Yuav ua li cas yog interspecific sib txeeb? piv txwv

Pejxeem ecology - ib tug scientific kev qhuab qhia uas considers muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm muaj sia nyob teej tug mus rau txawv coob. Ib daim ntawv ntawm xws sis yog interspecific sib txeeb. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav saib nws cov nta, cov qauv ntawm tshwm sim ntawm tus tawm tsam rau ib ncig, cov zaub mov thiab lwm yam abiotic yam nyob rau hauv cov kab mob uas nyob rau hauv lub ntuj thiab dag biogeotsinozah.

Hom thiab nws ecological yam ntxwv

Thaum lub sij hawm lub keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm lom taxa (pawg muaj ib qho qhia tias yog leejtwg) nruj heev heev rau abiotic thiab biotic yam xwm. Cov yav tas los xws li kev nyab xeeb, cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm cov av, dej thiab huab cua, thiab lwm yam, thiab mus rau lub thib ob - .. Tej yam uas ib txhia hom ntawm lub neej nyob rau lwm yam.

Cov neeg ntawm ib hom khom nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw ntawm yeej unevenly. Lawv pawg hu ua coob. Community of ib hom ntawm mus tas li kev sib cuag nrog coob ntawm lwm hom. Nws txhais nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ecosystems, uas yog hu ua tus ecological niche.

Interspecific sib txeeb, ib qho piv txwv ntawm uas yuav tsum tau los sib tham nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, yog nqa tawm ncaj qha nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw ntawm overlapping yog hom twg ntawm ntau hom ntawm cov zej zog thiab yuav ua tau kom lub extinction ntawm ib tug pej xeem ntawm ib tug ntawm lawv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv G. Gause thwmsim Lavxias teb sab zaum tau tsim ob hom ciliates rau ib tug nruab nrab. Ib tug ntawm lawv pib koom proliferate thiab loj hlob nyob rau cov nuj nqis ntawm lwm tus. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ib tug weaker daim ntawv kom meej tshem tawm cov (tu noob) rau 20 hnub.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov kev tshwm sim ntawm overlapping chaw

Yog hais tias lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm ob ntau hom kev vaj tse nyob rau hauv ib co chaw ntawm lub biotope hauj lwm ua ke rau cov neeg tshwm sim muaj zog txaus sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov sab nraud qauv, lub sij yawm ntawm tiav nkauj tiav nraug thiab pos. Lawv hu ua cov offset nta.

Nyob rau periphery ntawm lub cheeb tsam inhabited los ntawm cov kab mob ntawm tsuas yog ib hom, lawv coob yog converged nrog lub zej zog, uas muaj tuaj los ntawm cov tib neeg ntawm lwm hom. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv lub thib ob cov ntaub ntawv ntawm coob yog suab tsis muaj interspecific sib txeeb. Piv txwv li nrog hmab nce cai txawm Charles Darwin nyob rau hauv lub Galapagos Islands thaum lub sij hawm nws voyage nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv lub frigate "Beagle" - ib tug ntshiab kabke.

Cov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev sib tw cais

Qhov saum toj no-hais tus paub txog G. Gause formulated tseem ceeb tej kev cai lij choj: yog hais tias tus trophic thiab lwm yam coob ntawm cov kev xav tau ntawm ob tug sib txawv hom ntawm tus tib yam, cov taxa yog sib tw. Qhov no ntxiv eliminates lawv coexistence nyob rau tib tej vaj tse, raws li tshwm sim therebetween interspecies sib txeeb. Ib qho piv txwv uas qhia tias nws - nws swings tus xov tooj ntawm nqaj ntoo, Rudd thiab laum-noj nyob rau hauv tib lub pas dej. Roach kib yog ntau kom nquag plias thiab voracious, li ntawd, lawv ntse displace hluas perch thiab Rudd.

Sympatric thiab allopatric taxa

Lawv sawv raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm geographic speciation. Xav txog hom hu ua allopatric. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav piav qhov tseeb ntawm lawv cov tsos, siv cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv geology thiab paleogeography. Nrws ntawm xws zej zog lwv xav txaus, txij li thaum lawv yuav tsum tau ib yam zaub mov cov kev pab. Nws yog qhov no kev zoo losis phem yog yus muaj los ntawm interspecific sib txeeb.

Piv txwv ntawm cov tsiaj raug geographic speciation, - ib tug North American tus ntshuab thiab mink. Ob peb puas txhiab xyoo dhau los, cov teb chaws Asia thiab sab qaum teb America tau kev cob cog rua los ntawm thaj av zajlus.

Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, nyob hauv Npanpiloo los ntawm haiv neeg hom ntawm nas. Thaum muaj ib lub Bering Strait, lub Euro-Asian thiab American coob ntawm cov tsiaj raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm divergence tsim ib tug tshiab hom, sib tw nrog txhua lwm yam. Sib txawv ntawm cov neeg ntawm coob yog kho kom zoo raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm xaav yam ntxwv.

Puas yuav ua tau kom txo interspecific sib txeeb?

Hais dua ib zaug tias cov pej xeem ecology interspecific sib txeeb - nws yog ib tug kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kab mob no teej tug mus rau coob ntawm ntau hom thiab yuav tsum zoo xws li cov kev pab uas yuav tsum tau rau lawv cov livelihoods. Qhov no tej zaum yuav ib qhov chaw nyob, lub teeb, dej thiab, ntawm chav kawm, khoom noj khoom haus.

Nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso tej yam kev mob, lub zej lub zos ntawm txawv taxa uas muab cov av thaj tsam thiab cov zaub mov puag yuav txo tau lub siab ntawm kev sib tw nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Yuav ua li cas, ces, yog txo interspecific sib txeeb? Piv txwv li - ib tug faib ntawm lub ntau yam, uas ua rau yus ntau hom zaub mov Waterfowl - cormorant thiab shag. Txawm tias lawv nyob rau tib qhov chaw, tab sis cov tib neeg ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm cov thawj hom pub rau benthic invertebrates thiab ntses nrhiav, thiab lub thib ob - nrhiav rau cov khoom noj rau hauv lub Upper dej khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg.

Rau autotrophic kab mob no kuj yus muaj los ntawm interspecific sib txeeb. Piv txwv ntawm cov nroj tsuag, cov yuav txhawb mitigation ces tus tawm tsam rau hav zoov - ib tug herbaceous hom thiab tsob ntoo daim ntawv. Cov neeg no muaj ib tug multilevel paus system uas saib kuas sib cais ntawm av khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, uas cov nroj tsuag nqus dej thiab minerals. Nroj tsuag txoj kev khib (anemone Ranunculaceae, sorrel, bearberry) muaj taproot ntev los ntawm ob peb millimeters mus rau 10 centimeters, thiab perennial tsob ntoo hom gymnosperms thiab flowering nroj tsuag - los ntawm 1.2 m 3.5 m.

cuam sib txeeb

Qhov no daim ntawv tshwm sim thaum ntau hom siv tib ib puag ncig zoo tshaj los yog kev pab. Feem ntau cov feem ntau nws yog ib lub zuag qhia tag nrho cov zaub mov. Kab, zoo li cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tsiaj, raws li zoo ntau interspecific sib txeeb.

Piv txwv thiab cov duab ntawm xyaum ua tej yam hauj lwm hauv qab no yuav piav qhia txog P. Park txoj kev tshawb no, nqa tawm nyob rau hauv laboratory tej yam kev mob. Lub zaum siv ob hom kab thwmsim, teej tug mus rau lub tsev neeg Tenebrionidae - Muchnik (mealworms).

Cov neeg ntawm cov tsiaj nkag mus rau hauv ib tug kev sib tw rau zaub mov (hmoov) thiab twb txhom (kab noj lwm hom).

Nyob rau hauv vitro thwmsim tau hloov abiotic yam: kub thiab humidity. Lawv hloov qhov yuav ntawm dominance zej zog ntawm ib tug los yog lwm yam. Tom qab ib co sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib co chaw (box nrog hmoov) twb pom nrws ntawm tsuas yog ib hom thiab lwm - tag lawm.

ua hauj lwm kev sib tw

Nws tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kas tawm tsam ntawm cov kab mob ntawm ntau hom ntawm abiotic yam tseem ceeb uas yog nyob rau ntawm ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus: khoom noj khoom haus, chaw uas zoo heev. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm xws li ib tug hauv daim ntawv ntawm ecological kev sib tshuam - cov zaub mov ntawm cov noog teej tug mus rau ntau hom nyob rau hauv tib tsob ntoo, tab sis nyob rau hauv nws cov ntau tiers.

Yog li, interspecies sib txeeb - yog nyob rau hauv biology ua xws zoo kev sis raug zoo ntawm tus kab mob no, uas ua rau yus mus rau:

• ib tug yuav tsum muaj sib cais ntawm coob ntawm txawv tsiaj ntawm cov uas tsis yog-txuam ecological niches;
• lub ntiab tawm tsawg kawg yog ib hom ntawm cov yas biogeotsinoza;
• mus rau tag nrho ellimanatsii neeg nyob rau hauv ib tug pej xeem sib tw taxon.

Conference niche thiab nws cov kev txwv, muaj feem xyuam rau interspecific sib txeeb

Conference kev tshawb fawb pom tias biogeotsinozy muaj ntau yam thiaj li ecological niches ntawm ntau hom nyob rau hauv lub ecosystem. Lub spatially ze ecological niche cov zej zog ib qho tseem ceeb taxa nyob rau hauv lub biotope, lub fiercer lawv tawm tsam kom zoo tej yam kev mob ntawm cov ib puag ncig:

• chaw uas zoo heev;
• khoom noj khoom haus puag;
• thaum cov pejxeem nyob.

Cov no yog cov peb lub ntsiab tsis muaj lub tiag tiag ecological niche inhabited. Nws txwv taag hom ntawm cov hav zoov ntawm cov pejxeem, xws li cab, sib txeeb, predation, vaj tse txwv, yuav txo tau ntawm cov khoom noj pab.

Environmental siab yuav txo tau nyob rau hauv lub biotope yog raws li nram no:

• layering nyob rau hauv ib tug tov hav zoov;
• ntau yam yeej ntawm kab thiab cov neeg laus. Yog li ntawd, cov qaus liv naiads nyob rau dej nroj tsuag thiab duab tau mastered rau lub cua ib puag ncig; nyob rau hauv lub Tsib Hlis kab kab nyob rau hauv lub Upper txheej ntawm cov av, thiab cov laus kab nyob rau hauv lub hauv av-huab cua qhov chaw.

Tag nrho cov ntawm cov phenomena tuab xws li ib tug tshaj plaws li interspecific sib txeeb. Piv txwv ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cog hais saum toj no paub meej tias qhov no.

interspecific sib txeeb tau

Peb xav txog ib tug ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov xwm, yus li interspecific sib txeeb. Piv txwv - ib thiab ecology (raws li nws seem) - tuaj rau peb nrog tus txheej txheem no nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm ib tug kab mob teej tug mus rau hauv lub nceeg vaj ntawm fungi thiab cov nroj tsuag, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj kingdom.

Los ntawm cov kev tshwm sim ntawm interspecific sib txeeb kev txhawj xeeb coexistence thiab muab los ntawm hom thiab cov ecological ntau yam zoo. Tus thawj tshwm sim yog ncav us txog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm thiab cov kev tsiaj nyob rau hauv lub ecosystem tsis nce lawv cov xov tooj, raws li muaj ib tug zoo tshaj nyob rau hauv lub tu tub tu kiv ntawm cov pejxeem. Hloov ntawm hom, raws li nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm kev sib tw cais yog ib tug huab daim ntawv ntawm siab ntau yas thiab sertilnogo zoo siab uas inevitably ua rau tus tuag ntawm ib tug neeg - ib tug competitor.

Environmental ntau yam (divergence) ua rau tsim ntawm ib tug me ntsis hloov, mas tshwj xeeb hom. Lawv ntsuas rau cov neeg feem ntawm tag nrho cov ntau yam, qhov twg muaj kev pab (nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab tu tub tu kiv, kev noj haus).

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov ob competing hom txo lawv cov caj variability, thiab zoo li mus rau qhov ntau conservative noob pas dej ua ke. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv cov zej zog, cov stabilizing daim ntawv ntawm tej yam ntuj tso xaiv yuav tus thawj tsav tsheb cuam tshuam thiab nws views.