Union - qhov no yog ... Lublin, Brest, Krevsk Union

Union - lub zej zog, union, lub zej lub zos ntawm lub xeev, nom tswv cov koom haum, kev cai dab qhuas kev ntseeg ntuj. Feem ntau cov feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm monarchical union ntawm ob peb haiv neeg nyob rau hauv ib tug ib tus pas ntsuas.

faib tawm ntawv cog lus

Real Union - Union, uas muaj txog cov monarchy, thaum noj ib zaug xwb kev txiav txim ntawm succession rau lub zwm txwv. Txais mus rau ib tug yav tom ntej huab tais rau tag nrho cov neeg lub teb chaws ntawm qhov kev pom zoo. Xws li ib tug union - ib tug muaj zog, txhim khu kev qha - yuav tso tseg xwb nyob rau hauv lub rooj plaub uas yog ib tug ntawm cov neeg koom yuav hloov rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv lub Republican. Ncua tseg monarchy nyob rau hauv ib los yog tag nrho cov neeg lub xeev entail disintegration union los yog txo nyob rau hauv nws ntau pes tsawg leeg.

Tej union - ib daim ntawv cog uas yog random, Yog hais tias ib tug neeg ua ib tug huab tais nyob rau hauv ob peb lub teb chaws raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tsev neeg ties nrog ob tug los yog peb governors, los yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev xav tau. Lub koom lub teb chaws tsis hloov thiab tsis muaj unified txheej txheem ntawm succession. Qhov no union yog doomed lwj. Tam sim no los yog tom qab ib tug contender rau lub zwm txwv, kav nyob rau hauv tib lub xeev, tab sis nyob rau hauv lwm tus neeg tej zaum nws yuav tsis yooj yim sua vim qhov xwm ntawm tus cai.

Lub tsev teev ntuj Union - lub hom daim ntawv cog lus xaus ntawm lub faiths. Lub hom phiaj thiab vim li cas rau lub union nyob rau keeb kwm yam.

Lub union thiab lub confederation: Yuav ua li cas yog qhov txawv?

Feem ntau qhov no daim ntawv ntawm lub koom haum equate rau kev sib koom tes. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias xws li kev qhia kom paub yog tsis muaj tseeb.

Ua ntej, lub union yuav tsuas tshwm sim nrog rau kev koom tes ntawm monarchical lub xeev. Qhov no yog nws cov ntsiab feature. Raws li rau lub Confederation, nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug union yuav koom thiab Republican xeev formations.

Lub hav zoov ntawm cov union yuav tsum tau los ze zog kev nom kev tswv thiab nyiaj txiag kev koom tes. Tsis tas ib tug union daim ntawv cog lus. Txwv tsis pub, qhov teeb meem no nrog cov kev sib koom tes. Kev kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus, nws cov neeg rau txhua tus lwm yam tej liabilities. Union neeg tsis poob lawv cov hwjchim kav. Tib kav huab tais multiplies nws lub hwj chim. Tom qab lub kos npe rau ntawm lub union nws yog tus neeg uas hnov txog lub sovereign txoj cai ntawm txhua lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub Union.

Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev cai lij choj nam ntawm kos npe rau ib daim ntawv cog lus confederation - lub hav zoov ntawm ib daim ntawv cog nrog daim ntawv sau kev sib nrig sib luag num. Qhov no yuav kom nom tswv kev sib sau. Ib tug union - yog ib lub zej zog uas yuav xaus tsis muaj daim ntawv cog lus.

Ib qho tseem ceeb feature siv rau tus cwj pwm ntawm hostilities ntawm ob tog rau qhov kev pom zoo. Tug xeev ntawm lub union yuav tsis tua nrog txhua lwm yam, raws li tus tswv xeev - ib zaug xwb, yog li ntawd, hais tias tsov rog nyob rau hauv lub Union, nws yog yuam ua hauj lwm mus tua rau nws tus kheej.

Nom tswv thiab dynastic union daim ntawv cog lus

Keeb kwm paub ntau, qhov xaus ntawm xws cov tsev koom nyiaj. Ib tug ntawm cov earliest paub thiab tseem ceeb - Krevo union. Lithuania thiab Poland twb tog rau daim ntawv cog lus. Zoo li ntau lwm cov tsev koom nyiaj, qhov no raug muab zwm cia los ntawm dynastic sib yuav, uas xaus cov Polish poj huab tais Jadwiga thiab Lithuanian Grand Duke Jagiello.

Union nyob rau hauv 1385, kos npe rau hauv lub tsev fuabtais Kreva, ua tej yam kev hloov mus rau lub ntaus ntawv ob qho tag nrho kev koom tes nrog lub teb chaws.

Yog vim li cas rau ib tug alliance - lub weakening ntawm ob lub teb chaws thiab lub siab sib sib zog tsa rau lawv los ntawm sab nraum: los ntawm lub Teutonic Order, Muscovy, lub Golden Horde. Ua ntej Krevsk Union Lithuania kos npe ob peb cog lus nrog Moscow tub vaj ntxwv, thiab lub Teutonic Knights, uas muaj ib tug tseem ceeb feem rau hauv chav kawm ntawm cov txheej xwm, tab sis twb tsis muab los siv.

Lub essence ntawm daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv Krevo

Raws li cov treaty, Jagiello los ua huab tais ntawm Poland. Nws nyem ua rau nws ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov lus cog:

• Tus tshiab tswv xeev yog yuam ua hauj lwm rau kev sib txuas lus nyob rau hauv Latin Lithuania.
• Jagiello yog mus them tus Duke of Austria Wilhelm nyiaj rau ua txhaum cai ntawm kev sib yuav daim ntawv cog lus, raws li uas tus tom kawg yuav tsum tau coj nws tus poj niam Jadwiga.
• Nyob rau hauv Lithuania, nws yog tsim nyog los ua kom paub Catholicism.
• Jagiello yuav tsum tau rov qab mus rau pawg neeg thaj av ntawm lub qub teb chaws Poland thiab Russia kom txhim tsa lub nceeg vaj. Union ntawm Lithuanian thiab Polish yuam ua hauj lwm rau nws mus nce tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg raug txim.

Cias muab, Jagiello los ua tus nom kav ib lub teb chaws As Mes Lithuania thiab Poland, tab sis tseem cais monetary system thiab nyiaj, kev cai, kev lis kev cai cov kev cai, muaj ciam teb, muaj cais pab tub rog rau ib tug State daim ntawv cog lus. Krevo union aroused txheem nyob rau ib feem ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg ntawm Lithuania thiab lub qub zog ntawm Guj kuj, tab sis tau txais kev pab raws li ib lub hauv paus rau lub Union ntawm Lublin. Lub ib ncig ntawm Poland nce.

Keeb kwm tom qab lub Lublin Union

Ntau xyoo tom qab cov kos npe ntawm daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv Krevo twb tsis sib haum ntawm lub Lithuanians thiab cov Polish gentry ntawm txoj cai thiab cov theem ntawm cawv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Thaum lub sij hawm sawv ntawm thaj av cov tswv cuab tau hloov thiab lub privileged chav kawm ntawv cov qauv nyob rau hauv ob lub teb chaws. Rau ob lub xeev, muaj ntau yam nta ntawm lub feudal chav kawm ntawv: lub Polish gentry twb homogeneous, tag nrho nws cov neeg tau txais nrog vaj huam sib luag, thiab tag nrho cov sib txawv tau raug tshem tawm; Lithuanian magnates - polarize chav kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub "tug" yog hais txog ob hom ntawm nom tswv cajceg:

• Loj cov tswv av (barons), uas muaj ib tug yuav luag unlimited cai thiab tsim nyog tau. Lawv yog cov tsis raug mus rau lub zos cov tsev hais plaub - tsuas yog lub tsev hais plaub ntawm cov neeg pej xeem Duke. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv yuav nyob ib qho tseem ceeb txaus nyob rau hauv lub xeev. Dhau li ntawm tus nqi loj loj ntawm av nyob rau hauv lawv lub hwj chim rau muaj teeb meem loj reserves ntawm txoj hauj lwm.
• Me me thiab medium cov tswv av. Lawv tsis muaj ib tug nom tswv thiab nyiaj txiag leverage, raws li nyob rau hauv thawj pab pawg neeg (tsawg av, ua hauj lwm rau lub sij hawm). Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv feem ntau ua neeg uas raug tus greed ntawm loj tycoons, raws li depended rau ntawm lawv.

Rau yog vim li cas ntawm kev ncaj ncees nqhis dej (los yog ntau dua lub hwj chim thiab cawv), tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub thib ob pab pawg neeg nrhiav koob pheej ntawm lawv, uas yuav tsum tau nrog cov gentry.

Tab sis qhov teeb meem yog tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv sib ntaus tawm tsam tycoons - cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Poland thiab Lithuania yuav tsis yeej ib txwm pom zoo rau ntau cov tub rog campaigns, ua ob lub teb chaws yooj yim. Polish cov neeg tseem ceeb yog ntshai ntawm poob lub teb chaws ntawm Lithuania, raws li qhov kev txiav txim thaum Sigismund Augustus yog qhov kawg tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Jagiellonian - kev hloov ntawm huab tais zoo yuav ua rau lub sib cais ntawm tej cheeb tsam.

Raws li pom zoo Lithuanians thiab Tug?

Lub Union ntawm Lublin - tus thawj daim ntawv cog lus ntawm teb chaws Poland thiab Lithuania, uas tau raug ua tib zoo npaj raws li ib tug kev cai ua. Lub ntsiab lub tswv yim yog lub incorporation ntawm Lithuania rau hauv teb chaws Poland. Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm twb sib khom lus uas yuav tsum tau daws tau tej discrepancies.

Backplane union nyob rau hauv 1569 yuav tsum tau kos npe thaum lub sij hawm lub caij ntuj no ntawm lub Polish-Lithuanian Seimas. Cov kev sib khom lus twb nyuaj, nws twb tsis tau mus cuag kev sib sau. Yog vim li cas rau qhov teebmeem yog tus Lithuanian sab yuav tsum: lub coronation yog mus rau qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Vilnius, tus tswv xeev yuav tsum tau xaiv xwb general Sejm thiab Lithuanian lub xeev ua hauj lwm twb los tuav xwb lub zos ib txwm. Poland yuav tsis txais xws li xav tau. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub Lithuanians tsis zoo siab tshwm sim, sab laug lub Sejm.

Tab sis lawv tau sai sai rau rov qab mus thiab mus ntxiv haum xeeb. Muaj ntau ntau yam uas tsav tsheb mus Lithuania mus nrhiav kev pab txhawb nqa nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm Poland:

• Lub teb chaws twb poob lawm ib tug zoo deal thaum lub sij hawm Livonian ua tsov ua rog.
• Nyob rau hauv lub xeev yog loj hlob dissatisfaction nrog lub tswv av.
• Lithuania yog nyob rau hauv tsov rog nrog Muscovy, uas yog tsis yog tus muaj zog sab.

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav sai sai "yaum" lub Lithuanians, lub Polish huab tais thiab annexed lub Volyn xeev Podlaskie thiab raug teeb meem rau noj tam sim ntawd tsim nyog los ntawm cov apostates. Tag nrho sib sau dua nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland. Lub Lithuanian sab swore siab rau Sigismund Augustus. Rov pib los npaj rau lub kos npe rau ntawm lub union. Poland muaj siab kev cia siab rau qhov no daim ntawv cog lus.

kos npe rau ntawm ib daim ntawv cog

Noj cov zaub mov tau resumed nws cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 1569 th, thiab nyob rau hauv thawj hnub ntawm Lub Xya hli ntuj, koom ua ib tug kev khi lus. Lublin Union hais tias tsim ntawm ib tug tib xeev Rzeczpospolita. Tom qab Lithuania thiab Poland solemnly kos npe rau ib daim ntawv cog lus. Tom qab 3 hnub, ib daim ntawv cog yog ntxiv paub tseeb hais tias huab tais.

Txawm li cas los, cov me nyuam ntawm cov Union ho tsis daws tau tag nrho cov teeb meem, thiab cov Noj cov zaub mov txuas ntxiv. Tej yam teeb meem tau daws tsis pub dhau ib lub hlis tom qab lub official kos npe thiab sawvdaws cov txheej txheem. qhov teeb meem ntawm muab faib rau powers, tsim lub Noj cov zaub mov tau daws, uas muaj ob lag. Lub Union tau tsau dab tsi twb pib Krevsk daim ntawv cog lus.

Lub ntsiab ntawm Union nyob rau hauv Lublin:

• Lub xeev yuav tsum tau ib zaug xwb kav - tus vajntxwv uas xaiv ib tug noj.
• Ntsig txog lub cev, lub Senate thiab cov Sejm twb ntau mus rau lub Polish thiab Lithuanian territories.
• Equalized nyob rau hauv cov cai ntawm lub Polish thiab Lithuanian gentry.
• Lithuania tau fwm tej lub cim ntawm statehood - sau, lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab, cov tub rog thiab tus thawj coj.

Tau ntawm Lublin daim ntawv cog lus

Lithuanians tswj kom khaws cia lawv cov lus, kev cai lij choj thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov nta ntawm statehood. Poland tau ntxiv dag zog rau thiab muaj zog qhov luaj li cas ntawm tej yam cheeb tsam. Rzeczpospolita ob peb centuries tau ib tug muaj zog tus nrog sib ntaus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob ntev. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws twb tau mus kis tau Catholicism thiab cov Polish tsim ib cov kev cai lub zej lub zos.

Tsis zoo cov ntsiab lus yog cov expansion ntawm lub bureaucratic apparatus thiab ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv kev noj nyiaj txiag. Cov kev xaiv tsa ntawm tus huab tais spawned ib tug active tawm tsam nyob rau hauv lub Sejm, uas rau centuries tau coj mus rau lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Rzeczpospolita.

Tsis zoo sijhawm feem ntau siab manifested nyob rau hauv kev cai dab qhuas teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem ntawm Lithuania yog tsis muaj peev xwm mus xaiv lawv txoj kev ntseeg - Catholicism twb yuam yuav luag forcibly. Christianity twb txwv tsis pub. Catholic tw tau "sab nraum txoj kev cai" - lawv deprived ntawm tag nrho cov cai, kev tsim txom. Nyob rau hauv lub Ukrainian chaw uas zoo heev uas yog nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm lub tebchaws no,, pib los mam fraternal tsev kawm ntawv.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, equalized nyob rau hauv cov cai ntawm lub nom tswv cajceg, tau nqa tawm kho nyob rau hauv cov nom tswv, PatientsÕ thiab economic spheres. Yog li ntawd hais tias cov teebmeem ntawm tus Lublin Union yuav tsis raug soj ntsuam unambiguously.

lub tsev teev ntuj daim ntawv cog lus

Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv yog tej uas cov me nyuam no los lub sam xeeb ntawm kev ntseeg. Nco qab hais tias raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub cais nyob rau hauv 1054 tsim Catholicism thiab Orthodoxy. Lawv los ua cais ceg ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv. lub koom haum - zoo nyob rau tib lub sij hawm thawj cov me nyuam tau ua union.

Catholicism thiab Orthodoxy muaj ntau cov kev cai thiab tej kab ke. Kev tso cai yuav ncav tsis cuag. Lub ntsiab yog vim li cas - tsis ua hauj lwm ua raws li Orthodox Pope. Catholics yuav tsis txais cov tej yam kev mob muab tso rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm tus tw: Orthodox Pope demanded tau cov rejection uas txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj hierarchy.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo, cov Orthodox tsis muaj zog txaus thiab yuav tsum tau kev pab los ntawm Catholicism nyob rau hauv sib ntaus tawm tsam ntau yam ntshai heev txawm. Nyob rau hauv 1274 Lyons twb kos npe rau ib daim ntawv cog lus rau ib tug ntau tawm tsam tiv thaiv cov Tatar-Mongols, thiab nyob rau hauv 1439 - lub Union ntawm Florence. Thaum lub sij hawm no, lub union yog tawm tsam cov Turks. Cov ntawv cog lus nyob luv luv-nyob, tiam sis lub "zog rau pab neeg" muaj gained ntau thiab ntau cov kiv cua.

KEEB KWM Brest Union

Brest union - ib daim ntawv cog uas muab sawv mus rau ib tug tshiab denomination thiab ntau centuries ntawm controversy.

Nyob rau hauv lub XVI xyoo pua lub Koom Txoos Orthodox tsis yog raws nraim ib tug qauv ntawm morality thiab sab ntsuj plig - nws twb mus los ntawm ib tug loj heev teeb meem. Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm tus kev lig kev cai ntawm patronage, Thaum lub tuam tsev twb ua tau cov cuab yeej magnate patron, coj mus rau hauv kev ntseeg, ntau secular nta. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj cov teeb liab ntsais txawm burgers. Qhov no yog hais txog kwv tij - nroog koom haum uas muaj cai los tswj txawm tus npis sov. Lub tsev teev ntuj poob nws cov cawv thiab yus lub qe nrog rau cov cai ntawm cov neeg ntseeg.

Uniate zog twb resumed vim ua kom ntawm lub Jesuits nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland. Tshwm sim polemical ntawv txog cov kev pab cuam ntawm lub union. Tus sau phau ntawv twb xibhwb thiab philosophers - Benedict Gerbest Peter Skarga, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg.

Uniates intensified tom qab lub "daim ntawv qhia hnub kho kom zoo" Gregory XIII - raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev cai dab qhuas hnub caiv ntawm lub Orthodox thiab Catholics diverged lub sij hawm. Nws infringed cov cai ntawm lub Orthodox pejxeem, nyob hauv lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm lub tebchaws no,.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub neej coj cov nyhuv ntawm cov yam tseem ceeb tau kos npe los ntawm Union ntawm Brest.

Lub essence ntawm qhov kev pom zoo

Nyob rau hauv 1590 lub tsev teev ntuj congress twb muaj nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Belz. Nws xaus lus nrog ib tug tsis txaus siab mus rau lub union muab Khede-oos Balaban. Nws teg num twb kev txhawb los ntawm ntau tus npis sov. Tom qab 5 xyoo, qhov yuav tsum tau rau lub union pom tau hais tias cov Pope.

Beresteis'ka union yog yuav tsum tau kos npe rau hauv 1596. Tab sis lub strife tsis tu tsis tseg. Cov congress, uas tau ntsib rau lub kos npe rau ntawm daim ntawv cog lus, phua. Ib tug ntawm cov kiv cua twb Orthodox, rau lwm yam - lub Uniates. Lub daig ua qhov yuav tsum tau mus ua raws li cov Pope. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, lub union kos npe tsuas yog ib feem ntawm tus sau los. Lub Orthodox txiv plig tsis paub txog lub union. Lub kos npe rau ntawm qhov kev pom zoo coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm Metropolitan Mikhail Rogoza.

Cov ntsiab lus uas thiab tej yam kev mob:

• Uniates paub tus xa mus rau lub Pope.
• Cov txiv plig muaj tib txoj cai raws li cov Catholic lub tsev teev ntuj hierarchy.
• Cov khoom ntawm txoj kev ntseeg - Catholic, rituals - lub Orthodox.

Yog li, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov me nyuam sib sau ua ke tau ua ib tug txawm ntau dua cais. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm Orthodoxy thiab Catholicism muaj lwm txoj kev ntseeg. Tam sim no Uniatism yuam los ntawm kev quab yuam - Orthodox twb nyob rau hauv ib tug txawm zuj zus txoj hauj lwm tshaj ua ntej Beresteis'ka (Brest) daim ntawv cog lus.

Thaum kawg ntxiv: union - ib tug unifying tau, tab sis, raws li qhia los ntawm lub keeb kwm tseeb yog tsis ib txwm lub union mus rau cov kev pab ntawm tag nrho ob tog koom tes.