Velvet kiv puag ncig. Velvet revolutions nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe

Lub sij hawm "Velvet kiv puag ncig" nyob rau hauv lub lig 1980s - thaum ntxov 1990s. Nws tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov xwm ntawm cov txheej xwm tau piav nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug sciences, lub sij hawm "kiv puag ncig". Qhov no lub sij hawm yog ib txwm zoo, yuav tsum muaj, no: kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug, economic thiab kev nom kev tswv spheres, uas ua rau kom cov transformation ntawm tag nrho cov haiv neeg, hloov cov qauv qauv ntawm cov haiv neeg.

Yuav ua li cas yog nws?

"Velvet kiv puag ncig" - lub npe ntawm tus dab noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm Central thiab Eastern Europe nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub caij 1980s thaum ntxov 1990s. Lub cev qhuav dej nyob rau hauv 1989 ntawm lub Berlin phab ntsa tau ua ib tug zoo ntawm lub cim.

Lub npe "Velvet kiv puag ncig" ntawm cov nom tswv upheavals tau txais vim hais tias nyob rau hauv cov xeev feem ntau cog lus bloodless (tsuas yog Romania, nyob qhov twg muaj ib qho kev armed uprising thiab tsis tau tso cai ua nruj ua tsiv c Nicolae Ceausescu, lub yav tas dictator thiab nws tus poj niam). Txheej xwm qhov txhia chaw tsuas yog Yugoslavia, coj qhov chaw kuj sai sai, yuav luag instantaneously. Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, kev zoo sib thooj ntawm lawv scripts thiab coincidence nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm yog xav tsis thoob. Txawm li cas los, cia peb saib cov ua rau thiab qhov xwm ntawm cov revolutions - thiab peb pom hais tias cov coincidences yog tsis lo. Qhov tsab xov xwm yuav muab ib tug txhais ntawm lub sij hawm "velvet kiv puag ncig" thiab yuav tham me ntsis txog rau hauv nws ua.

Txheej xwm thiab cov txheej txheem uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe nyob rau hauv lub lig 80s thiab thaum ntxov 90s, yog paj ntawm cov politicians, kws tshawb fawb thiab cov pej xeem. Yuav ua li cas yog qhov ua rau ntawm lub kiv puag ncig? Thiab yog dab tsi lawv cov essence? Wb sim teb cov lus nug no. Tus thawj nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm xws nom tswv txheej xwm nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe tau ua ib tug "velvet kiv puag ncig" nyob rau hauv Czechoslovakia. Los ntawm nws thiab pib.

Txheej xwm nyob rau hauv Czechoslovakia

Nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 1989, muaj radical hloov nyob rau hauv Czechoslovakia. "Velvet kiv puag ncig" nyob rau hauv Czechoslovakia coj mus rau lub bloodless overthrow ntawm lub communist tsoom fwv raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm qhov tawm tsam. Lub decisive impulse los ua ib lub koom haum ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ua qauv qhia rau Kaum ib hlis 17 nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm Jan Opletal, ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv los ntawm lub Czech koom pheej, uas raug tua thaum lub sij hawm tawm tsam tiv thaiv cov Nazi txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub xeev. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej xwm raug mob ntau tshaj 500 cov neeg nyob rau hauv 17 Kaum ib hlis.

Kaum ib hlis 20, cov menyuam kawm mus rau tawm tsam thiab loj demonstrations tsoo tawm nyob rau hauv ntau lub zos. Kaum Ib Hlis Ntuj 24 resignation ntawm cov thawj tuav ntaub ntawv thiab ib co lwm cov thawj coj ntawm lub Communist tog ntawm lub teb chaws. Kaum ib hlis 26 muaj ib tug neeg pej xeem nrog rally nyob rau hauv lub center ntawm Prague, uas pib txog 700 txhiab tus mej zeej. Kaum ib hlis 29 parliament repealed lub kev cai tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv lub Communist tog coj noj coj ua. Hlis ntuj nqeg 29, 1989 Aleksandr Dubchek tau raug xaiv los hais lus ntawm lub Parliament, thiab Vatslava Gavela raug xaiv tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Czechoslovakia. Cov ua rau lub "Velvet kiv puag ncig" nyob rau hauv Czechoslovakia thiab lwm lub teb chaws yuav tau piav rau hauv qab no. Tsis tas li ntawd kawm lub tswvyim ntawm authoritative cov kws txawj.

Cov ua rau lub "velvet kiv puag ncig"

Yuav ua li cas, ces, kev mob siab los ntawm yog vim li cas xws tsum muaj so nrog lub kev txiav txim? Ib tug xov tooj ntawm kws tshawb fawb (xws li, V. K. Volkov) nrog lub hom phiaj yog vim li cas rau 1989 kiv puag ncig pom nyob rau hauv cov kis ntawm cov cov khoom rog thiab qhov uas muaj kev sib raug zoo. Totalitarian los yog authoritarian-bureaucratic regimes tau ua ib qho chaw khuam rau scientific, kev thiab economic kev kawm ntawm lub teb chaws, tub ceevxwm kev koom ua ke txheej txheem txawm nyob rau hauv lub CMEA. Yuav luag ib nrab ntawm ib xyoo pua ntawm kev nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm South-sab hnub tuaj thiab Central teb chaws Europe tau pom hais tias lawv yog cov nyob deb qab lub advanced capitalist lub teb chaws, txawm tias cov neeg uas koj twb ib zaug nyob rau tib theem. Czechoslovakia thiab Hungary rau cov kev sib piv nrog Austria, rau qhov GDR - nrog lub teb chaws Yelemees, Bulgaria - Tim Nkij teb chaws. GDR, ua rau lub CMEA, raws li UN cov ntaub ntawv, nyob rau hauv 1987 lub GP per capita ranked tsuas 17 th qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, thiab Czechoslovakia - 25 qhov chaw, lub Soviet Union - 30. Widening kis nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov nyob, kev kho mob, kev sib raug zoo ruaj ntseg, kab lis kev cai thiab kev kawm ntawv.

Cov theem pib mus kis tau cov cim ntawm lub backlog nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe. Control system nrog centralized kev teem sij hawm yeem thiab sverhmonopolizmom thiaj hu ua hais kom ua-kev tswj system bred inefficiencies ntawm ntau lawm thiab nws cov hniav lwj. Qhov no ua tshwj xeeb tshwm nyob rau hauv lub 50-80-ies, thaum nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws tau qeeb ib lub tshiab rau theem ntawm scientific thiab hauj kiv puag ncig, uas coj mus rau Western teb chaws Europe thiab lub tebchaws United States nyob rau hauv ib tug tshiab, "post-industrial" theem ntawm kev loj hlob. Maj mam, los ntawm tus kawg ntawm lub 70s, nws pib ib tug qauv ntawm cov transformation ntawm lub socialist ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv lub thib ob socio-thoj thiab economic quab yuam nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob ntev. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov tub rog-xaiv yaam cheeb tsam tau tseem muaj zog, thiab hais tias yog mas vim cov tub rog zaum ntawm lub USSR.

lub teb chaws zoo tshaj

Lwm haib tshaj los ntawm cov uas pom tau hais "velvet kiv puag ncig" nyob rau hauv 1989, tau ua ib lub teb chaws. National txaus siab, raws li yog txoj cai infringed los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias lub authoritarian-bureaucratic regime reminiscent ntawm lub Soviet. Tsis paub cai kev ua ntawm lub Soviet coj noj coj ua thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Soviet Union nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws, lawv nom tswv yuam kev tau ua nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev coj. Zoo ib yam li uas cai nyob rau hauv 1948, tom qab lub rupture ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov USSR thiab Yugoslavia (uas tau nyob rau hauv lub ces "velvet kiv puag ncig" nyob rau hauv Yugoslavia), nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm kev cai lij choj hais plaub ntug rau cov qauv ntawm Moscow ua ntej tsov rog, thiab hais txog. D. Cov thawj coj ntawm ob tog nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim, nyob rau hauv lem, adopting ib tug dogmatic kev lub Soviet Union, los pab txhawb kom cov kev hloov ntawm lub zos regimes ntawm lub Soviet hom. Tag nrho cov no muab ntxiv rau cov kev xav hais tias xws li ib tug system tswj los ntawm sab nraum. Qhov no yog facilitated los ntawm cov kev pab ntawm lub Soviet coj noj coj ua nyob rau hauv cov txheej xwm uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Hungary nyob rau hauv 1956 thiab Czechoslovakia nyob rau hauv 1968 (tom qab ua ib tug "velvet kiv puag ncig" nyob rau hauv Hungary thiab Czechoslovakia). Nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm tus neeg nws twb tsau lub tswv yim ntawm "Brezhnev lus qhuab qhia", piv txwv txwv hwjchim kav. Feem ntau ntawm cov pejxeem, muab piv rau cov nyiaj txiag teeb meem ntawm lub teb chaws nrog rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm nws cov neeg nyob ze rau hauv lub sab hnub poob pib involuntarily khi ua ke hauv cov nom tswv thiab nyiaj txiag teeb meem. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub teb chaws txoj kev xav, kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv dissatisfaction muaj nws cov nyhuv nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev coj. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm no ntsoog pib. Lub rau hli ntuj 17, 1953 muaj ib tug teebmeem nyob rau hauv lub GDR, nyob rau hauv 1956 - nyob rau hauv Hungary, nyob rau hauv 1968 - nyob rau hauv Czechoslovakia thiab nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland nws tshwm sim ob peb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub '60s,' 70s thiab '80s. Lawv, txawm li cas los, tsis muaj ib tug zoo kev daws teeb meem. Cov crises tsuas pab mus rau discrediting ntawm cov muaj hom, tsub zuj zuj ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua ideological ua haujlwm, uas feem ntau yog ua ntej cov nom tswv hloov, tus creation ntawm ib tug tsis zoo kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm lub tog nyob rau hauv hwj chim.

Soviet cawv

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lawv qhia vim li cas lub authoritarian-bureaucratic regimes tau ruaj khov - lawv tau koom rau cov tub ceev xwm, rau qhov "socialist lub zej lub zos", nyob rau hauv siab los ntawm lub Soviet coj noj coj ua. Tej kev thuam ntawm uas twb muaj lawm tiag, tej kev sim yuav ua rau kev kho me ntsis rau cov Marxist ziag los ntawm lub foundations ntawm muaj tswv yim to taub, noj mus rau hauv tus account lub tam sim no muaj tiag, tshaj tawm hais tias "revisionism", "ideological ua phem" thiab thiaj on. D. Qhaj ntawv nyob rau hauv lub sab ntsuj plig pluralism, lub uniformity nyob rau hauv lub kab lis kev cai thiab ideology coj mus rau dvoyakomysliyu, kev nom kev tswv pej xeem passivity, conformity, tus neeg ntawd yog morally corrupting. Nrog rau qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, yuav tsis txais cov hnyav kev txawj ntse thiab muaj tswv yim powers.

Cov tsis muaj zog ntawm cov nom tswv ob tog

Incrementally pib tshwm sim revolutionary teeb meem no nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe. Saib yuav ua li cas lub restructuring nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, cov pejxeem ntawm cov teb chaws cia siab tias ib tug zoo xws li cov kho kom zoo nyob rau hauv tsev. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau decisive lub sij hawm ntawd nws qhia cov tsis muaj zog ntawm lub subjective tau, namely tus tsis muaj mature nom tswv ob tog muaj peev xwm mus nqa tawm loj cov kev hloov. Qhov kev txiav txim tog nyob rau hauv ib tug ntev lub sij hawm nws reign tsis ceev faj poob tswv yim flair, muaj peev xwm txawj tej yam ntxiv. Cov poob ntawm lawv cov nom tswv xwm, uas yog cia li ib tug continuation ntawm lub xeev bureaucracy, yog nce losing kov nrog lub neeg. Intellectuals, cov tog tsis cia siab rau, cov hluas tau them me ntsis, yuav tsis nrhiav tau ib qho lus nrog nws. Txoj cai ntawm poob pej xeem cog qoob loo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab cov kev tswj neeg ua hauj lwm nce tej qhov nqaij noj nyiaj txiag, tus kheej kawm pib vam meej, tsis tau lub koob qhia kev. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia cov kev tsuj tiv thaiv cov discontented, "dissidents" uas coj nyob rau hauv Bulgaria, Romania, East lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab lwm lub teb chaws.

Seemingly haib thiab monopolistic txiav txim tog, sib cais los ntawm lub xeev apparatus, maj mam pib vau sib nrug heev. Pib mus hais lus cam txog yav dhau los (tus txheem Communist tog pom tau hais tias lub luag hauj lwm rau lub ntsoog), tus tawm tsam ntawm "reformists" thiab "conservatives" nyob rau hauv lawv - nws tag nrho cov tuag tes tuag taw rau tej qhov twg, cov kev ua ub ntawm cov ob tog, lawv maj mam poob lawv sib ntaus sib tua muaj peev xwm. Thiab txawm nyob rau hauv xws tej yam kev mob, thaum cov nom tswv nriaj heev qub, lawv tseem vam kom muaj ib tug monopoly rau lub hwj chim, tab sis miscalculated.

Puas yuav ua tau kom tsis txhob muaj cov txheej xwm?

Puas "velvet kiv puag ncig" yog inevitable? Ib tug yuav tsis yog zam rau nws. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no yog vim internal yog vim li cas, uas peb twb hais. Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe, lom zem ntau lub txiaj ntsim ntawm lub yuam qauv ntawm socialism, cov tsis muaj kev ywj pheej rau txoj kev loj hlob.

Restructuring pib nyob rau hauv lub USSR, nws ciali, muab ntxiv rau socialist daim ntawv rov ntxiv. Tiam sis muaj ntau cov thawj coj ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj teb chaws Europe tau ua tsis tau tejyam kom to taub lub ceev radical reconstruction ntawm tag nrho cov haiv neeg, muaj tsis tau kom tau txais kev Pib ntsais koj teeb xa mus los ntawm lub sij hawm nws tus kheej. Accustomed xwb los txais cov lus qhia los ntawm lub tog masses pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem, disoriented.

Yog vim li cas tsis intervened Soviet coj noj coj ua?

Tab sis yog vim li cas kev paub ua ntej sai hloov nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe, lub Soviet coj noj coj ua tsis tau cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem no thiab ousted qub thawj coj, lawv conservative kev ua tsuas txhawb dissatisfaction ntawm cov pejxeem?

Ua ntej, yuav muaj tsis muaj kev sib tham nrog rau cov tub rog siab rau cov teb chaws tom qab tus txheej xwm ntawm lub Plaub Hlis 1985, tshem ntawm cov Soviet Army los ntawm Afghanistan thiab nqe lus hais txog txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev xaiv. Nws yog tseeb rau tus txheem thiab cov coj noj coj ntawm lub Eastern European lub teb chaws. Ib tug disappointing fact yog, tus lwm yam yog "inspiring".

Secondly, nyob rau hauv multilateral thiab ob sab sib dho sib khom lus thiab cov rooj sib tham nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm xyoo 1986 rau 1989, lub Soviet coj noj coj ua tau pheej hais txog cov kev phem ntawm stagnation. Tab sis yuav ua li cas rau li cas rau qhov no? Feem ntau ntawm cov hau ntawm lub xeev nyob rau hauv lawv ua tsis qhia lub siab xav mus hloov, preferring mus nqa xwb tsawg li tsawg tau kev hloov uas tsis muaj feem xyuam rau lub zuag qhia tag nrho mechanism prevailing nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws, cov system ntawm tsoom fwv. Yog li, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lus txais tos perestroika nyob rau hauv lub USSR, lub BCP coj noj coj ua, ua los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm peretryasok nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws kom muaj tus uas twb muaj tsoom fwv ntawm tus kheej lub hwj chim. Lub taub hau ntawm lub HRC (M. Jakes) thiab tab sis (Erich Honecker) tsis kam ua hloov, nrhiav kom tsis txhob lawv cia siab rau lub fact tias cov liam restructuring ntawm lub Soviet Union yog doomed yuav tsis, tej yam uas cov Soviet piv txwv. Lawv tseem vam hais tias thaum fwm kuj zoo txuj ntawm cov neeg ciaj thiaj ua tsis tau kom txog rau thaum loj kho.

Thawj nyob rau hauv ib tug nqaim hom ntawv, thiab ces nrog kev koom tes ntawm txhua tus tswv cuab ntawm lub Politburo ntawm lub tab sis, Lub kaum hli ntuj 7, 1989 nyob rau hauv cov lus teb rau cov nqe lus siv M. S. Gorbachevym hais tias cov ceev yuav tsum tau coj cov teg num nyob rau hauv lawv txhais tes, lub taub hau ntawm lub German koom pheej ywj pheej hais tias nws tsis yog tsim nyog los qhia lawv nyob thaum nyob rau hauv lub khw muag khoom ntawm lub USSR "yog tsis txawm ntsev." Cov neeg nyob rau hauv tib lub yav tsaus ntuj mus rau txoj kev, qhov chaw tawm ntawm lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub GDR. Nicolae Ceausescu nyob rau hauv Romania tsuas lawv tus kheej nrog cov ntshav, ua rau ib tug thawj koom ruam rau kev tsuj. Thiab nyob qhov twg kho tau khaws cia rau hauv lub qub lug thiab tsis ua rau pluralism, kev cai ywj pheej thiab lub tiag tiag kev ua lag luam, lawv tsuas pab mus rau uncontrolled dab thiab decomposition.

Nws los ua tseeb hais tias tsis muaj tub rog tiv thaiv USSR, tsis muaj nws muaj kev ruaj ntseg net nyob rau sab ntawm lub uas twb muaj lawm hom ntawm mov stability muab tau me me. Nws tseem yog tsim nyog los noj mus rau hauv tus account lub hlwb mus ob peb vas ntawm cov pej xeem, leej twg ua si ib tug loj luag hauj lwm, vim hais tias cov neeg xav hloov.

Western haiv neeg kuj xav nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov fab ntxeev rog tuaj rau lub hwj chim. Cov rog no khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub pre-kev xaiv tsa phiaj los nqis tes khoom.

Cov tshwm sim yog thoob ntiaj teb ib tug: nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm kis tau tus mob rau ib tug contractual hauv paus ntawm lub hwj chim (nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland), cov qaug ntawm lub credibility ntawm qhov kev pab cuam MSzMP kho (nyob rau hauv Hungary), ntaus thiab loj demonstrations (nyob rau hauv feem ntau lub teb chaws), los yog uprising ( "velvet kiv puag ncig" nyob rau hauv Romania) hwj chim dhau mus rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov tshiab nom tswv ob tog thiab rog. Nws yog qhov kawg ntawm ib qho kev era. Yog li ntawd tag nrho nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws, "velvet kiv puag ncig."

Lub essence ntawm cov nyhuv hloov

Nyob rau qhov no qhov teeb meem, Yu. K. Knyazev qhia txog peb cov ntsiab lus ntawm view.

• Thawj. Nyob rau hauv plaub lub teb chaws ( "velvet kiv puag ncig" nyob rau hauv lub GDR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia thiab Romania) nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm 1989 muaj cov neeg ywj pheej kiv puag ncig, ua tsaug rau lub lub community launch ntawm ib tug tshiab kev nom kev tswv thaum kawg. Lub revolutionary kev hloov nyob rau hauv 1989-1990 nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland, Hungary thiab Yugoslavia yog cov ceev ceev ua tiav ntawm cov evolutionary dab. Zoo li hloov thiab Albania tau pib tshwm sim nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm 1990.
• Ob txhais. "Velvet revolutions" nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe - tsuas yog apical upheavals los ntawm cov uas tuaj rau lub hwj chim, lwm lub hwj chim, uas tsis tau muaj ib tug meej kev pab cuam ntawm kev reconstruction, thiab kom lawv tau ibtxhi mus defeat thiab ib tug thaum ntxov lawm los ntawm cov nom tswv arena ntawm lub teb chaws.
• Thib peb. Cov txheej xwm yog cov counter-kiv puag ncig, tsis yog ib tug kiv puag ncig, raws li tau anti-communist nyob rau hauv cov xwm, lawv tau tsim los tshem tawm los ntawm lub hwj huam qhov kev txiav txim Communist Party thiab cov neeg ua hauj thiab tsis los pab txhawb lub socialist xaiv.

Cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub zog

Cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub zog yog, txawm li cas los, uniplanar, contrary ntau haiv neeg thiab tseem nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws. Lawv hais lus tawm tsam lub totalitarian thiab authoritarian regimes, tag nrho cov kev ua txhaum ntawm lub freedoms thiab txoj cai ntawm cov pej xeem tiv thaiv kev tsis ncaj ncees uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg, cov kev noj nyiaj txiag ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, txhaum cai tsim nyog tau thiab cov uas tsis muaj nyob qauv.

Lawv tsis kam rau ib tug-tog lub xeev kev tswj-hais kom ua system, vvergshey nyob rau hauv sib sib zog nqus teeb meem, tag nrho cov teb chaws nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj teb chaws Europe thiab tswj kom nrhiav tau tawm tam sim no qhov teeb meem ntawm ib txoj kev tawm. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nws yog ib tug kev ywj pheej kiv puag ncig, thiab tsis muaj lub apical coups. Qhov no yog qhia tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm heev heev rallies thiab demonstrations, tab sis kuj tau ntawm tom qab nyob rau hauv txhua lub teb chaws ntawm lub kev xaiv tsa.

"Velvet revolutions" nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe twb tsis tsuas "tawm tsam" tab sis "rau". Rau cov lag luam ua noj ntawm yeej muaj tseeb txoj kev ywj pheej thiab kev tswj hwm, kev ncaj ncees, kev nom kev tswv pluralism, kev txhim kho ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas lub neej ntawm cov pejxeem, tus nrog paub txog tib neeg qhov tseem ceeb, tsim raws li cov kev cai ntawm civilized haiv neeg npaum kev khwv nyiaj txiag.

Velvet kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe: kev soj ntsuam ntawm kho

CEE (Central thiab Eastern Europe) yog pib rau evolve ntawm cov creation ntawm ib tug kev ywj pheej lub xeev, multiparty system, kev nom kev tswv pluralism. Yog txoj kev hloov ntawm lub hwj chim mus rau lub xeev thawj coj lub cev los ntawm ob txhais tes ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv apparatus. Tshiab pej xeem cov tub ceev xwm kuj nyob rau hauv ib haumxeeb ntau dua li ib sectoral hauv paus. Nws muab ib tug nqi koj tshuav ntawm qhov sib txawv ceg, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib cais ntawm powers.

Nyob rau hauv lub CEE lub teb chaws thaum kawg stabilized parliamentary system. Tsis muaj leej twg lawv tau tsim muaj ib tug muaj zog thawj tswj hwj chim, muaj tsis muaj thawj tswj koom pheej. Cov nom tswv cov neeg tseem ceeb xav tias tom qab xws li ib tug lub sij hawm ntawm totalitarian hwj chim yuav qeeb qhov kev kawm ntawm cov kev ywj pheej txoj kev. V. Havel nyob rau hauv Czechoslovakia, L. Walesa nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland, zh Zhelev Bulgaria sim kom ntxiv dag zog thawj tswj hwj chim, tab sis pej xeem lub tswv yim thiab Parliaments txwv rau qhov no. Tus Thawj Tswj Hwm yeej tsis txiav txim economic txoj cai thiab tsis noj lub luag hauj lwm rau nws siv, uas yog, nws tsis yog ib tug Hmoob thawj.

Tsis hwj chim yog lub parliament, tus thawj hwj chim yog vested nyob rau hauv tsoom fwv. Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub xeem Parliament pom zoo thiab tsom kwm cov kev ua ub thiab koom tes nrog lub xeev pob nyiaj siv txoj cai lij choj. Free thawj tswj thiab parliamentary kev xaiv tsa yog ib tug manifestation ntawm kev cai ywj pheej.

Yuav ua li cas rog tuaj rau lub hwj chim?

Nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho CEE lub teb chaws (tsuas yog cov Czech koom pheej), lub hwj chim dhau ntseeg nkaws los ntawm ib tug txhais tes mus rau lwm lub. Nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland, nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1993, lub "velvet kiv puag ncig" nyob rau hauv Bulgaria tau tshwm sim los rau hauv lub hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv 1994, thiab nyob rau hauv Romania - nyob rau hauv 1996.

Nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland, Bulgaria thiab Hungary tuaj rau lub hwj chim, sab laug-tis rog nyob rau hauv Romania - txoj cai. Tsis ntev tom qab, raws li nws twb nqa tawm "velvet kiv puag ncig" nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland, nyob rau hauv lub parliamentary kev xaiv tsa nyob rau hauv 1993, yeej los ntawm lub centrist Union ntawm sab laug Rog, thiab nyob rau hauv 1995 Alexander Kwasniewski, nws cov thawj coj, yeej lub thawj tswj kev xaiv tsa. Nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 1994, yeej lub Hungarian Socialist Party nyob rau hauv lub parliamentary kev xaiv tsa, D. Horn, nws cov thawj coj, coj cov tshiab kev mas tsoom fwv. Bulgarian Socialists nyob rau hauv lig 1994 tau txais 125 rooj tawm ntawm 240 nyob rau hauv parliament nyob rau hauv kev xaiv tsa.

Nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 1996, lub Romanian tub ceev xwm tau tsiv mus rau qhov chaw-txoj cai. E. Constantinescu los ua tus thawj tswj hwm. Nyob rau hauv 1992-1996 nyob rau hauv Albania, lub hwj chim yog nyob rau hauv lub ywj pheej tog.

Cov nom tswv qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub lig Kwvyees li xyoo 1990,

Tsis ntev, txawm li cas los, qhov teeb meem no tau hloov. Nyob rau hauv cov kev xaiv tsa mus rau lub Sejm ntawm Poland txoj cai-tis tog yeej nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 1997, "lub electoral kev ua ntawm solidarity." Nyob rau hauv Bulgaria, nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis ntawm lub tib lub xyoo nyob rau hauv parliamentary kev xaiv tsa yeej thiab txoj cai-tis rog. Nyob rau hauv Slovakia, nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 1999, thawj thawj tswj kev xaiv tsa, yeej los ntawm R. Schuster, ib tug spokesman rau lub ywj pheej Coalition. Nyob rau hauv Romania, tom qab kev xaiv tsa nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2000 raws li tus thawj tswj hwm xa rov qab Ion Iliescu, tus thawj coj ntawm lub Socialist tog.

V. Havel yog tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub Czech koom pheej. Nyob rau hauv 1996, thaum lub sij hawm lub parliamentary kev xaiv tsa, tus Czech neeg deprived V. Klaus, Prime Minister yug. Nws poob nws ncej ntawm lub kawg ntawm 1997.

Cov tsim ntawm ib tug tshiab qauv ntawm lub neej, aided los ntawm nom tswv txoj kev ywj pheej, lub qho ciaj uas muag, lub siab ua si ntawm cov pejxeem. Kev muaj tiag yuav nom tswv pluralism. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland ntawm lub sij hawm no muaj txog 300 nom tswv ob tog thiab ntau yam koom haum - kev ywj pheej, mas, Christian ywj pheej. Revived ib co pre-tsov rog ob tog xws li lub National tsaranistskaya tog uas muaj nyob rau hauv Romania.

Txawm li cas los, txawm ib co democratization, muaj cov tseem ces "thaum authoritarianism" uas yog qhia nyob rau hauv ib tug siab personalization cai, style ntawm tsoom fwv. Schedule nce nyob rau hauv tej lub teb chaws (xws li Bulgaria) monarchist sentiment. Yav tas los King Mihai pej xeem rov qab nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1997.