Cov noob caj noob ces yog ... Genetics thiab kev noj qab haus huv. Txoj kev ntawm cov noob caj noob ces

Cov noob caj noob ces yog lub tswv yim uas kawm txog cov qauv ntawm kev sib kis ntawm cov niam txiv rau cov xeeb ntxwv. Qhov kev qhuab qhia no tseem pom tias lawv cov khoom thiab kev muaj peev xwm hloov. Hauv qhov no, cov qauv tshwj xeeb - noob - ua raws li cov nqa khoom. Tam sim no, kev tshawb fawb tau khaws cov ntaub ntawv txaus. Nws muaj ntau seem, txhua yam ntawm nws muaj nws cov hauj lwm thiab cov khoom ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj seem: classical, molecular, kev kho mob noob caj noob ces thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic engineering.

Classical noob caj noob ces

Hom noob caj noob ces yog qhov kev kawm ntawm cov caj npab. Cov cuab yeej ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob hauv cov khoom xa tawm thaum lawv reproduction lawv sab nraud thiab sab hauv cov cim rau cov xeeb ntxwv. Cov noob caj noob ces kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua nrog txoj kev kawm ntawm kev sib txawv. Nws yog hais txog qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov tsos mob. Cov kev hloov no tau tshwm sim los ntawm tiam dhau ib tiam. Tsuas yog vim li no cov kab mob tsis txaus ntseeg tuaj yeem hloov kho nyob rau hauv lawv cheeb tsam.

Hereditary cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kab mob muaj nyob hauv cov noob. Tam sim no, lawv suav hais tias yog los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov noob caj noob ces. Txawm hais tias cov ntsiab lus no tau tshwm sim ntev ua ntej qhov kev pom ntawm ntu no.

Cov ntsiab lus "kev hloov", "DNA", "chromosomes", "variability" tau los ua lub npe nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm ntau cov kev tshawb fawb. Tam sim no qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev ua cov laus thaum ub pom tseeb, tab sis thaum nws pib nrog kev sib tw ntawm kev sib tw. Cov neeg nrhiav kom tau cov nyuj nrog cov mis loj loj, cov npua loj dua thiab cov yaj uas muaj ntaub qhwv tuab. Cov no yog thawj, tsis yog kev tshawb, sim. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov ua tau ua ntej rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev kawm xws li cov noob caj noob ces. Mus txog rau xyoo pua 20th, kev hla kev tsuas yog tib txoj kev paub thiab siv tau txoj kev tshawb nrhiav. Nws yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov noob caj noob ces uas tau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb kawm biology niaj hnub.

Molecular Genetics

Qhov no yog ib ntu uas kawm txog tag nrho cov kev cai uas muaj subordinated rau txheej txheem ntawm molecular qib. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm txhua tus kab mob nyob hauv ntiaj teb yog lawv cov caj ces, uas yog, lawv muaj peev xwm los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam los tiv thaiv cov qauv ntawm lawv lub cev, thiab cov qauv ntawm kev sib pauv thiab cov lus teb rau cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam huab cua. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nyob ntawm theem molecular, cov khoom tshwj xeeb sau tseg thiab khaws tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tau txais, thiab muab xa mus rau lwm tiam thaum lub sijhawm fertilization. Cov kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm cov tshuaj no thiab lawv txoj kev kawm tom qab los ua tau vim yog txoj kev kawm ntawm tus qauv ntawm cov xovtooj ntawm cov tshuaj. Yog li ntawd tau tshawb nucleic acids - lub hauv paus ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj.

Lub discovery ntawm "cov khoom muaj nqis molecules"

Niaj hnub genetics paub suab txhua yam txog nucleic acids, tab sis, tau kawg, nws tsis yog li ntawd. Thawj qhov kev xav tias tshuaj muaj peev xwm ua neej nyob nrog lub caj pas, tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej xyoo pua 19th. Kev kawm txog qhov teeb meem ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau koom nrog biochemist F. Misher thiab cov kwv tij ntawm Gertwigi. Xyoo 1928, tus kws tshawb fawb hauv teb chaws NK Koltsov, nws tus kheej los ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav, pom tias tag nrho cov khoom ntawm cov tsiaj muaj sia nyob yog encoded thiab nyob rau hauv loj heev "cov khoom phais plhuav mog." Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws tau hais tias cov molecules muaj kev txiav txim siab, uas, qhov tseeb, yog cov noob. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb. Koltsov tau txiav txim siab tias cov "cov keeb kwm ntawm cov keeb kwm" tau ntim rau hauv cov hlwb hauv cov khoom tshwj xeeb hu ua chromosomes. Tom qab ntawd, qhov kev ntseeg no tau pom zoo thiab muab lub zog rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv xyoo 20 th.

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv xyoo 20th

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm noob caj noob ces thiab kev tshawb fawb ntxiv coj mus rau ib qho xov xwm ntawm kev sib txig sib luag. Nws tau pom tias txhua tus chromosome nyob rau hauv lub cell muaj tsuas yog ib qho loj DNA DNA molecule, muaj ob hom. Nws cov ntu ntau heev yog cov noob. Lawv lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog tias lawv tau encode cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov qauv ntawm cov protein-enzymes. Tab sis qhov kev paub ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm tej yam cim qhia nrog qhov kev koom tes ntawm lwm hom nucleic acid - RNA. Nws yog coj los ua ke ntawm DNA thiab tshem tawm cov ntawv luam ntawm cov noob. Nws kuj hloov cov ntaub ntawv rau cov ribosomes, qhov twg cov synthesis ntawm cov proteins enzyme tshwm. DNA qauv twb pom nyob rau hauv 1953, thiab RNA - nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1961 mus 1964.

Txij ntawm lub sijhawm, molecular genetics pib tsim nyob rau hauv leaps thiab ciam teb. Cov discoveries ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb, raws li ib tug ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov xa mus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm keeb kwm tau qhia. Txoj kev no yog ua tiav ntawm qib molecular hauv hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg hauv cov keeb kwm tau txais. Thaum lub sij hawm, nws tau pom raws li DNA Individuals mechanisms tshwm sim ua ntej cell division (replication), cov ntaub ntawv kev nyeem ntawv dab molecule ntawm RNA (transcription), lub synthesis ntawm cov protein enzymes (tshaj tawm hauv xov). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev hloov ntawm caj npab pom tau thiab lawv lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau sab hauv thiab sab nrauv ntawm lub hlwb tau hais meej.

Decoding cov qauv ntawm DNA

Txoj kev ntawm cov noob caj noob ces khov kho. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev ua tau yog qhov cim suab ntawm chromosomal DNA. Nws muab tawm tias tsuas muaj ob hom ntawm cov saw hlau. Lawv txawv ntawm ib leeg nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm nucleotides. Nyob rau hauv thawj hom, txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv yog peculiar, uas yog, nws yog tshwj xeeb. Qhov thib ob muaj ntau tus naj npawb ntawm cov xwm txheej rov qab. Lawv raug hu ua repetitions. Hauv xyoo 1973, nws tau tsim muaj qhov chaw zoo nkauj ib txwm tu ncua los ntawm qee cov noob. Lub tshooj ib txwm xaus nrog ib qho rov qab. Qhov kev sib txawv no qhia txog cov proteins uas muaj enzymatic, nws yog rau lawv "taw qhia" RNA thaum nyeem cov lus qhia los ntawm DNA.

Thawj discoveries hauv genetic engineering

Tawm tshiab txoj kev ntawm noob caj noob ces coj mus ntxiv discoveries. Ib qho cuab yeej ntawm txhua yam muaj sia tau tshwm sim. Nws yog hais txog kev muaj peev xwm kho qhov chaw puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv DNA saw. Lawv tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm ntau yam tsis zoo. Lub peev xwm kho nws tus kheej yog hu ua "txoj kev kho caj ces". Tam sim no, muaj ntau cov kws tshawb fawb muaj kev paub zoo txog qhov "chob" qee cov noob tawm ntawm lub cell. Qhov no muab tau dab tsi? Ua ntej tshaj plaws, kev muaj peev xwm los mus tshem tawm cov kev mob tsis tseem ceeb. Genetic engineering deals nrog tej teeb meem no.

Cov txheej txheem replication

Molecular genetics tshawb cov txheej txheem ntawm kis ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm thaum lub sij hawm reproduction. Lub preservation ntawm lub invariability ntawm cov ntaub ntawv encoded nyob rau hauv lub noob yog ensured los ntawm nws yog tseeb reproduction thaum cell division. Tag nrho lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj haujlwm no yog kawm tiav txhua yam. Nws muab tawm tias tsuas yog ua ntej faib tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cell, replication yuav siv qhov chaw. Qhov no yog txheej txheem ntawm DNA doubling. Nws yog nrog los ntawm ib tug tiag tiag kiag li ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm tus thawj molecules raws li txoj cai complementarity. Nws paub tias muaj plaub hom nucleotides nyob hauv txoj kab ntawm DNA. Cov no yog guanine, adenine, cytosine thiab thymine. Raws li txoj cai complementarity, nrhiav tau los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb F. Krick thiab D. Watson hauv 1953, nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov coj ntawm cov DNA cov adenine sib thooj, thiab rau cytidyl nucleotide - guanyl. Thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem replication, txhua cov DNA saw yog replicated yog ntawm qhov hloov cov nucleotide.

Cov noob caj noob ces yog ib tus menyuam yaus. Tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sib hloov tau kawm tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 50s ntawm xyoo pua 20th. Tib lub sijhawm, DNA DNA enzyme tau kuaj pom. Hauv xyoo 1970, tom qab ntau xyoo dhau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb, nws tau tsim kom muaj qhov kev sib tshuam yog kev ua haujlwm ntau. Hauv synthesis ntawm DNA molecules, ntau hom DNA polymerases mus ncaj qha koom.

Cov noob caj noob ces thiab kev noj qab haus huv

Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv muaj feem xyuam rau cov playback point ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem ntawm DNA replication, yog lug siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub mob xyaum. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tau zoo yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kabmob noj qab nyob zoo thiab thaum muaj kev hloov ntawm cov kev hloov hauv lawv. Piv txwv li, nws yog muaj pov thawj los ntawm thwmsim thiab paub tseeb hais tias hais tias cov kev kho ntawm tej yam kab mob yuav ua tau tiav los ntawm cawv los ntawm sab nraum nyob rau kev ntawm replication kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic khoom thiab faib Somatic hlwb. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog hais tias pathology ntawm hauj lwm ntawm lub cev yog txuam nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm metabolism. Piv txwv li, kab mob xws li rickets thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm phosphorus metabolism yog ncaj qha los ntawm txoj kev tsim txom ntawm DNA rov los. Koj tuaj yeem hloov lub xeev no li cas? Cov tshuaj uas ua rau cov neeg raug tsim txom tau raug coj los ua ke thiab sim ua ke. Lawv qhib cov kabke DNA. Qhov no muaj feem rau cov normalization thiab rov qab ntawm cov kab mob pathological uas muaj tus kab mob. Tab sis caj ces kev tshawb fawb tsis sawv ntsug tseem. Txhua xyoo, tau txais ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntxiv, pab kom tsis txhob kho tau zoo, tab sis kom tiv thaiv tau tus kab mob tau.

Cov noob caj noob ces thiab tshuaj

Cov noob caj noob ces (molecular genetics) muaj kev txhawj xeeb nrog ntau yam teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv. Lub biology ntawm qee cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob qoob loo yog xws li tias lawv cov kev ua hauv tib neeg lub cev qee zaum ua rau muaj kev tsis haum ntawm cov DNA ntau dua. Nws tau kuj tau tsim muaj qhov ua rau qee cov kab mob tsis yog kev tsim txom ntawm txoj kev no, tab sis nws cov haujlwm ntau dhau. Ua ntej tshaj, cov no yog cov kab mob kis thiab kab mob. Lawv tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias pathogenic microbes pib sai sai nyob rau hauv cov hlwb thiab cov nqaij. Kuj ntawm no pathology yog oncological kab mob.

Tam sim no, muaj ntau cov tshuaj uas tuaj yeem ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm DNA rov qab rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm tes. Feem ntau lawv tau coj los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txog Soviet. Cov tshuaj no yog siv los kho mob. Cov no suav nrog, piv txwv li, ib pawg tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ntsig txog tuberculosis. Muaj tshuaj tua kab mob uas cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txuas thiab sib faib ntawm cov kab mob qoob loo thiab microbial. Lawv pab lub cev kom sai li sai tau nrog cov neeg txawv teb chaws cov neeg ua haujlwm, tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev sib hloov. Xws li cov tshuaj muab kev kho mob zoo tshaj plaws hauv cov kab mob loj heev. Ib tug tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws ntawm daim ntawv thov cov cuab yeej no pom nyob rau hauv kev kho mob ntawm cov hlav thiab qog. Qhov no yog thawj feem kev coj uas lub koom haum ntawm noob caj noob ces ntawm Russia tau xaiv. Txhua xyoo, muaj cov tshuaj tshiab tuaj yeem ua rau lub plawv tsis muaj zog. Qhov no muab kev cia siab rau kaum tawm txhiab tus neeg mob thoob qab ntuj.

Cov ntawv sau ua lus thiab kev txhais lus

Tom qab cov kev sim kuaj sim ntawm cov noob caj noob ces tau ua thiab cov ntsiab lus hais txog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm DNA thiab noob ua matrices rau synthesis ntawm cov proteins uas tau txais, rau qee lub sij hawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntawm lub tswv yim tias cov amino acids sib sau ua ke rau hauv ntau cov molecules tam sim ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub nucleus. Tab sis tom qab tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tshiab nws paub tseeb tias qhov no tsis yog li ntawd. Amino acids tsis ua rau cov noob caj noob ces hauv DNA. Nws tau pom tias cov txheej txheem no nyuab hauv ntau theem. Ua ntej, cov lus tseeb - cov ntaub ntawv RNAs - raug tshem tawm ntawm cov noob. Cov molecules no tawm los ntawm lub keeb ntawm lub cell thiab txav mus rau tshwj xeeb cov qauv - ribosomes. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov organelles tias cov dhos ntawm cov amino acids thiab cov synthesis ntawm cov nqaijrog tshwm sim. Tus txheej txheem ntawm tau txais cov ntawv luam ntawm DNA tau raug hu ua "kab lus." Ib qho kev sibtham ntawm cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv kev tswj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv RNA - "txhais lus". Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov txheej txheem no thiab cov qauv ntawm lawv cov kev xav yog cov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv cov noob caj noob ces ntawm cov qauv kev tu vajtse.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv sau thiab txhais cov txhais lus hauv cov tshuaj

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, nws tau rais los ua kom pom tseeb tias txhua theem ntawm kev sau thiab txhais lus yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev kho mob niaj hnub. Lub koom haum ntawm noob caj noob ces ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences tau ntev paub tseeb hais tias nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm yuav luag txhua tus kab mob, muab siab heev synthesis ntawm cov tshuaj lom thiab tsuas yog teeb meem proteins yog pom rau tib neeg lub cev. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem siv qhov chaw tswj ntawm cov noob uas tsis vam meej hauv lub xeev. Xws li qhov no yog qhov ua tiav kev sibtham, rau cov kab mob pathogenic thiab kab mob nkag mus rau hauv hlwb thiab cov nqaij ntawm ib tug neeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tsim ntawm cov proteins uas muaj teeb meem muaj peev xwm tsim kho nquag ua oncological neoplasms. Tias yog vim li cas ib txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm tag nrho cov theem ntawm kev sau thiab txhais lus yog qhov tseem ceeb heev tam sim no. Yog li koj tuaj yeem txhim kho txoj hauv kev los tiv thaiv tsis zoo rau cov kab mob txaus ntshai, tab sis kuj muaj mob cancer.

Niaj hnub nim no genetics yog ib qho kev tshawb nruam txuas ntxiv rau cov tswv yim ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov tshuaj rau lawv txoj kev kho mob. Nws yog tam sim no ua tau rau inhibit txhais lus nyob rau hauv lub plab los sis lub cev raws li ib tug tag nrho, li suppressing o. Nyob rau hauv tus, nws yog ntawm no thiab qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob siab tshaj plaws, piv txwv li, tetracycline lossis streptomycin series, yog tsim. Tag nrho cov tshuaj no xyuam xim rau hauv cov txheej txheem txhais lus hauv hlwb.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog cov txheej txheem ntawm caj ces recombination

Ntawm qhov tseem ceeb rau tshuaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm txog cov txheej txheem ntawm caj ces roj ntsha, uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau kev hloov thiab pauv ntawm thaj chaw chromosome thiab cov tib neeg. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kab mob kev kis kab mob. Cov noob caj noob roj hauv qab tus cwj pwm mus rau hauv tib neeg lub hlwb thiab cov kev taw qhia rau hauv DNA ntawm tus nawj, feem ntau kis, khoom. Vim li ntawd, lub synthesis ntawm proteins nyob rau ribosomes tsis yog "ib txwm" rau lub cev, tab sis pathogenic rau lub cev. Txoj ntsiab cai no yog kev luam tawm hauv hlwb ntawm tag nrho cov zos ntawm cov kab mob. Txoj kev Tib neeg noob caj noob ces teem rau tsim txhais tau tias kom tshwj kom txhob kis kab mob thiab tiv thaiv kom txhob lub rooj sib txoos ntawm pathogenic cov kab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev txuam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov caj ces roj ntsha tuaj yeem ua kom nkag siab lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm cov tsiaj txhu, uas coj mus rau cov tsos ntawm kev hloov cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov noob caj noob ces molecular biology thiab tshuaj

Rau xyoo dhau los, discoveries thawj hauv cov classical, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv cov noob caj noob ces (molecular genetics) tau muaj qhov loj loj, thiab txiav txim siab tseem ceeb rau kev ua tiav ntawm txhua yam kev tshawb fawb txog tib neeg. Qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntseeg tau yooj yim dua. Kev vammeej ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav kev tshawb nrhiav tau ua kom nws nkag siab txog lub sijhawm ib zaug uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev ncaus ntawm cov caj ces thiab qhov kev tsim ntawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus txiv neej. Nws tseem yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws li cas qhov kev tshawb fawb los ntawm kev ua twj ywm los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob. Nws tau los ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev kho mob niaj hnub. Txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov qauv molecular-genetic los ua lub hauv paus rau kev nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv lub cev ntawm tus neeg mob thiab tus neeg noj qab nyob zoo. Nws yog cov noob caj noob ces uas tau muab lub zog rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov kev kawm li virology, microbiology, endocrinology, pharmacology thiab immunology.