Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug GPU (GPU): deciphering muaj nuj nqi. Lub Cheka yog txawv los ntawm lub GPU

Lub ob hlis ntuj 6, 1922 lub Central Executive Committee ntawm lub CPSU (b) txais kev txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv tsev lag luam ntawm lub xeev Political Directorate. Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug GPU? Lub Bolsheviks tsis haum li tus yav dhau los karayusche-tswj lub cev - lub Cheka? Peb yuav sim teb nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

es rov ntawm lub Cheka

Ua ntej koj teb cov lus nug no, dab tsi yog qhov GPU, nws yog tsim nyog los nkag siab txog vim li cas ho tsum lawm kom los siav lub Cheka (All-Lavxias teb sab txawv tshaj plaw Commission) nyob rau hauv 1922, cov mej zeej ntawm lub tog.

Cheka yog tsim los pab sai tom qab lub Bolshevik qaug dab peg ntawm lub hwj chim. Communist lawv tus kheej tau hu ua qhov kev tshwm sim yog ib tug kiv puag ncig, thiab cov Soviet historiography nws twb hu ua "The Great Lub kaum hli ntuj Socialist kiv puag ncig." Peb rov qab hais tias nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 1917, twb dhau lub zoo bourgeois kiv puag ncig. Tus huab tais twb overthrown, lub hwj chim yuav tsum mus rau kev ywj pheej tsoom fwv - cov Constituent los ua ke. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau lub kaum hli ntuj 25, Lenin thiab nws cov associates nqa tawm lub armed qaug dab peg ntawm lub hwj chim.

Lawm, lub revolutionary rog ho tsis txhawb xws li ib adventurous escapades. KEV TAWM TSAM tau hu ua "counter", i.e., ntawm UFW ntawm cov counter-kiv puag ncig. Tom qab, lub sij hawm pib los txhawb tag nrho cov neeg uas cas ho tsis pom zoo nrog cov kev ua ntawm cov Bolsheviks. Nws yog nrog "counter" thiab yog tsim los ntawm lub All-Lavxias teb sab txawv tshaj plaw Commission nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1917. Nws twb mus los ntawm F. Dzerzhinsky, nicknamed lub "Hlau Felix" ntawm ua cim muaj zog thiab nyuab kev npau taws.

Yog vim li cas Cheka ceased kom los siav lub Bolsheviks?

Cheka - ib tug punitive lub cev, uas nws ua hauj lwm tau hais tiv thaiv cov los ntawm UFW ntawm cov counter-kiv puag ncig. "Contra" yuav tshaj tawm tej pej xeem uas ua cas qhia dissatisfaction nrog tus tam sim no tsoom fwv. Yuav kom to taub li cas cov GPU thiab yuav ua li cas nws txawv ntawm lub Cheka, sau txoj cai punitive lub koom haum. teb tub ceev xwm muaj unlimited hwj chim. Lawv cov dej num muaj xws li:

• Ib tug nrhiav nyob rau txhua lub sij hawm ntawm lub hnub los yog hmo ntuj tsis muaj kev tshab txhais txog.
• Cov raug ntes thiab questioning ntawm tej neeg phem, raws li cov KGB, lub pej xeem.
• Expropriation ntawm tej khoom ntawm lub "kulaks" thiab "counter" tsis muaj them nyiaj los yog mus sib hais. Uas nyob rau hauv kev xyaum coj mus rau ib tug tag nrho tub sab.
• Cov me nyuam thiab cov tiav tsis muaj mus sib hais.

tsis muaj ib tug yog nyob rau hauv kev tswj ntawm kev ruaj ntseg tub ceev xwm. Lawv xav hais tias lawv tus kheej "tshwj xeeb" muaj cai mus muab tej kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv lub "kev txaus siab ntawm lub kiv puag ncig" thiab tawm tsam cov "kev tsov kev rog nyob rau hauv txee". Ib tug tua tub cheev xwm tsis muaj mus sib hais thaum lub sij hawm "Liab xav tias tsam lawv" tau txais phav phav ntawm zoo tib yam cov pej xeem. Chekists lawv tus kheej tej zaum twb tsis tau pom tus neeg raug liam. Lub executions tau nqa tawm tom qab qhov kev npaj ntawm tej npe. Feem ntau qhov ua rau ntawm kev ua phem tau txais kev pab raws li lub npe, tsos, txoj hauj lwm thiab lwm cov neeg. Lub Bolsheviks yeej kev tsov kev rog, thiaj li lawv xav hais tias repressive ntsuas yog justified. Ces ib yam dab tsi tshwm sim hais tias kiag li hloov lub minds ntawm tus Bolsheviks: tsov rog tuaj lub peasants thiab cov tub rog. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv - lub Tambov uprising. Tawm tsam rebels siv tshuaj riam phom, cov me nyuam thiab cov poj niam guerrillas raug xa mus rau lub nkuaj, yuam txiv thiab cov txiv kom surrender. Tab sis qhov muaj tseeb tiag surprise yog tus uprising nyob rau hauv Kronstadt. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub Bolsheviks ua raws li lub dag zog yuam uas coj lawv mus rau lub hwj chim. Tom qab ntawd nws los ua tseeb: li ntawd, yuav tsis tau mus nyob rau hauv.

GPU: transcript

GPU stands rau cov ntsiab Political Directorate. Es rov ntawm lub Cheka coj qhov chaw Lub ob hlis ntuj 6, 1922. Tom qab cov creation ntawm lub USSR twb tsim nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 1923, lub OGPU - United State Political Administration. Cov kev qauv tau nkag mus hauv lub GPU ntawm lub NKVD ntawm lub RSFSR (lub Main Political Directorate ntawm lub teb chaws Commissariat ntawm Internal Affairs ntawm Lavxias teb sab Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), raws li zoo raws li tag nrho cov yav tas los lub koom haum ntawm lub Cheka thiab cov GPU ntawm lwm republics. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, tag nrho cov disparate punitive kabmob twb muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug unified thiab meej tswj system. Yog li ntawd, dab tsi yog qhov GPU (full lub npe), peb tseem ceeb. Peb sau cov domestic kev hloov uas raws li cov creation ntawm lub koom haum.

Tswj arbitrary KGB

Cov kho kom zoo tau significantly txo tus arbitrariness ntawm fighters nrog "counter." Yuav kom tag nrho tyranny tuaj mus rau qhov kawg. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tus GPU teb neeg ua hauj lwm kuj overdid yam, tab sis hais tias yog tawm tsam cov kev cai lij choj, rau cov uas cov kev tsim kab lus. Txawm lub sab saum toj cov thawj coj ntawm lub KGB - Yagoda thiab Yezhov - tau raug tua rau lub arbitrariness thiab heev heev khoov rau ob sab.

Tom qab cov kho kom zoo ntawm lub Main Political Directorate yog tsis tig mus rau Kara, thiab tub ceev xwm cov koom haum. Nws tsis txawj txaus twb tseem sib ntaus sib tua yeeb ncuab thiab cov tub soj xyuas, ciam teb kev ruaj ntseg, cov tswj lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, thiab lwm tus neeg. Tam sim no, txawm li cas los, tag nrho cov arrests thiab executions tsa cov tsev hais plaub, tsis chim KGB. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj ib tug tseem ceeb yuav txo tau ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub teb thiab ua hauj lwm nws tus kheej yog tswj los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub prosecutor lub chaw ua hauj lwm.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, muaj ib tug thawj ntawm tub ceev xwm: ua ntej lawv muaj tsis muaj tswj cov kho kom zoo, lawv yuav kho tej yam arbitrariness "nyob rau hauv kev txaus siab ntawm lub kiv puag ncig", thiab lub cev ncaj qha subordinate mus rau lub SNK (Council ntawm neeg lub Commissars). Cheka yog saum toj no rau hauv lub NKVD. Tom qab lub kho tsis KGB "tshwj xeeb" unit, thiab cov tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm, raws li cov GPU tau ua ib tug ntawm cov NKVD units. Liam txhaum lub chaw ua hauj lwm yog tsim los saib xyuas cov hauj lwm ntawm lub tshiab lub koom haum.

tshem tawm

Yog li ntawd, dab tsi yog qhov GP, peb tau pom tawm. Hais me ntsis txog lub ntxiv reorganization.

Nyob rau hauv 1934, lub OGPU kiag li tshem tawm raws li ib lub koom haum. Nws yog tag nrho merged nrog cov NKVD. Los ntawm 1934 mus 1936 nws coj lub koom haum GG Berry, los ntawm 1936 mus 1938 - NI Yezhov. Thiab los ntawm 1938 - LP Beria. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog tom qab tiav.

Nyob rau hauv 1941, lub NKVD twb muab faib mus rau hauv lub NKVD thiab NKGB (neeg Commissariat rau State Security). NKGB los ua tus successor ntawm lub Cheka-GPU-OGPU.

Nyob rau hauv 1946, lub NKGB twb reorganized rau hauv lub MGB (Ministry of State Security). Tom qab los rau lub hwj chim, NS Khrushchev MGB puv rau hauv KBG (teb chaws ruaj ntseg chaw ua hauj lwm) nyob rau hauv 1954. Nws muaj kom txog thaum lub cev qhuav dej. Niaj hnub no GPU zog ua xwb 4 departments: lub GRU (Main txawj ntse Directorate), lub FSB (Federal Security Service), cov Tshawb fawb Committee ntawm lub National Guard.

Txawm li cas los, cov "KGB" successors xam tau tias yog tsuas yog tus FSB.