Yuav ua li cas yog qhov ntawm oxides

Wb tham txog yuav ua li cas los mus txiav txim rau qhov xwm ntawm tus oxide. Yuav pib nrog, tias tag nrho cov tshuaj yuav tsum subdivided rau hauv ob pawg: yooj yim thiab complex. Tej yam yooj yim tshuaj txwv kom muab zais rau hauv cov hlau thiab nonmetals. Complex tebchaw yog muab faib ua plaub kawm: lub hauv paus, oxides, ntsev, kua qaub.

txhais

Txij li thaum qhov xwm ntawm tus oxides yog nyob rau ntawm lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, mus pib lub ntsiab txhais muab cov hoob kawm no ntawm inorganic tshuaj. Oxides muaj txoj tshuaj uas muaj xws li ob ntsiab. Lub peculiarity ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias cov pa yog yeej ib txwm nyob rau hauv lub neeg pab leg ntaubntawv thib ob (xeem) caij.

Feem ntau ib tug yog suav hais tias yog kev sis raug zoo ntawm cov pa uas yooj yim tshuaj (co, nonmetals). Piv txwv li, tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm magnesium nrog rau oxygen, magnesium oxide, seeb yooj yim zog.

nomenclature

Ximxoo oxides nyob ntawm lawv lub muaj pes tsawg leeg. Muaj ntau yam cai uas hu cov tshuaj.

Yog hais tias cov hlau oxide yog tsim los ntawm lub ntsiab pab pawg valency yog tsis qhia. Piv txwv li, calcium oxide Cao. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub tebchaw ntawm cov thawj hlau yog xws li ib tug pab pawg, uas muaj ib tug kuj tsis paub meej valence, nws yuav tsum tau qhia los ntawm ib tug Roman tus nab npawj. Yog muab tso rau tom qab lub compound lub npe sau rau hauv. Piv txwv li, muaj cov hlau oxides (2) thiab (3). Ua mis oxides, nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov hais tias hais tias tus nqi ntawm oxidation nws yuav tsum yog pes tsawg.

kev faib

Xav txog yuav ua li cas cov ua cim oxides nyob ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation. Co muaj ib tug oxidation tooj ntawm +1 thiab +2, tsim yooj yim oxides nrog oxygen. Ib tug tej feature ntawm cov tebchaw yog qhov yooj yim xwm ntawm lub oxides. Cov tebchaw sib hnov mob nrog ntsev-txoj kev oxides, nonmetals, txoj kev ua ib lub ntsev nrog lawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov yooj yim oxides hnov mob nrog ib tug acid. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub pib ntaub ntawv tau noj nyob rau hauv dab tsi kom muaj nuj nqis.

Tsis-co thiab co nrog oxidation +4 rau +7, tsim oxides nrog rau oxygen acid. Ximxoo oxides yuav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog ib tug puag (alkali). Cov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev sis raug zoo nyob rau ntau npaum li cas cov thawj alkali twb npaum li cas. Thaum nws tsis muaj acidic ntsev tsim raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide (4) nrog sodium hydroxide tsim sodium hydrogencarbonate (acidic ntsev).

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug kev sis raug zoo ntawm ib tug acid nrog ib tug dhau heev lawm ntawm cov oxide cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom ntawm ib tug alkali ntsev yuav txhais hais tias (sodium carbonate). Ximxoo acidic oxides nyob ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation.

Lawv muab faib mus rau hauv lub ntsev-txoj kev oxides (nyob rau hauv uas cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm lub caij yog sib npaug zos rau cov pab pawg neeg tsawg) raws li zoo raws li lub indifferent oxides yog tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm txoj kev ntsev.

amphoteric oxides

Tseem muaj thaj chaw ntawm lub amphoteric cim ntawm oxides. Nws essence lies nyob rau hauv lub sis ntawm cov tebchaw nrog acids thiab alkalis. Yuav ua li cas oxides muaj dual (amphoteric) zog? Cov no muaj xws binary hlau compound nrog ib tug oxidation tooj +3, thiab oxides ntawm beryllium, zinc.

Txoj kev rau cov kev npaj

Muaj ntau ntau txoj kev rau cov oxides. Feem ntau ib tug yog suav hais tias yog kev sis raug zoo ntawm cov pa nrog tej yam yooj yim tshuaj (co, nonmetals). Piv txwv li, tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm magnesium nrog rau oxygen, magnesium oxide, seeb yooj yim zog.

Tsis tas li ntawd tau oxides no yuav nyuaj thiab tus sis ntawm tshuaj nrog molecular oxygen. Piv txwv li, thaum lub sij hawm combustion ntawm pyrite (hlau sulfide 2) yuav tau ncaj qha ob oxides: leej faj thiab hlau.

Lwm cov kev xaiv xam tau tias yog tau oxides ntsev decomposition cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov pa uas muaj acids. Piv txwv li, decomposition ntawm calcium carbonate yuav tsum npaj kom txhij carbon dioxide thiab calcium oxide (ceev txiv qaub).

Cov yooj yim thiab amphoteric oxides yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm decomposition ntawm insoluble bases. Piv txwv li, lub calcination hlau hydroxide (3) yog tsim ntawm hlau oxide (3), raws li zoo li dej vapor.

xaus

Oxides yog ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm inorganic tshuaj muaj ib tug dav muaj daim ntawv thov. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam, kev lag luam kws, tshuaj.

Tsis tas li ntawd, amphoteric oxides yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv cov organic synthesis li catalysts (accelerators tshuaj dab).