Xyoo 1770: sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Chesma. Ua tsov rog

Koj paub, thaum muaj ib tug tub rog hiav txwv sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Chesma? 1770 thiab tam sim no ua kev zoo siab nyob rau hauv Russia. Lub sib ntaus sib tua coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub Bay ntawm Cesme nyob rau hauv 1770, Lub Xya hli ntuj 24-26 (Lub Xya hli ntuj 5-7), nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam Islands tuaj rau ntawm Chios thiab cov western kawg Anatolia. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam yav tas los lawm ntau heev heev naval sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Venetian koom pheej thiab Ottoman Empire ntawm lub Turkish thiab Lavxias teb sab fleets. Sib ntaus sib tua yog ib feem ntawm lub Ob txhais Peloponnesian revolt nyob rau hauv 1769 thiab lub forerunner ntawm cov yuav los tom ntej ntawm lub Greek ua tsov ua rog ntawm sovereignty (1821-1829 xyoo).

Niaj hnub no hnub ntawm cov tub rog lub yeeb koob ntawm Russia lom rau Lub Xya hli ntuj 7 - nws yog ib lub hnub ntawm yeej ntawm Lavxias teb sab fleet tshaj lub Turks nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Chesma.

prehistory

Muaj ntau paub daim duab Chesme 1770. Lub sib ntaus sib tua coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv xyoo ntawd. Ib zaug nyob rau 1768-m Lavxias teb sab tsov rog tsoo tawm nrog qaib ntxhw, Zog ntawm Guj kuj xa ib tug ob peb squadrons mus rau lub Mediterranean Hiav txwv los ntawm lub Baltic. Nws xav kom xu cov xim uas tus Ottomans los ntawm Thawj Archipelago ntoj ke mus kawm (Dub hiav txwv Fleet), uas muaj ces tsuas yog rau lub nkoj tua rog.

Ob tug Lavxias teb sab squadron txib los ntawm Admiral Gregory Spiridov thiab lus Askiv Adviser Tsheb Admiral Elfinston Dzhon, thiab raug coj los ntawm Count Orlov Aleksey. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tej neeg tsav nkoj pom muaj lub Ottoman fleet anchored nyob rau hauv lub bay ntawm Cesme (qaib ntxhw West ntug dej hiav txwv).

Nyob rau hauv siab los ntawm Fabkis, thiab tus ntawm cov Polish teeb meem nyob rau hauv 1768 lub Ottoman Empire tshaj tawm hais tias tsov rog nyob rau hauv Russia. Thaum no tus taw tes, nyob rau hauv yav qab teb xaiv yaam kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv tib lub qhov teeb meem no, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub XVII caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tsis muaj ib tug fleet nyob rau hauv lub dub thiab Azov Seas, uas kav naval rog Ports. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub Dub hiav txwv yog ib tug "Turkish pas dej." Hiav txwv ntawm Azov, Dub hiav txwv thiab North Crimea tswj lub Ottoman Empire - cov pawg neeg thaj av yog cov springboard rau militarism tiv thaiv Russia.

ntxeem tau

Xyoo 1770 ... Chesma sib ntaus sib tua ... Vim li cas nws ua li cas? Nyob rau hauv 1768-th nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg, Crimean cavalry invaded Russia, tsov rog pib. Tus yeeb ncuab swb thiab retreated, tab sis cov kev hem thawj yuav. Northern Dub hiav txwv tau los ua ib tug yooj yim ua yeeb yam ua tsov ua rog, nyob qhov twg lub Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog rau ntau tshaj tsib lub xyoos ntawm sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov tub rog ntawm Ottoman Porte thiab lub Crimean Khanate.

paub tab

Nco ntsoov tus xov tooj 1770. Chesma sib ntaus sib tua nws txhais tau tias. Nyob rau Dub hiav txwv Fleet tsis muaj yuav tsum tau compensated. Uas yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg txiav txim siab xa mus rau lub Mediterranean squadron ntawm lub hiav txwv Baltic thiab los yeej muaj mus hem Qaib Cov Txwv. Cov yooj yim lub hom phiaj ntawm tus ntoj ke mus yog mus txhawb ib tug ua tau uprising ntawm lub Christian inhabitants ntawm lub Balkan ceg av qab teb (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov Aegean Islands tuaj thiab tus Greek Peloponnese) thiab cov kev hem thawj ntawm lub Turks los ntawm lub rear.

Yuav ua li cas paub tab yog mus ua ib tug Lavxias teb sab squadron? Nws yuav tsum tau ua txhaum lub yeeb ncuab hiav txwv kab ntawm kev sib txuas lus nyob rau hauv lub Mediterranean hiav txwv, rau tshem tawm ib co ntawm nws lub hwj chim (feem ntau fleet) los ntawm lub Dub hiav txwv cheeb tsam ntawm hostilities. Thaum txoj kev vam meej ntawm lub squadron yog mus txeeb lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nqaum cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv thiab los thaiv lub Dardanelles. Lub ntsiab scene twb nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv Aegean, los yog, raws li nws teev nyob rau hauv lub "Archipelago ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws." Li no lub npe "Greek ntoj ke mus kawm."

lub tswv yim

Ntev ploj mus xyoo 1770. Lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Chesma neeg tseem nco ntsoov. Leej twg yees xa Lavxias teb sab ships mus rau lub Aegean ntug dej hiav txwv, nyuaj thiab txhawb cov uprising ntawm lub Christian pejxeem tseem muaj tiv thaiv cov Ottomans? Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm lub tswv yim no tau teev muaj tseg rau hauv lub ces nyiam ntawm lub empress Catherine II Orlov Grigory. Tej zaum, qhov no tswv yim twb xub qhia los ntawm yav tom ntej cov thawj coj ntawm lub ntoj ke mus kawm lub Count Orlov Aleksey, tus kwv tij ntawm Gregory, uas tsuas yog tau kev pom zoo nws thiab donos rau Catherine.

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias Orlov Aleksey sau ntawv mus rau nws tus tij laug hais txog cov teeb meem ntawm no phiaj los nqis tes thiab ua tsov ua rog nyob rau hauv kev: "Yuav tsum mus rau Constantinople thiab qhov kev tso tawm ntawm tag nrho cov pious thiab Orthodox ntseeg los ntawm lub quab hloov. Thiab kuv yuav hais no, huab tais Peter kuv nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv hais tias, thiab lawv, Mohammedan infidels, tsav tsheb deb hauv cov xuab zeb steppes nyob rau ntawm lawv qub tsev. Ntawm no piety tshwm dua, thiab Qhuas Vajtswv, tus uas muaj hwjchim. " Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev mloog lus ntawm cov cua ntsawj ntshab rau lub Council ntawm lub phiaj los nqis tes ntawm lub Empress Orlov Grigory formulated nws lub tswv yim raws li nram no: "Xa rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub cruise nyob rau hauv lub Mediterranean hiav txwv, thiab los yeej muaj ib tug ob peb ships ua yeeb ncuab ua phem."

Ib txhia kws txawj hais tias cov sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Chesma nyob rau hauv 1770 yog vim lub siab xav ntawm Russia kom muaj ib tug neeg sab nraud tawm los ntawm qhov Dub hiav txwv mus rau lub expanses ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tus dej hiav txwv. Thiab ces kuv tsis xav tau kev zam txim.

flotilla

Thiab tam sim no ib tug me ntsis los ze zog saib thaum lub caij xyoo 1770, lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Chesma (Lavxias teb sab-Turkish sib ntaus sib tua). Lavxias teb sab flotilla muaj cuaj linear ships, frigate peb (ib-phom 36 thiab ib tug khub ntawm 32-phom), 17-19 koom haum pab ships thiab txog ntsha bombardirskogo "nroo" (cannon 10).

Noticing Lub rau hli ntuj 23 tus yeeb ncuab fleet, uas sawv rau cov kob ntawm Chios ntawm thauj tog rau nkoj, peb armada thaum kaj ntug rau Lub rau hli ntuj 24 (Lub Xya hli ntuj 5) nyob rau hauv 1770 nkag mus hauv lub Chios channel, hu ua txiag cov kob ntawm lub Riviera, Anatolia, los ntawm sab qaum teb nrog kab mos cua. Raws li ntug dej hiav txwv, los ntawm lub Gulf rau sab qaum teb Chesmensky, sawv nyob rau hauv ob kab anchored Ottoman armada.

Nyob rau hauv nws muaj 16 tsheb (uas rau tau 90- los yog 80-phom, thaum lwm tus neeg, zoo li Lavxias teb sab, nruab nrog cov cuab yeej 66), 60 me me hlab ntsha thiab 6 frigate. Turkish fleet txib los ntawm Hassan al-Din - Tus tauj ncov loj Pasha. Nws yog thaum lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub camp rau ntawm ntug dej, thiab nws deputy Hassan-Bey (lub siab tawv Algerian), uas sib cav hais tias txij li thaum tus yeeb ncuab ships yuav mus koom thiab coj tawm nrog lawv mus rau hauv cov huab cua. Cuaj kaum, nws Corvettes yuav tsis ua raws li txoj cai no, raws li tau anchored. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, Lavxias teb sab nrog lawv cov sails coj cov teg num nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua nws tus kheej.

Orlova tactics

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1770 lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Chesma (Lavxias teb sab-Turkish sib ntaus) zoo heev pab cov chav kawm ntawm tom ntej keeb kwm. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias tus impressive zog ntawm cov yeeb ncuab thaum xub thawj ntaus suav Orlov. Tab sis, nrees cia siab rau tus siab tawv ntawm nws cov tub rog, thiab tawm tsam Vajtswv, nws tau sab laj nrog cov captains thiab cov thawj coj, thiab txiav txim siab mus tua lub Turkish fleet. Orlov kom ib tug Springe (cables, kev cob cog rua ntawm anchors hais tias kom lub nkoj nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm) nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv koj yuav tsum thauj tog rau nkoj tiv thaiv tus yeeb ncuab. Suav los ua ib tug kab sib ntaus sib tua, thiab marched nyob rau hauv lub Turks nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim no:

• Rearguard: ships "Svyatoslav" (Admiral Elphinstone, skipper Roxburgh), "Tsis txhob kov kuv" (skipper Beshentsev), "Saratov" (Tus tauj ncov loj Polivanov).
• Vanguard, "Eustace" (Admiral Spiridonov, Tus tauj ncov loj Cruz), "teb chaws Europe" (tus tus tauj ncov loj Klokachev), "Peb Tsoom Haiv Neeg Ntseeg" (skipper Hmetevsky).
• Kordebataliya "Peb Hierarchs" (suav Orlov Aleksey, lub foreman Greig), "Januarius" (skipper Borisov), "Rostislav" (Tus tauj ncov loj Lupandin).

Sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv lub Chios Strait

Chesma sib ntaus sib tua (1770, Lub Xya hli ntuj 7) muab keeb kwm rov qab. Yuav pib, xav txog lub sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv lub Chios Strait, uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau lub rau hli ntuj 24 (Lub Xya hli ntuj 5). Lavxias teb sab rog tau pom zoo ib qho kev npaj thiab mus rau yav qab teb ciam teb ntawm lub Turkish kab. Tom qab ntawd, nws muab thiab pib yuav tsum tau muab tso rau tiv thaiv tus yeeb ncuab ships. Qaib ntxhw fleet pib firing deb nrog peb cables (560 m) nyob rau hauv 11: 30-11: 45. Lavxias teb sab ships tsis hluav taws rov qab raws li ntev raws li nyob ze rau tus yeeb ncuab ntawm ib tug deb ntawm 80 battles (170 m) ze kev sib ntaus los ntawm 12:00.

Nyob rau hauv peb Lavxias teb sab ships maneuver yog hai: "St. Januarius "forcibly muab, ua ntej nws tau los ua tus lineup," teb chaws Europe "tsis nws qhov chaw, tau raug mob raws li ib tug tsim nyog tau, muab thiab sab laug lub system, ua qab lub" Rostislav "thiab" Peb Hierarchs "nyob rau hauv sab nraum qab ntawm lub teb npawv lub thib ob lub nkoj ntawm tus yeeb ncuab ua ntej nws yuav sawv ntsug nyob rau hauv ib txoj kab, nrog rau cov tshwm sim hais tias nws yuam rog tau lub corvette "Peb hierarchy".

Kev puas tsuaj rau lub "teb chaws Europe" muaj meant tias lub "St. Eustace "yog tus uas lub nkoj Lavxias teb sab armada. Nyob rau qhov no nkoj twb raug xa mus rau lub qhov hluav taws kub ntawm peb linear Turkish ships (nrog rau cov flagship ntawm lub Ottoman fleet, "Burj u Zafer", txib los ntawm Hassan Pasha). "St. Eustace "pib boarded lub flagship ntawm lub Ottoman armada, ua ntej mus ntsib nws nyob rau hluav taws. Tom qab hlawv mainmast "Burj u Zafer" Kuv poob tawm lub lawj ntawm lub corvette "St. Eustace, "nws pob tawg lawm. Tom qab 10-15 feeb thiab tshuab mus "Burj Zafer y". Elphinstone thov hais tias Lavxias teb sab tau futile thiab Spiridov nrog Count Orlovym Fodorom (thawj coj tus tij laug) sab laug "St. Eustace, "txawm ua ntej lub melee. Ib yam li ntawd kuv dim txoj kev tuag, thiab Skipper "St. Eustache "Cruz. Spiridov resumed coj noj coj ua ntawm qhov kev sib ntaus nrog lub corvette "Peb Hierarchs".

14:00 Turks mus txiav lub ropes anchors thiab retreated rau hauv lub cover ntawm ntug dej roj teeb rau hauv Chesma Chaw nres nkoj.

Sib ntaus nyob rau hauv lub bay

Muaj ntau cov tub rog tuag nyob rau hauv 1770 Chesma sib ntaus sib tua yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau tsausmuag. Lub rau hli ntuj 25-26 (Lub Xya hli ntuj 6-7), muaj ib tug kev sib ntaus ntawm Chesma Bay. Tias nyob rau hauv nws Turkish hluav taws-nkoj tsim ob series ntawm 7- thiab 8-linear corvettes thiab lwm yam ships yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub kab thiab ntug dej hiav txwv.

Tag nrho cov hnub nyob rau hauv 25 Lub rau hli ntuj (6 Lub Xya hli ntuj) Lavxias teb sab ships raug rho tawm haujlwm rau ib tug Turkish flotilla thiab nqaum txoj haujlwm. Plaub koom haum pab cov hlab ntsha tau manufactured hluav taws-ships. Thaum 17:00 lub foob pob-nkoj "nroo" twb anchored nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub Chesma Bay thiab pib tua thaum lub Turkish fleet. Thaum 00:30 nws twb koom los ntawm cov linear nkoj "Europe", thiab mus rau lub 01:00 - "Rostislav", uas tuaj nyob rau hauv lub wake ntawm hluav taws ships.

"Rostislav", "teb chaws Europe" thiab tsis yws, "Tsis txhob kov kuv," tsim ib txoj kab los ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb, muaj pib ib tug kev sib ntaus nrog lub Turkish armada. Thaum lub sij hawm no, "Saratov" yog nyob rau standby, thiab cov frigate "Teb chaws Africa" thiab "nroo" rog tau lub roj teeb rau hauv lub sab hnub poob ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub Gulf.

Thaum 01:30, los yog ib tug me ntsis ua ntej lawm (raws li Elphinstone, thaum ib tag hmo) vim firing, "Tsis txhob kov kuv" thiab "nroo", yog ib lub linear Turks ships pob tawg lawm hluav taws kub kis mus rau ib lub cev nrog rau hlawv sails. Qhov taws sai sai hloov mus rau lwm cov ships nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nres nkoj.

Yog li ntawd, peb ntxiv rau zaj dab neeg txog cov kev tshwm sim uas coj qhov chaw Lub Xya hli ntuj 7, 1770 Chesma sib ntaus sib tua yuav tsum xyuas txhua. Thaum pob tawg lawm nyob rau ntawm lub 02:00 ntawm lub thib ob Turkish nkoj, lub Lavxias teb sab hlab ntsha ceased firing, thiab hluav taws-ships nkag mus hauv lub Gulf. Ob tug ntawm lawv cov uas twb nyob rau hauv lub txib ntawm tus tauj ncov loj Dugdale thiab Gagarin, lub Turks tua. Los ntawm txoj kev, Elphinstone neeg pab leg ntaubntawv hais tias tsuas tua hluav taws-tua tus tauj ncov loj Dugdale, thiab Gagarin lub nkoj mus rau hauv qhov kev sib ntaus tsis kam mus. Tom ntej no ib tug nkoj, txib los ntawm Mackenzie, tau grappled nrog lub kub txog ntsha, thiab ib tug (nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj ntawm Lieutenant D. Ilina) - xa mus rau lub 84-phom corvette kab.

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias Ilyin hluav taws-zes, thiab nws tawm nws nyob rau hauv lub nkoj nrog pab neeg no. Lub nkoj pob tawg lawm thiab hlawv feem ntau ntawm cov lwm Ottoman corvettes. By 02:30 pob tawg lawm peb ntau lub nkoj tua rog.

Kwv yees li ntawm 04:00 Lavxias teb sab ships xa mus rau hauv lub nkoj, xav cawm tsis tau hlawv nrog ob tug loj hlab ntsha. Cuaj kaum, lawv muaj peev xwm ua tau xwb ib tug ntawm lawv - "Rhodes '60-phom. Los ntawm 04:00 mus txog rau thaum 05:30 tshuab mus rau ntau warships, thiab thaum 7 teev - plaub synchronously. Los ntawm 8:00 nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Chesma Bay tau ua tiav.

txim ntawm battles

Yuav ua li cas yog qhov zoo rau lub teb chaws lub keeb kwm nyob rau hauv 1770 xyoo? Chesma sib ntaus sib tua yog dab tsi pab coj Russia? Tom qab no sib ntaus Lavxias teb sab fleet yuav fundamentally txhob cuam tshuam lub Turkish kev sib txuas lus nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv Aegean thiab cais tawm lub Dardanelles. Tag nrho cov nuances tau ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub kos npe rau ntawm lub sib haum xeeb Treaty ntawm Kucuk Kaynarca Daim ntawv cog lus.

Thaum cov kev taw qhia ntawm Catherine II, mus qhuas tus yeej nyob rau hauv lub Great Peterhof Palace tau ua nco Chesmensky Hall (1774-1777 xyoo), tau tsa ob tug monuments rau qhov kev tshwm sim: Chesme pilaster nyob rau hauv Tsarskoye selo (1778) thiab Chesmensky monument nyob rau hauv Gatchina (1775) thiab tsa Chesme Palace (1774-1777 xyoo) thiab Chesma tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Ioanna Predtechi (1777-1780 xyoo) nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg.

Chesma sib ntaus sib tua ib txhis nyob rau hauv lub 1770 cam khwb cia nyiaj thiab tej kub medals, uas tau manufactured los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Empress Catherine I. Suav Orlovu Alekseyu twb tso cai rau xa mus rau proimenovanie npe, raws li lawv hais tias, "Chesma".

lub npe

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias lub npe "Chesma" coj qhws ironclad armada ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub rog fleet. Los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Nicholas II yog mus rau npe rau Cesme tas, uas yog tam sim no lub zos ntawm cov Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam.

Thiab nyob rau hauv lub Gulf ntawm Anadyr muaj Scesma cape - nws thiaj li hu ua ntoj ke mus kawm lub clipper "Rider" nyob rau hauv 1876.

Lavxias teb sab President Vladimir Putin nyob rau hauv 2012, nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj, kaw los ntawm kev hloov rau raws li txoj cai "Nyob rau hnub ntawm Russia thiab lub hnub ntawm cov tub rog hwjchim ci ntsa iab." Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, muaj ib yeej ntawm Lavxias teb sab fleet tshaj lub Turkish nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Chesma, uas yog ua kev zoo siab rau Lub Xya hli ntuj 7.

lus ceeb toom

Historians tseem kawm hauv lub xyoo 1770: Chesma sib ntaus sib tua, qhov ua rau ntawm uas twb paub lawm, Russia qhuas rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias Spiridov qhia rau Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm lub College ntawm lub Admiralty nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg suav Chernyshov: "tsaug rau Vajtswv thiab Honor ntawm lub All-Lavxias teb sab flotilla! Los ntawm 25 th mus rau 26 th yeeb ncuab fleet rov, smashed, smashed, hlawv, poob dej tuag, thiab txais mus rau hauv saum ntuj ceeb tsheej tig mus rau hauv hluav, thiab sab laug qhov chaw ib tug txaus ntshai reproach, thiab lawv tus kheej pib mus rau tus thawj thoob plaws hauv peb archipelago ntawm Peb poj huab tais ".

A. G. Orlov brilliantly qhia txog txoj kev xav tshwm sim los ntawm lub yeej ntawm Cesme, nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv rau nws tus kwv: "Nyob zoo, sir, tus kwv tij! Kuv mam li qhia rau koj me ntsis txog peb cov lus: thaum nws tau kaj ib tug tua hluav taws nyob qhov twg, lawv raug yuam kom tawm hauv lub Morea. Rau vorogov nrog lub fleet ploj mus, mus rau nws thiab tiv thaiv, seized, puas lawm, yeej, rhuav tshem thiab xa mus rau hauv qab thiab incinerated. "