Arts thiab lom ze, Kos duab
Yuav ua li cas yog lub architectural khaub ncaws ntau. Lub architectural khaub ncaws ntau ntawm cov Moscow Kremlin
Kuj muaj ob peb kab mob siab rau lub Moscow Kremlin Lavxias teb sab paj huam. Nyob rau hauv muaj ntau yam paintings ntawm naas ej ntxias xwm no masterpiece ntawm medieval architecture. Moscow Kremlin - yog ib tug zoo heev architectural khaub ncaws ntau nyob rau hauv Russia. Thiab hais tias yog hais txog nws yuav tau los sib tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.
Lub architectural khaub ncaws ntau - yog ...
Lo lus "cov khaub ncaws ntau" ntawm Fabkis keeb kwm. Nws yog txhais raws li kev sib "sau, ntseeg thiab connectivity."
Lub architectural khaub ncaws ntau - ib tug complex ntawm thaj thiab pej xeem vaj tse, thiab lwm yam (txuas hniav, txoj kev, monuments, thiab lwm yam) uas ua tau ib tug unified spatial muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws hais yuav ua tau tsis tsuas cov tsev thiab cov vaj tse, tab sis kuj sculptures, monuments, tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab, chaw ua si thiab lub vaj. Xaav ntawm ib tug khaub ncaws ntau ntawm architecture nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawm lub xyoo, lub theem ntawm illumination. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov neeg, raws li tau zoo raws li cov kev siv ntawm lub tsheb kuj muaj ceeb thawj.
Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tej architectural ua yog struts lwm tus nws. Ntawm no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm saum toj no tag nrho cov teb thiab muaj cov lub cev ntawm cov dej (dej ntws, pas dej, reservoirs).
Heev feem ntau, cov compositional chaw ntawm lub architectural khaub ncaws ntau sawv ib tug monument los yog obelisk. Cov xws piv txwv tej zaum yuav tau hais square St. Peter Vatican square los yog yeej nyob rau hauv Poltava. Yuav kom hwm lub cim xeeb ntawm ib tug zoo heev cwm pwm, los yog mus sab laj txog cov keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntawm ib qho kev tshwm sim - uas yog lub ntsiab lub hom phiaj caum los ntawm no architectural khaub ncaws ntau. Cov duab no complex koj yuav saib tau hauv qab no (qhov no St. Peter lub Square, Vatican City).
Hom ntawm architectural lossis
Ib txhia architectural lossis tsim tam sim ntawd thiab comprehensively, nyob rau ib pre-npaj master plan. Lwm cov yog tsim los rau xyoo lawm, maj mam ntxiv tshiab vaj tse thiab ntsiab. Los ntawm txoj kev, lub kev xaiv thib ob yog pom nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntau zaus.
Muaj ntau ntau ntau hom kev architectural ntaus uake. Cov lawv:
- khaub ncaws ntau ntawm cov square;
- fortresses;
- phau ntawv qhia;
- palaces thiab chaw ua si;
- manor;
- monastic ntaus uake.
Moscow Kremlin - koj architectural khaub ncaws ntau nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe
Kremlin nyob rau hauv Moscow - nws yog qhov loj tshaj plaws fortress nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, los ntawm cov uas yog kiag li fwm kom txog rau thaum hnub no. Qhov no architectural khaub ncaws ntau yog nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab capital, nws yog ib tug loj kev thiab nom tswv txoj kev ntawm lub nroog, raws li zoo li ib co dawb ceev cim rau tag nrho lub teb chaws. Ntawm no yog cov ntsiab chaw nyob ntawm tus Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation.
Lub architectural khaub ncaws ntau ntawm cov Kremlin nyob rau hauv Moscow ua tau rau lub txuas ntawm cov dej ntws Neglinnoy mus rau hauv lub Moscow River. Voos nyob rau hauv txoj kev npaj fortress npog thaj 27,5 hectares. Nyob rau ib sab nws yog bordered los ntawm Kremlin Liab cheeb tsam, thiab nyob rau lwm yam - nrog lub Alexander vaj.
Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 90-ies ntawm loj-scale reconstruction twb nqa tawm tsis pub dhau lub architectural complex: nyob rau hauv particular thaum lub tsev ntawd raug txum tim rov los ntawm cov Senate, raws li zoo li ob peb halls ntawm lub Great Kremlin Palace. Qhov kawg ntawm lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua tau kuj rov qab los phab ntsa thiab yees ntawm cov khaub ncaws ntau.
Los ntawm txoj kev, tsis yog txhua tus paub hais tias lub Kremlin phab ntsa yog tsis ib txwm liab, raws li peb tag nrho cov siv los pom lawv. Thaum lub sij hawm lub XVIII-XIX centuries, raws li tej uas tseg cia duab thiab piav qhia, lawv yog neeg tawv dawb (mus txog 1880). Niaj hnub no, cov phab ntsa hauv lub Kremlin puav tsuas nrog liab xim.
Lwm nthuav keeb kwm fact txog lub Kremlin hais txog lub sij hawm ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog. Yog li, qhov kev txiav txim twb muab nyob rau hauv 1941 rau tas rau lub ramparts ntawm lub qhov rais rau cov qauv muaj cov tsos ntawm ib thaj chaw.
Ib tug nyuag cov keeb kwm ntawm lub architectural khaub ncaws ntau
Fortifications rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub neej tshiab nimno Kremlin nyob rau hauv Moscow muaj rau ib ntev lub sij hawm. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv ancient lub sij hawm lawv tau ua los ntawm cov ntoo, thiab yog li ntawd raug kev txom nyem heev los ntawm hluav taws kub. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub XIV xyoo pua, nws twb txiav txim siab mus puag ncig lub zos nrog cov pob zeb phab ntsa (limestone).
Qhov tseem zoo heev architectural khaub ncaws ntau nyob rau hauv Russia sawv nyob rau hauv nws cov tam sim no daim ntawv rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub XV caug xyoo. Tus thawj ntauwd ua tau no nyob rau hauv 1485. Cov kev siv ntawm lub complex Italian architects coj ib tug active ib feem, txawm li cas los, cov tsos ntawm ib tug fortress zoo heev "nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab."
Heev ntawm nthuav cov yog cov loj loj moos muab tso rau Frolovskaya pej thuam. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm lawv cov hloov plaub lub sij hawm. Cov uas qhia lub sij hawm niaj hnub no, twb tsim nyob rau hauv 1852. Tsib-taw lub hnub qub ntawm ruby iav uas adorn lub Kremlin yees tau ntsia nyob rau hauv 1937.
Moscow Kremlin twb phem heev puas thaum lub sij hawm 1917 Civil War. Nyob rau hauv kev, lub xov tooj ntawm yees nyob rau hauv lub complex raug puas, raws li zoo raws li tag nrho nws cov tuam tsev. Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog Kremlin dim. Tsaug rau competent disguise, uas tswj los tuav Soviet architects, cov khaub ncaws ntau yog tsis raug mus rau bombardment.
Phab ntsa, yees thiab lub koom txoos ntawm lub Kremlin
Lub architectural khaub ncaws ntau ntawm cov Kremlin nyob rau hauv Moscow muaj xws li 20 yees (peb ntawm lawv - nyob rau hauv round cov nqe lus, tus so - lub square). Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm lawv - lub Trinity, nws qhov siab yog 79 meters. Tag nrho cov Kremlin yees tau ua nyob rau hauv tib lub architectural style, tsuas yog pseudo Nicholas.
Yees ntawm lub Kremlin, thiab cov phab ntsa tau ua nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub XIV-XV centuries, raws li tiav nyob rau hauv lub XVII caug xyoo. Tag nrho cov ntev ntawm tag nrho cov phab ntsa ntawm cov khaub ncaws ntau yog ntau tshaj li ob kilometers. Lawv thickness nws sib txawv 3.5-6.5 meters thiab ib qhov siab ntawm 5 19 meters. Qhov saum ntawm lub nroog phab ntsa yog dai kom zoo nkauj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hniav, uas zoo li swallows tails (lawv tag nrho cov - 1045). Lawv kuj txoj kab txiav-fwm Battlements thiab loopholes, reminiscent ntawm lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm lub tuam tsev no.
Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Moscow Kremlin yog xya pawg ntseeg thiab ib lub tswb ntauwd, tsib palace lug, raws li zoo raws li ob tug zoo-paub monument - nws yog ib lub Tsar Cannon thiab cov Tsar Tswb.
xaus
Moscow Kremlin - lub cim architectural khaub ncaws ntau ntawm Russia, qhov loj tshaj plaws fortress nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Rau lub Lavxias teb sab nws yog ib tug dawb huv qhov chaw thiab ib lub cim ntawm Lavxias teb sab statehood. Rau txawv teb chaws neeg ncig teb chaw yog tus kwv tus naj npawb ib, lawv yuav saib lub sij hawm tuaj txog nyob rau hauv Russia.
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