Yuav ua li cas yog lub nuclear reactor

Cov lus no "nuclear reactor" yog tam sim no paub rau tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ua ib lub cim ntawm ib tug era. Txawm tias lub peev xwm txoj kev txhawj xeeb ntawm kev siv xws li, nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm lub havzoov ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov roj reserves reactors nuclear roj yog heev pheej.

Ib tug nuclear reactor yog ib tug engineering ntaus ntawv, nyob rau hauv uas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tshuaj fission ntawm fissile tej ntaub ntawv, nrog los ntawm kev tso cai ntawm lub zog. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb - lub cim ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob tam sim no (nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag - NPP), thiab tau txais hnyav fissile ntsiab ntawm lub periodic rooj (hloov dua siab tshiab). Tus thawj nuclear reactor twb tau koom ua ke thiab muab tso rau hauv lub lag luam nyob rau hauv 1942 nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States nyob rau hauv lub saib xyuas ntawm tus eminent physicist ntawm nws lub sij hawm - Enrique Fermi. Peb lub xyoos tom qab nws reactor launched Canada, thiab nyob rau hauv 1946 - Lavxias teb sab.

Peb nco ntsoov ib tug tseem ceeb point: muaj coob tus neeg yog txawv nrog rau lub ntsiab lus, feem ntau ntseeg tau hais tias ib tug nuclear reactor generates hluav taws xob ncaj qha, thiab nws yog ib tug byproduct ntawm tej fissile roj. Tu siab, qhov no tsis yog cov ntaub. Nyob rau hauv essence, cov nuclear reactor yog ib tug lossis loj rhaub, yog hais tias tsis "reboiler" qhia thaum tshav kub kub nruab nrab uas ua pab ua hauj lwm thiab zus tau tej cov hluav taws xob los ntawm txoj kev ib tug pa generator.

Yuav kom teb tau ntau cov lus nug, xav txog lub nuclear reactor unit. Structurally, tej nuclear reactor muaj xws li cov nram qab no hais:

- central active tsam nrog ceev ceev neutron moderator. Qhov no yog qhov twg lub fission cov tshuaj tiv thaiv;

- txheej reflecting neutrons. Nws yog tsim nyog los txo cov allergic ntawm ionizing tawg, raws li zoo raws li rau kev txhim kho cov efficiency ntawm tus installation;

- tawg tiv thaiv. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, ua shields;

- coolant. Tag nrho cov tam sim no cov qauv ntawm cov reactors yog ib feem tseem ceeb;

- pas nrig tswj ntaus ntawv nuclei lwj thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv;

- txias Circuit Court;

- lub mechanism ntawm cov chaw taws teeb tswj.

Rau cov lag luam ntawm nuclear reactors boilers siv hnyav hlau - uranium-233, 235 los yog plutonium-239. Thaj chaw ntawm cov ntsiab yog hais tias txhua tus xauj tsev ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lawv cov atomic qauv undergoes txawj decomposition (splitting). Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no, tus nuclei ntawm lub atoms tso neutrons. Atom poob (kis tau) neutron yog hloov dua siab tshiab mus rau lwm lub caij ntawm lub periodic rooj. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm uranium-plutonium-238 yog npaj 239. Tawm rau ib sab atoms ntawm cov roj cov ntaub ntawv uas nws yog, ua tsaug rau nws cov high ceev tso tawm ntxiv neutrons. Tag nrho cov nce nyob rau hauv kev vam meej - pib ib cov saw tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm fission. Yog hais tias nyob rau ntawm no theem tsis txhob muab kev txiav txim rau nws cov kev cai, qhov tshwm sim yog ib tug uncontrolled nuclear saw tshuaj tiv thaiv, nrog los ntawm ib tug avalanche tso enormous nqi zog (nuclear tawg).

Yuav kom tswj tau siv ob losis tswvyim dabtsi txoj kev - qhia rau hauv cov tub ntxhais ib tug moderator uas thiaj li muaj qhov neutron self-txoj kev ceev ua thiab nkag mus rau hauv lub xav tooj ntawm cov tswj rods (cadmium los yog boron) absorbing tshaj neutrons.

Nyob rau hauv lub lwj ntawm nuclei generates tshav kub, uas heats ib circulating tshav kub hloov lwm lub tsev kua (dej), nws yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv chav rotates ib turbine thiab hluav taws xob generator.

Qhov no yooj yim tswvyim. Muaj ntau ntau ntau ntau yam ntawm nws. Piv txwv li, dej-coolant tej zaum yuav natural los yog boiling nyob rau hauv siab. Cov yav tas yuav ua rau nws tau mus nrhiav tau superheated chav, ua hauj lwm zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov dej - tsis tsuas zoo ntawm coolant (tej zaum yuav ua tau ib tug roj los yog ib tug ua kua hlau). Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib co versions ntawm reactors retardant yog tsis siv.