Yeej muaj tseeb kev daws teeb meem - dab tsi yog qhov no? Zog thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, muaj yuav luag tsis muaj ntshiab tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv general lawv uas hais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm mixtures uas muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm txoj kev ua ib homogeneous los yog ua kev system.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj tseeb lub ntsiab

Yeej muaj tseeb kev daws teeb meem - ib yam ntawm cov disperse systems muaj ntau dua lub zog ntawm cov dispersion nruab nrab thiab lub dispersed theem.

Tej tshuaj yuav muab tau muaju ntawm txawv ntau thiab tsawg. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, lawv yuav muaj tib lub internal qauv: lub ionic los yog molecular siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo.

nyias mus nyias

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev sib nrauj nyob rau hauv dej ntawm cov nplej ntawm sodium tshuaj dawb thiab suab thaj thiab tsim los ntawm molecular ion tshuaj. Nyob ntawm seb cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm fragmentation, lub tshuaj yuav tsum tau muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm:

• pom macroscopic hais uas yog loj dua li 0.2 hli;
• me me hais muaj ib tug particle loj tsawg tshaj li 0.2 hli, lawv yuav ntes tsuas muaj ib tshuab kuaj kab mob.

Yeej muaj tseeb thiab colloidal kev daws teeb meem txawv nyob rau hauv lub particle loj ntawm lub solute. Invisible nyob rau hauv lub tshuab kuaj kab mob cov muaju hu ua colloidal hais, thiab lub resulting mob no yog hu ua colloidal tshuaj.

tov theem

Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, qhov tseeb tshuaj - yog fragmented (dispersed) system ib tug homogeneous hom. Lawv qhia ib tug tas mus li khoom theem - dispersing nruab nrab thiab hais crushed tej zoo thiab loj (dispersed theem). Yuav ua li cas yog qhov txawv colloids los ntawm yeej muaj tseeb systems?

Lub ntsiab sib txawv yog qhov luaj li cas ntawm tus hais. Colloid-disperse systems xam tau tias yog ua kev, txij li thaum lub teeb tshuab kuaj kab mob nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los xyuas txog cov theem ciam.

Yeej muaj tseeb kev daws teeb meem - yog lub variant, thaum nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig yam khoom uas nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ions los yog molecules. Lawv muaj ib zaug xwb-theem homogeneous tshuaj.

Raws li ib tug prerequisite rau hauv lub tsim ntawm dispersed tshuab xam tau tias yog kev sib nrig sib xaus ntawm lub dispersion nruab nrab thiab dispersible substance. Piv txwv li, sodium tshuaj dawb thiab sucrose, insoluble nyob rau hauv benzene thiab kerosene, nyob rau hauv ib tug hnyav thiaj li yuav tsis tsim colloidal kev daws teeb meem.

Cov kev faib disperse systems

Yuav ua li cas faib dispersions? Yeej muaj tseeb kev daws teeb meem, colloidal systems yus muaj los ntawm ob peb tsis.

Muaj tsev disperse systems nyob rau hauv lub sau ua ib pawg xeev ntawm qhov nruab nrab thiab cov dispersed theem, tus tsim ntawm tog twg los tsis muaj kev sis raug zoo nruab nrab ntawm lawv.

yam ntxwv ntawm

Muaj ntau yam ntau cov yam ntxwv ntawm particulate teeb meem. Feem ntau faib cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm dispersion. Qhov no tus nqi yog lub ntxeev ntawm lub particle loj. Nws characterizes lub xov tooj ntawm hais uas yuav tau muab tso rau hauv ib tug kab ntawm ib tug deb ntawm ib tug centimeter.

Nyob rau hauv lub rooj plaub thaum tag nrho cov hais muaj tib lub loj, yog tsim ib tug monodisperse system. Thaum txawv hais dispersed theem tsim polydisperse system.

Nrog ua dispersion tshuaj tau nce dab uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub interphase nto. Piv txwv li, ua cov kev deg hauv cheeb tsam ntawm lub dispersed theem tsub kom physico-tshuaj los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub interface ntawm ob theem.

Variants ntawm disperse systems

Nyob rau hauv uas theem yuav solute, faib sib txawv embodiments disperse systems.

Aerosols - dispersions nyob rau hauv uas lub dispersed nruab nrab yog nyob rau hauv ib tug gaseous daim ntawv. Pa cua - ib cov tshuaj tsuag muaj kua dispersed theem. Cov pa luam yeeb thiab hmoov av generated khoom dispersed theem.

Foams yog roj dispersion nyob rau hauv cov kua tshuaj. Kua nyob rau hauv foams degenerate rau films uas cais roj npuas.

Emulsions hu ua disperse systems, qhov twg ib tug kua yog faib nyob rau hauv lub ntim ntawm lub lwm yam, tsis muaj dissolving nyob rau ntawd.

Raug tshem tawm los yog slurry - ib tug tsawg-dispersion system nyob rau hauv uas cov khoom hais yog nyob rau hauv cov kua. Colloidal kev daws teeb meem los yog sols thaum lub aqueous dispersion yog hu ua hydrosol.

Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag (tsis tuaj kawm ntawv) ntawm hais ntawm lub dispersed theem yog raug rho tawm los yog svobodnodispersnye svjaznodispersnye system. Cov thawj pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li liozoli, aerosols, emulsions, ncua. Nyob rau hauv xws systems, tsis txhob mus sib nruab nrab ntawm tus hais thiab tus disperse theem. Lawv tsiv mus nyob tsis muaj kev txwv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus.

Svjaznodispersnye tshuab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sib cuag nrog tus hais ntawm lub dispersed theem, uas ua nyob rau hauv lub tsim nyob rau hauv ib daim phiaj qauv los moj khaum. Tej colloidal systems yog hu ua kua.

Txheej txheem gelling (gelation) yog ib tug huab-gel hloov dua siab tshiab raws li nyob rau hauv lub starting huab uas nws txo qis stability. Piv txwv svjaznodispersnye systems xws li ncua, emulsions, hmoov, foams. Cov kuj muaj xws li cov av, tsim thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov organic (humic tshuaj) thiab av minerals.

Capillary-dispersed systems yog ib tug khoom loj ntawm cov khoom uas permeates cov hlab ntsha thiab pores. Lawv ntseeg hais tias cov ntaub so ntswg, txawv week, ntoo, cov duab los qhia, daim ntawv.

Yeej muaj tseeb kev daws teeb meem - ib tug homogeneous system muaj ob yam. Lawv yuav muaj nyob rau hauv txawv xeev ntawm aggregation kuab tshuaj. Cov kuab yog suav tias yog ib yam khoom uas coj nyob rau hauv excess. Lub tivthaiv uas yuav siv sij hawm nyob rau hauv tsis txaus ntau xam tau tias yog solute.

nta lub ntsiab

Hard alloys kuj dlaws nyob rau hauv uas lub ntau yam co ua raws li cov dispersion nruab nrab thiab cov tivthaiv. Los ntawm ib tug tswv yim taw tes ntawm view, kev txaus siab yog kua mixtures nyob rau hauv uas cov kua ua raws li ib tug hnyav.

Ntawm ntau inorganic kuab tshuaj ntawm kev txaus siab yog cov dej. Yuav luag ib txwm yeej muaj tseeb tov yog tsim los ntawm nws cov dej uas muaj hais ntawm lub solute.

Ntawm cov organic tebchaw yog zoo heev cov kuab tshuaj muaj xws li cov nram qab no ntaub ntawv: ethanol, methanol, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, acetone. Vim lub chaotic suab ntawm molecules los yog ions ntawm solute tivthaiv ib nrab haujlwm tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lawv cov tov, tsim ntawm tus tshiab homogeneous system.

Cov tshuaj txawv nyob rau hauv lawv muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib cov tshuaj. Ib txhia tej zaum yuav tov nrog txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv unlimited qhov ntau. Ib qho piv txwv yog lub xaus nyob rau hauv dej ntawm lub muaju ntawm ntsev.

Lub essence ntawm lub xaus txheej txheem los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm molecular kinetic kev tshawb xav yog hais tias tom qab cov kev taw qhia mus rau hauv lub kuab ntsev muaju nyob rau dissociation ntawm nws cov sodium cations thiab chloride anions. Them hais ua ib tug oscillating zog, lub sib tsoo nrog tus hais ntawm lub kuab ua rau ib tug kev hloov ntawm lub ions nyob rau hauv lub hnyav (losis tswvyim dabtsi). Maj mam tus txheej txheem kev cob cog rua thiab lwm tus puas lawm nto txheej, siv lead ua ntsev yaj nyob rau hauv dej. Diffusion yuav faib particulate khoom los ntawm cov kuab volume.

Hom ntawm yeej muaj tseeb lub ntsiab

Qhov tseeb cov kua - ib tug system, uas yog muab faib ua ob peb hom. Muaj yog ib tug faib ntawm xws tshuab rau dej thiab uas tsis yog-aqueous kuab nyob rau hauv tsos. Lawv kuj txwv kom muab zais raws li ib tug embodiment ntawm lub solute nyob rau hauv alkali, acid thiab ntsev.

Muaj ntau yam ntawm yeej muaj tseeb lub ntsiab nrog rau kev hwm rau hluav taws xob tam sim no: non-electrolytes, electrolytes. Nyob rau hauv lub concentration ntawm cov solute lawv yuav tsum tau diluted los yog feeb meej.

Yeej muaj tseeb kev daws teeb meem ntawm uas tsis muaj molecular tshuaj los ntawm cov thermodynamic taw tes ntawm view muab faib los ntawm qhov tiag tiag thiab qhov zoo tagnrho.

Tej kev daws teeb meem yuav ua tau ion-dispersed, raws li zoo raws li molecular disperse systems.

noo tov

Nyob ntawm seb yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam hais mus rau hauv cov tshuaj, muaj supersaturated, unsaturated, nyeem daws teeb meem. Cov tshuaj yog ib cov kua los yog ib tug khoom homogeneous system uas muaj ob peb yam. tas pov cov kuab thiab cov solute nyob rau hauv tej zoo xws li cov system. Thaum xaus ntawm tej yam tshuaj cai exotherm.

Tej txheej txheem daws teeb meem muaj tseeb nrog qhov kev tshawb xav, raws li uas nyias pom raws li ib tug physico-tshuaj txheej txheem. Muaj yog ib tug faib ntawm tus txheej txheem mus rau hauv peb pab pawg ntawm cov solubility. Thawj yog cov tshuaj uas yog soluble nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm 10 g ib 100 g hnyav, lawv yog hu ua zoo soluble.

Tsis zoo soluble tshuaj suav, Yog hais tias tsawg tshaj li 10 g yaj nyob rau hauv 100 g ntawm tivthaiv, tus so yog hu ua insoluble.

xaus

Systems muaj ntau lub xeev ntawm aggregation, particle loj tsim nyog rau ib txwm tib neeg kev ua si. Yeej muaj tseeb, colloidal kev daws teeb meem los sib tham saum toj no yog siv rau qhov siv thiab ua pharmaceuticals, cov khoom noj lag luam. Muaj ib lub tswv yim ntawm lub concentration ntawm cov solute, yuav npaj cov kev kawm tshuaj, e.g., ethyl cawv los yog acetic acid, rau txawv hom phiaj nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub lub neej. Nyob rau hauv uas lub xeev ntawm aggregation yog solute thiab ib tug hnyav, yuav tau systems muaj tej yam lub cev thiab tshuaj cov yam ntxwv.