Yuav ua li cas cov ntaub ntawv uas sau nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog yog tus nrov tshaj plaws?

Phau Ntawv Antiquity yog fundamentally sib txawv ntawm cov phau ntawv, tsim thaum lub sij hawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Qhov txawv yog tsis yog semantic load, thiab cov ntsiab lus. Mas ntaub ntawv sib txawv nyob rau hauv uas sau ntawv thiab cov cuab yeej siv sau. Vim hais tias peb tam sim no xav txog nyob rau hauv kom meej zoo li cas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas sau nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog yog tus nrov tshaj plaws, nyob rau hauv uas tau sau cov phau ntawv thiab hais tias nws yog tsim nyog.

Cov kev hloov ntawm antiquity rau feudalism

Leejtwg ancient haiv neeg nyob rau hauv ib cov keeb kwm cov ntsiab lus teb, nws zoo nkaus li ua ntej peb li svobodnomyslyaschih, evolving tsim. Thiab vim hais tias cov ntau yam sau memo yos los ntawm no era tsis yog ancient icons thiab learn, thiab high-qib cov ntaub ntawv thiab tsab ntawv sau nyob rau hauv qhov tuag rov lus tam sim no. Txawm li cas los, tsuas yog tus wealthiest neeg raug kawm nyob rau hauv cov xyoo kawm ntawv. Rau kev sau ntawv, lawv siv papyrus - li ntawd, yuav hais tias, txhav daim ntawv, uas yog thauj mus rau cov teb chaws Europe los ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws. Nrog lub advent ntawm cov Nrab Hnub nyoog , qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas sau ntawv poob nws qhov tseeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim hais tias razladilis kev sib raug zoo nrog cov sab hnub tuaj. Vim hais tias pib los ntawm peb lub xyoo pua, cov neeg tsiv mus rau parchment.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov me nyuam yug ntawm ib tug tshiab lub moj khaum rau kev sau ntawv

Tom qab razladilis kev sib raug zoo nrog Tim lyiv teb chaws, nyob rau hauv Sicily pib ua kom nws papyrus. Tab sis qhov no sau ntawv cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsis yog raws li cov uas yuav tsum tau ntawm lub Italian chaw ua hauj lwm. Nws yog daj, nkig, ntxeem tau thiab tsis heev haum rau kev sau ntawv cwj mem. Ces tus Europeans tig mus rau tus invention, lub inhabitants ntawm cov teb chaws Asia muaj hnub nyoog, uas nyob rau hauv lub thib ob xyoo pua BC. e. Nws yog tus rawhide untanned tsiaj hides, uas yav tas los kaw cov neeg Yudais ntawm cov phau qub kev tshwm sim. Tus invention koom rau cov huab tais ntawm Pergamum Eumenes Ob txhais, qhov twg thiab coj nws lub npe.

Parchment yog siv raws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas sau nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov medieval feem ntau lug. Nws kis tau thoob plaws teb chaws Europe, nrog rau cov Nordic lub teb chaws, thiab tau ua lub hauv paus rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev cai dab qhuas thiab secular phau ntawv treatises.

versatility parchment

Nws hloov tawm hais tias lub parchment - lub feem ntau lug siv cov ntaub ntawv uas sau nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog. Nyob rau qhov no vim peb nrhiav tau cov daim ntawv pov, diplomas, diptychs, trifoliate phau ntawv no nrog cov lus qhia thiab txawm tus kheej phau ntawv sau lords thiab lwm yam cov neeg sawv cev ntawm high zej zog. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua ntawv thaum lub sij hawm, nws yog txaus quav ib daim ntawv ntawm parchment nyob rau hauv ib zaug xwb. Nws yog ib tug me me, ntau yam thiab tsis hesitated. Yuav kom tsim tau ib tug muaj nqi dua set ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntaus los xij ntawm parchment, uas yog tau sau ntawv li niaj hnub phau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv xws collections ntawm kev cai dab qhuas ntawv tau sau, cov kev cai, tsoom fwv sib thiab lwm yam.

tshiab cov tsev qiv ntawv

Tus tshiab khoom, sau ntawv nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog muab sawv mus rau lub kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug tshiab system ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kos duab phau ntawv. Tus thawj piv txwv - yog lub tsev qiv ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub ancient ntiaj teb no, nws yog hais rau peb nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov heev heev tej phau ntawv, uas raug khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub txee. Nyob rau hauv lub depths ntawm no papyrus nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv yog tsis tshua problematic. Nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog, peb pom cov rhawv crammed nrog cov phau ntawv, txhua tus uas muaj ib tug hau. Tsaug rau no cover page, koj yuav txiav txim seb zoo li cas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog muaj nyob hauv. Qhov thib ob piv txwv li - nws yog rooj tog (oddly txaus). Ancient sages ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub rooj, thiab cov medieval feudal lords thiab cov pov thawj pib sau ntawv rau thawj lub sij hawm ntawm lub rooj. Qhov no invention, raws li cov parchment phau ntawv, tau ua ib tug tiag tiag boon rau lub zej zog. Tag nrho cov lav hais tias nws yog xis los tuav, ib tug zoo nyeem, thiab feem ntau cov tseem ceeb - nrhiav tau cov ntaub ntawv yog nyob rau hauv tsis muaj sij hawm.

Khaws secrets palimpsests

Yog lub parchment - lub xwb sau ntawv cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog? Lo lus teb rau lo lus nug no yog nyob rau hauv ib feem tsis zoo. Lub fact tias cov tawv ntawm cov tsiaj muaj tus yawm sau xwb lub nobles, thaum cov neeg pluag tsis muaj peev xwm them taus xws li ib tug Library. Vim hais tias ntawm lawv los ua nrov palimpsests. Lub thiaj li hu ua papyrus los xij los ntawm uas erased cov laus ntawv, thiab ces loaded lawv nrog sawv daws yuav tshiab. Ink scraped tawm nrog riam, pumice, hlawv, soaked - nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, txoj kev tau incredibly npaum li cas. Tom qab no cov txheej txheem, cov ntawv nyeem tau ua poob lawm. Nyob rau papyrus tshiab cov ntaub ntawv, cov nqi ntawm ntau yam ntawm lawv tsis yog raws li zoo raws li kev puas tsuaj ntawm precursors.

daim ntawv txwv zeej txwv koob

Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 10 tsab ntawv mus rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog rau qib tom ntej. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm txawv teb chaws rau teb chaws Europe koom pheej muaj nyob rau daim ntawv, uas yog npaum li cas cheaper tshaj parchment thiab yooj yim rau siv. Tab sis lub hom ntau lawm yog fundamentally sib txawv ntawm cov tam sim no. Cov nplooj ntawv twb tau los ntawm crushing ib tug tshwj xeeb xovxwm linseed rags, uas, tom qab qhuav tws. Cov ntawv yog tsis yog li ntawd lub cev tsis kho thiab tseem ceeb, raws li cov papyrus, vim hais tias nws los ua zoo li parchment, twv li nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv, ua ntawm nws cov tsiaj ntawv, diplomas thiab yooj yim phau ntawv.