pas ntsuas thiab compass (nyob rau hauv 1525), ntxiv dag zog rau forts, castles thiab lub zos (nyob rau hauv 1527), thiab nyob rau hauv 1528 luam tawm ib tug ua hauj lwm "Plaub phau ntawv rau cov tib neeg proportions." Albrecht Dürer, lub tswv yim thiab txoj hmoo ntawm cov uas peb tau kawm, tau tas sim nyob rau hauv Nuremberg Tim 6, 1528

Dürer tau pab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov ntawm cov German kos duab rau ntawm tus thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Nws engravings thiab Ltalis nyiam ib tug lossis loj zoo - txawm muab lawv fake. Muaj ntau Italian ntxias tau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm nws cov hauj lwm, xws li Pordenone thiab Pontormo.