Xyuas hauv computer thiab tej electronics - complex pab kiag li lawm, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus uas yuav tsis yeej ib txwm to taub los ntawm feem ntau cov pej xeem. Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug ROM thiab dab ntaus ntawv koj xav tau? Feem ntau cov neeg yuav tsis tau los teb lo lus nug no. Sim kho no to taub yuam kev.
Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug ROM?
Yuav ua li cas lawv muaj thiab qhov twg siv? Nyeem tsuas xwb puas (ROMs) yog nonvolatile nco. Technologically, lawv yog siv raws li ib tug nti. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm peb pom seb zoo li cas cov tsiaj ntawv ROM seev suab. Tsim ntaus ntawv rau khaws cia ntaub ntawv nkag mus hauv los ntawm tus neeg siv, thiab ntsia cov kev pab cuam. Lub nyeem nkaus xwb nco yuav pom cov ntaub ntawv, suab paj nruag, cov duab - uas yog, tag nrho cov uas yuav tsum tau khaws cia rau lub hlis los yog txawm xyoo. nqi ntawm lub cim xeeb, nyob ntawm seb tus ntaus ntawv siv, yuav sib txawv los ntawm ob peb kilobytes (rau cov nyuaj li muaj ib siv lead ua pob zeb ntais, piv txwv uas yog microcontrollers) rau terabytes. Qhov ntau dua tus nqi ntawm cov ROM - lub ntau yam khoom yuav tsum khaws cia. Lub volume yog ncaj qha proportional rau tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Yog hais tias lub kaw lus teb rau lo lus nug, yog dab tsi ROM yuav tsum tau teb: yog tus cov ntaub ntawv warehouse, uas yog kev ywj siab ntawm lub DC voltage.
Hard disks raws li lub ntsiab tas mus li cia ntaus
Nyob rau cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi ROM yog twb teb. Tam sim no peb yuav tsum tham txog dab tsi. Lub ntsiab tas mus li cia ntaus ntawv yog lub zog tsav. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv txhua txhua niaj hnub lub computer. Lawv yog siv vim hais tias ntawm nws ntau possibilities ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cia. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm no muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm ROM uas siv multiplexers (qhov no yog microcontrollers, khau raj loaders thiab lwm yam zoo xws hluav taws xob mechanisms). Ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws txoj kev tshawb no yuav tsim nyog xwb tsis to taub lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ROM. Deciphering rau lwm cov nqe lus kuj tsim nyog, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muab cov kev kawm.
Expansion thiab tsis tas li ntawd ROM tuition nrog flash technology
Yog hais tias ib tug standard neeg siv cim xeeb yog tsis txaus, koj muaj peev xwm siv ib tug yeem extension possibilities yog muab los ntawm lub ROM nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv cia. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm txoj kev niaj hnub siv tshuab embodied nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb phaib thiab cov USB-flash drives. Lawv yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ntau yam siv. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov ntaub ntawv rau lawv yuav ploj thiab kaw pua pua txhiab ntawm lub sij hawm.
Yuav ua li cas nws yog nyob rau hauv tas mus li nco
Lub ROM yog muaj li ntawm ob qhov chaw, uas yog sau tias raws li A-ROM (rau khaws cia software) thiab ib tug ROM-E (tso cai nkag hauv cov kev pab cuam). Ib tug ROM hom A transformer yog ib tug diode matrix, uas yog stitched los ntawm txoj kev chaw nyob ntawm tej. Seem no ntawm lub ROM ua lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi. Sau nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm qhov uas yog tau ua tus ROM (yuav siv tau perforations thiab sib nqus tapes, punched cards, magnetic disks, drums, ferrite lugs, dielectrics thiab lawv electrostatic xwb txuam nrog tej khoom vaj tse).
Schematic qauv ntawm cov ROM
Qhov no hluav taws xob kwv yog nws raws li ib tug ntaus ntawv, uas nyob rau hauv tsos tsa ib tug kev twb kev txuas ib tug tej yam muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm ib-ntsis ntawm tes. Nti ROM, txawm lub peev xwm complexity thiab seemingly tseem ceeb lub sij hawm, loj me me. Thaum nco txog khoom ua kev sib khi rau lub vaj tse (thaum sau ntawv mus rau zero) los yog mus rau lub hwj huam mov (thaum lub unit yog sau). Yuav kom nce lub ntsis nco hlwb nyob rau hauv ib tug nyeem xwb nco chips yuav kev cob cog rua rau hauv parallel. Thiab manufacturers ua kom tau ib tug niaj hnub khoom, raws li ib tug ROM nti rau siab kawm tso cai rau lawv mus yuav muaj kev sib tw nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam.
cov nqi ntawm cov cim xeeb rau kev siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam engineering units
nco ntau thiab tsawg pab yuav txawv nyob ntawm lub hom thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm ROM. Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv yooj yim tsev neeg cov khoom siv xws li ntxuav cav los yog tub yees yuav tsum tau tsim muaj txaus microcontrollers (los ntawm lawv cov reserves nyob rau hauv ib tug ob peb kaum ntawm kilobytes), thiab nyob rau hauv uas tsis tshua muaj mob yog teem rau ib yam dab tsi nyuab dua. Siv ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm ROM ntawm no tsis ua kev zoo siab, vim hais tias cov xov tooj ntawm cov me me electronics, thiab cov txheej txheem tsis tau nyuab suav. Rau niaj hnub TV yog yuav tsum tau yog ib yam dab tsi zoo meej. Thiab complexity yog lub pinnacle ntawm xam cov khoom xws li computers thiab servers, lub ROM rau cov uas, raws li ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus, muaj ib tug ob peb gigabytes (rau tso tawm 15 xyoo dhau los) mus txog kaum thiab pua pua ntawm cov terabytes ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.
daim npog qhov ncauj ROM
Nyob rau hauv tus neeg mob qhov twg cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv yog ua siv lub metallization txheej txheem thiab lub daim npog qhov ncauj yog siv, ib tug mus tas cia ntaus ntawv yog hu ua ib tug npog qhov ncauj. Lub chaw nyob ntawm lub cim xeeb hlwb nyob rau ntawd yog txhab khoom mus rau terminals 10, thiab ib tug nti yog xaiv los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb lub teeb liab CS. Programming no hom ntawm ROM ntawm lub Hoobkas, uas ua rau zus tau tej cov me me thiab medium nplai unprofitable thiab heev seeb. Tab sis loj-scale lawm, lawv yog cov uas pheej yig tshaj rau tag nrho cov kev ruaj khov cia li, uas ruaj lawv tej chaw.
Schematically, lub yuag tag nrho yus nyob rau hauv uas sib txuas ntawm lub cim xeeb matrix conductors hloov fusible webs ua los ntawm polycrystalline silicon. Thaum lub ntau lawm theem yog tag nrho cov jumpers thiab lub computer xav hais tias tag nrho cov kaw zajlus kom chav nyob. Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm rau kev npaj mus pab cuam tau txais kev pab ib tug ntau dua voltage, los ntawm cov uas tawm zajlus kom chav nyob. Thaum ua ntawv thov uas tsis muaj voltages jumper qhuav, thiab lub computer nyeem hais tias muaj yog ib zajlus kom zero. Raws li txoj ntsiab cai no yog programmable nyeem nkaus xwb puas.
Programmable nyeem xwb puas
Prom uake heev xis thaum lub sij hawm tsim txoj kev, rau lawv nws yog ua tau kom muaj recourse ntawm medium- thiab me me-scale lawm. Tab sis xws li pab kiag li lawm muaj lawv cov kev txwv - yog li ntawd qhov kev pab cuam yuav sau ib zaug xwb (vim lub fact tias tus choj qhuav ib zaug thiab rau tag nrho). Vim hais tias ntawm no tsis muaj peev xwm siv lub re-nyeem nkaus xwb nco, lub erroneous sau ntawv cia thaum nws muaj yuav muab pov tseg. Qhov no yuav tsub tus nqi ntawm tag nrho cov ua khoom. Vim hais tias ntawm tag nrho nyob rau hauv cov voj voog, qhov teeb meem no heev nyob rau hauv lub minds ntawm lub cim xeeb ntaus ntawv developers. Txoj kev tawm ntawm no qhov teeb meem yog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ROM, uas yuav tsum tau rov programmed ntau lub sij hawm.
ROM nrog UV los yog electrically erasable
Thiab peb tau txais xws li hu ua "nyeem xwb lub cim xeeb nrog UV los yog electrically erasable." Lawv yog tsim rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub cim xeeb array nyob rau hauv uas nco hlwb muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb cov qauv. Yog li, txhua cell yog ib tug mos transistor, nyob rau hauv lub qhov rooj yog ua los ntawm polycrystalline silicon. Zoo ib yam li yav dhau los version, txoj cai? Tab sis cov no ROMs feature uas silicon yog ntxiv ib puag ncig los ntawm ib tug insulator muaj insulating zog zoo - silica. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov lag luam yog ua raws li cov induction them cov ntsiab lus uas yuav tsum tau khaws cia rau decades. Tom qab ntawd muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm puas. Yog li, rau cov ultraviolet-ROM pab kiag li lawm yuav tsum ntaus ultraviolet rays los ntawm sab nraum (lub ultraviolet teeb, lwm yam). Nws yog ib cuab kev uas los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view yooj yim ntawm lub lag luam ntawm ib tug nyeem xwb nco electrically erasable yog pom raws li mus qhib lawv, tsuas thov ib tug voltage. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm qhov hluav taws xob erasing muaj tau ntse siv nyob rau hauv lub ROM xws li flash drives, uas yuav pom nyob rau ntau.
Tab sis xws li ib tug ROM-Circuit Court tsuas yog siv rau ntawm lub cell, structurally txawv los ntawm cov pa daim npog qhov ncauj ROM nco. Tej zaum cov pab kiag li lawm kuj hu ua reprogrammiruemymi. Tab sis rau tag nrho cov zoo muaj tej yam ib thaj tsam erasing ceev: rau qhov kev txiav txim feem ntau yog yuav siv sij hawm txog 10-30 feeb.
Txawm tias tau overwriting reprogrammiruemye pab kiag li lawm yog tas nyob rau hauv kev siv. Yog li, electronics nrog ultraviolet erasure yuav muaj sia nyob los ntawm 10 mus rau 100 sau mus. Ces tus tug cawv ntawm hluav taws xob yuav yog li palpable hais tias lawv tsum ua. Saib kev siv ntawm tej ntsiab yuav muab ntxiv raws li cia ntawm BIOS cov kev pab cuam, video thiab suab phaib rau ntxiv ports. Txawm li cas los, cov optimum txheeb ze rewriting yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm hluav taws xob erasure. Yog li, cov xov tooj ntawm rewrites rau hauv dog dig kiag li lawm los ntawm 100 000 mus rau 500 000! Muaj cais ROM ntaus ntawv uas yuav ua hauj lwm ntau, tab sis feem ntau cov neeg tsis tau nws.