Uncertainty ntawm Heisenberg - lub qhov rooj mus rau microcosm

Thaum tus hluas Young Planck qhia nws tus xib fwb tias nws xav kawm txuas ntxiv theoretical physics, nws tau luag nyav thiab paub zoo tias nws tsis muaj dab tsi ua rau tus kws tshawb fawb, tsuas yog "txhawm rau ntxuav qhov tsis txaus". Alas! Los ntawm kev sib zog ntawm Planck, Niels Bohr, Einstein, Schrödinger, thiab lwm tus, txhua yam yog muab upside down, thiab thiaj li hais tias koj yuav tsis rov qab los, thiab ua ntej ntawm txoj kev. Ntxiv - ntau ntxiv: ntawm cov qauv kev dag choj muaj tshwm sim, piv txwv, qhov tsis meej ntawm Heisenberg. Raws li lawv hais, peb cia li tsis muaj txaus. Thaum pib ntawm 19-20 centuries, cov kws tshawb fawb qhib lub qhov rooj mus rau thaj chaw tsis paub txog ntawm elementary particles, thiab muaj Newton tus paub txog kev kho tsheb tsis tau.

Nws yuav zoo li, "ua ntej", txhua yam yog qhov zoo - qhov no yog lub cev nqaij daim tawv, ntawm no yog nws lub koomhaum. Nyob rau hauv "normal physics" koj tuaj yeem siv lub xub thiab yog "poke" nws mus rau hauv ib qho "yam khoom", txawm tsiv. Missing, theoretically, yog cais - Newton txoj cai tsis yuam kev. Tab sis ntawm no yog lub homphiaj ntawm kev txoj kev kawm yog ua me me - grain, ib tug qauv, atom. Ua ntej, qhov qhia tseeb ntawm qhov khoom tawm ploj, ces qhov kev kwv yees rau qhov nruab nrab nce rau cov pa roj molecules tshwm nyob rau hauv qhov kev piav qhia, thiab thaum kawg, cov kev sib koom ntawm molecular ua "nruab nrab", thiab roj molecule tuaj yeem hais los yog nyob ntawm no, tab sis feem ntau , Ib qhov twg hauv cheeb tsam no. Lub sijhawm yuav dhau thiab qhov teebmeem mam daws los ntawm Heisenberg qhov tsis meej, tabsis qhov no tom qab, thiab tam sim no ... Tshaj kom tau "tus taw theoretical" rau hauv qhov khoom yog tias nws yog "nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm uas muaj peev xwm tshaj". Nws puas muaj zog? Thiab dab tsi yog qhov khoom, dab tsi yog nws qhov ntev, cov ntaub ntawv? Muaj ntau cov lus nug dua li cov lus teb.

Tab sis dab tsi txog atom? Lub tswv yim paub zoo tias tus qauv npaj siab tau npaj tseg thaum xyoo 1911 thiab tam sim ntawd ua rau ntau cov lus nug. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog: qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub electron nyob rau hauv qhov kabmob thiab vim li cas nws tsis poob rau ntawm tus cwjpwm zoo? Raws li lawv hais tam sim no, uas yog ib nqe lus nug zoo. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias txhua yam theoretical calculations ntawm lub sij hawm no tau nqa tawm ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov cuab yeej classical - qhov tsis meej ntawm Heisenberg tau tseem tsis tau coj ib qho chaw tsim nyog nyob rau hauv txoj kev xav ntawm lub cev. Nws yog qhov tseeb uas tsis pub cov kws tshawb fawb kom to taub qhov essence ntawm mechanics ntawm lub atom. "Tus Cawm Seej" atom Niels Bohr - nws muab nws ruaj khov los ntawm nws kev xav tias cov electron muaj qib qaum kev, ua rau nws tsis emit zog, i.e. Tsis txhob plam nws thiab tsis txhob poob ntawm qhov tseem ceeb.

Txoj kev tshawb xyuas ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub zog lub zog ntawm lub cev twb tau muab kev txhawb zog rau kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug tshiab tshiab physics - lub quantum physics, pib ntawm qhov Max Planck tso rov qab thaum xyoo 1900. Nws sab phenomenon ntawm quantization ntawm lub zog, thiab Niels Bohr pom ib tug siv rau nws. Txawm li cas los xij, yav tom ntej nws tau hloov tawm tias nws yuav tsis zoo kiag li los piav qhia txog tus qauv ntawm ib qho atom los ntawm cov chav kawm mechanical ntawm lub ntiaj teb loj uas peb to taub. Txawm lub sijhawm thiab qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm quantum lub ntiaj teb tau txais ib lub ntsiab lus txawv kiag li. By lub sij hawm no cov los ntawm theoretical physicists muab ib tug zauv qauv ntawm lub planetary atom twb multistory thiab futile sib npaug. Qhov teeb meem yog daws tau siv Heisenberg uncertainty relation. Qhov kev qhia ua lub cev tsis sib xws yog sib txuas ua ke ntawm cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm kev sib txig sib luag thiab tus ceev tshaj Δv nrog rau qhov loj ntawm cov m thiab qhov Planck qhov tseem ceeb.

Δx * Δv> h / m

Li no qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov micro-thiab macrocosm: cov kev tswj thiab cov velocities ntawm cov zauv hauv lub microworld tsis tau txhais hauv ib daim ntawv tshwj xeeb-lawv muaj ib tus cwj pwm ntawm lub cev. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov ntsiab cai Heisenberg nyob rau sab xis ntawm txoj kev tsis sib xws muaj ib qho kev ua tiav zoo, uas txhais tau hais tias tus nqi qis ntawm tsawg kawg ntawm ib qho kev tsis paub tseeb raug tshem tawm. Hauv kev xyaum, qhov no txhais tau hais tias kev ceev thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb subatomic yog ib txwm txiav txim siab nrog kev tsis raug, thiab nws tsis yog zero. Nyob rau hauv tib yam foreshortening, Heisenberg uncertainty connects lwm tus khub ntawm cov yam ntxwv txuas, piv txwv li, lub zog uncertainty ΔE thiab lub sij hawm Δt:

ΔЕΔt> h

Qhov tseemceeb ntawm qhov kev qhia no yog hais tias nws tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas txog lub zog ntawm cov atomic particle thiab lub sijhawm uas nws muaj nws, tsis muaj qhov tsis meej ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus, txij li kev ntsuas ntawm lub zog yuav siv sij hawm qee lub sijhawm thaum lub zog yuav hloov tsis tau.