Txhim kho Gentoo Linux - kauj ruam yog kauj ruam qhia

Lub Linux operating system yog paub tag nrho cov thoob lub ntiaj teb no. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, inexperienced neeg siv yuav siv qhov Ubuntu distro, t. Yuav kom. Nws yog tej yam yooj yim thiab nws yog dawb. Txawm li cas los, txawm hais tias lwm distributions yog tseem dawb, lawv muaj tsawg nrov. Heev nyuab yuav tsum tau hu ua Gentoo installation. Tab sis, nrog rau peb cov lus qhia tej zaum yuav kawm tau ntawv zoo.

Yuav ua li cas yog Gentoo Linux?

Qhov no tis, uas yog lub npe hu rau nws sab tuition, complexity, customizability. Tab sis nws yog tsim nyog sau cia hais tias nws tsis yog rau txhua leej txhua tus, thiab qhov yuav tsum tau los mus koom nrog rau lub hlwb, vim hais tias tsis muaj tshwj xeeb kev paub no tsis tau siv rau tag nrho cov functionality ntawm cov OS. Feem ntau muaj rau xa mus rau tag nrho cov xaiv ntawm cov lus qhia, tab sis qhov no yog tom qab. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb yuav tau nco ntsoov hais tias tus installation ntawm tej pob khoom nyob rau hauv Gentoo yog ua los ntawm qhov chaw nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb lub cuab tam PORTAGE. Nws yog nyuaj, tab sis tus neeg siv yuav xaiv uas tej pob khoom los nruab thiab muaj nuj nqi.

Nyob rau hauv lub ntim ntawm lub rooj sib txoos, installation yuav coj ib tug heev luv luv lub sij hawm (ib tug ob peb feeb), thiab muaj peev xwm kav rau hnub.

Zoo thiab tsis zoo

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias Gentoo Linux yog tus ceev tshaj tis. Tab sis yeej ib txwm thiab qhov txhia chaw, muaj tej yam tsis zoo. "Gent" (los yog "Gentoo") siv rau distributions Tau qhov twg los-raws li Linux, yog vim li cas loj hlob ceev. Tiam sis feem ntau lub sij hawm uas raug cawm mus siv rau long-term installation (nyeem: muab tso ua ke) tej pob khoom. Ib tug ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov "Gentoo" - yog cov optimization rau cov kev kho vajtse. Qhov no yog tiav los ntawm SIV-chij (yuav tsum tau ntaub ntawv hauv qab no) optimization thiab lub tsev software los ntawm qhov twg los, kev twb kev txuas / disconnection ntawm txawv modules.

Ib tug tseem ceeb kom zoo dua yog muaj peev xwm mus ua distributions tawm ntawm nws txhua yam uas koj nyiam. может стать обычным сервером или рабочей станцией. Tsaug rau Portage, Gen dhau lawm yuav ua ib tug dog dig neeg rau zaub mov los yog workstation. Qhov thib ob kom zoo dua - yooj. Qhov no tis yog multi-platform thiab ua hauj lwm nrog rau tej CPU architectures. Lub system twb tau ntse ported nyob rau nram qab no architectures:

1. X 86.
2. X 64.
3. NPAB.
4. PowerPc970.
5. PowerPC.
6. Dec Alpha.
7. IBM / 390.
8. 68K.
9. Sparc.
10. PA-RISC.
11. MIPS.
12. SuperH.
13. PowerPC G5.

Gentoo kuj tiv thaiv los ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm vulnerabilities. Muab kho dua rau lub pob yog heev ceev, raws li zoo raws li kev xaws vulnerabilities qhov. Muaj ntau qhov chaw uas muaj ib qho kev los ua ke ntawm cov kev pab cuam thiab official binary ua.

Raws li peb hais tsis muaj Gentoo installation txheej txheem. Beginners uas tsis muaj kev ua ntej kev nrog rau qhov no tis, nws yuav tsis yooj yim. Tab sis ua tsaug rau cov kev qhia ntawv yuav kawm tau ntawv zoo.

Yuav ua li cas rau nruab Gentoo? qhia

Yuav pib, koj yuav tsum tau ntsia Ubuntu tis. Koj yuav xav tau hauv paus saib, yog li kom paub tseeb tias lawv yog. Tsis tas li ntawd xav tau ib tug internet kev twb kev txuas.

Tus heev thawj kauj ruam - qhov chaw kawm nyob rau hauv lub Gentoo chroot. Koj yuav tau ua qhov no nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev:

1. Thaum qhov hais kom ua sai li sai tau mus sau npe: sudo apt-mus nruab dchroot debootstrap.
2. Nrog Synaptic thiab nruab debootstrap dchroot tej pob khoom. Qhov no yog los xyuas kom meej tias cov Linux operating system xav nws "lub tsev" directory yog txawv los ntawm lub niaj zaus.

Tam sim no peb yuav tsum tau repartition lub disk, los yog tsim tshiab sawv daws yuav, yog hais tias muaj chaw seem. Tab sis mus ua hauj lwm nrog khej yuav tsum ua tib zoo, vim hais tias muaj yog ib tug uas muaj feem yuav poob tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau ntau forums sau hais tias nws yog preferable kom muaj ib tug ntau ntawm txawv ntsiab lus. Thaum tus heev tsawg yuav tsum tau ib tug thawj muab faib (/), raws li zoo raws li lub / boot muab faib, thiab / var. Txawm hais tias muaj yog / sib puav (siv rau paging) thiab cov tsev / tsev.

Tom qab koj tsim ib tug tshiab muab faib formatting lawv. Yuav kom muab faib / boot, / tsev, lub ntsiab (/), / var yuav tsum tau siv lub ext3 los yog reiser2.

Tam sim no tsim ib tug ntawv tais ceev tseg / mnt / gentoo. Rau txhua seem yuav tsum tau nws tus kheej nplaub tshev tsim los ntawm peb.

Mount lub tshiab partitions no. Ua li no, muab tso rau no nyob rau hauv qhov hais kom ua kab:

1. sudo mount / dev / sda5 / mnt / gentoo.
2. sudo mount / dev / sda6 / mnt / gentoo / tsev.

Forums sda5 thiab sda6 yuav muaj lub hauv paus thiab lub tsev Wage.

Nco ntsoov mus saib tias cov hnub yog teem kom raug. Yog hais tias tsis yog, siv commands thiab syntax koj yuav tau teem lub tseeb hnub: hnub MMDDhhmmYYYY.

Tam sim no qhib koj lub browser thiab mus rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv mus download tau. Muaj tab tom nrhiav rau ib tug zoo daim iav rau koj qhov chaw nyob.

Los ntawm cov directory tawm / ia64 / 2008,0 / theem thauj cov ib-archive stage3. Tam sim no tsiv mus nyob rau archive mus rau ib tug nplaub tshev Gentoo. Peb ua nws nrog qhov hais kom ua: mv stage3 * .bz2 * / mnt / gentoo.

Hloov mus rau lub directory (cd / mnt / gentoo) thiab khij lub archive nrog lub md5. Sau ntawv nyob rau hauv qhov hais kom ua kab: md5sum C stage3 * .md5. Yog li ntawd koj yuav tau xyuas seb cov ntaub ntawv yog tsis puas, thiab seb nws yog lawv xav tshuaj. Yog hais tias koj tsis tau txais OK teb, koj yuav tau mus download tau nws dua.

Mus rau tom ntej no Gentoo installation thiab configuration kauj ruam. Koj yuav tsum extract cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub archive. Siv qhov hais kom ua: sudo ib xvjpf stage3 * .bz2 thiab tos kom tiav.

configuring Gentoo

Tam sim no peb muaj nyob rau hauv Gentoo nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab kev pab cuam. Yog tsis muaj tsis peb yuav tsum tau Portage - tshwj xeeb pob tswj lub cuab tam. Ua tsaug rau nws, peb tau txais kev tswj ntawm lub ntsia cov kev pab cuam. Ua li no, rov qab mus rau lub download site. Nyob rau hauv lub snapshots tab tom nrhiav rau lub feem ntau tsis ntev los no ntxiv Portage. Daus nws thiab tsiv mus nyob rau lub nplaub tshev / mnt / gentoo. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj cias muab hais kom ua: ib xvjf /mnt/gentoo/portage-.tar.bz2 C / mnt / gentoo / usr.

Yuav ua li cas yog Portage?

Ob peb lo lus yuav tsum tau hais txog qhov cuab tam. Portage - ib tug system uas koj yuav siv los tswj tej pob khoom nyob rau hauv lub tis. Nws yog tsim los mus piv rau tus txheej txheem rau kev txhim kho cov software thiab qhov chaws. Nws yuav siv tau los tshem tawm packets, hloov lawv mus synchronize los ntawm rsync raws tu qauv. Thaum Portage daus cov ntaub ntawv, cov system sau cov kev pab cuam siv lub downloaded qhov code thiab optimizes nws.

Rau ntawm no theem, peb teem lub compile chij. Qhib make.conf, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub directory / gentoo / thiab lwm yam Peb siv ib lub tiaj ntawv nyeem editor. Cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog make.conf.example coj nrog nce mus nce los ua. Paub koj tus kheej nrog nws. Siv cov tsiaj ntawv thiab cov configuration ntaub ntawv rau lub installation.

Peb yuav tsum nco ntsoov hais tias cov chaw tau kis los ntawm cov Ubuntu faib unchanged. Qhov loj tshaj plaws - nws yog dns-configuration (sudo cp -u /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/gentoo/etc/resolv.conf) thiab lub system proc (sudo mount -t proc tsis muaj leej twg / mnt / gentoo / proc).

Yog hais tias lub chaw tag nrho cov cai, mus rau lub chroot. Kom nws, koj yuav tsum:

1. Hloov lub hauv paus directory. Thaum qhov hais kom ua sai li sai tau sau: sudo chroot / mnt / gentoo / bin / bash
2. Hloov cov ib puag ncig thiab ua kom nws ntshiab rau lub davhlau ya nyob twg, qhov twg nws nyob. Thaum qhov hais kom ua sai li sai tau: / usr / sbin / env-hloov tshiab.
3. Muab nws nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb: qhov chaw / etc / profile.

Los ntawm lub sij hawm no koj yog nyob rau hauv lub Gentoo system.

Compiling cov ntsiav

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj theem - lub muab tso ua ke ntawm lub noob pob kws - ib feem ntawm lub cev, uas txiav txim thaum twg thiab yuav ua li cas muab cov kev pab cuam saib. Tsis muaj tus tseem, tsis muaj kev khiav hauj lwm qhov system tsis ua hauj lwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, nruab ib lub pob nrog cov rsync-neeg rau zaub mov. Peb nkag mus rau qhov no hais kom ua: mam --sync. Rau clarity, xav hais tias yuav tsum ntsia ntsiav version 2.6. Rau ntawm no theem nws yog tsim nyog los tshaj tawm SIV chij uas muab cov kev compiler to taub dab tsi xaiv thiab nta thov. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom meej qhov tseeb chij, txwv tsis pub cov tej zaum yuav tsis tau tag nrho ntseg.

Txhua ntxiv ib tug chij - lo lus no. Tshem kev xaiv qhia nrog ib tug "-" ua ntej lo lus. Piv txwv li, rau cov installation thiab muab tso ua ke ntawm cov kev pab cuam thiab cov kev xaiv los pab txhawb Ogg peb cia li xav tau ntxiv Ogg. Yog hais tias peb tsis xav tau, ces sau -ogg.

Yuav kom to taub li cas SIV-chij xaiv los ntawm, nco ntsoov mus nrhiav Gentoo ntaub ntawv.

Tom qab koj xaiv tus chij nyob rau hauv make.conf qhib / etc / directory thiab nkag mus rau nws.

Teem lub sij hawm Zone

Cov kauj ruam tom ntej - qhov chaw kawm lub sij hawm zoo ua noj. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov nyob rau hauv lub directory / usr / share / zoneinfo. Peb tig no, nkag mus rau lub ls hais kom ua thiab saib daim ntawv teev cov muaj. Qhov yuav tsum tau lub sij hawm tsam no theej rau / etc / localtime. Siv qhov hais kom ua: # cp / usr / share / zoneinfo / GMT / etc / localtime.

download tau thiab compile lub ntsiav yuav nqa tawm tom qab lub sij hawm tsam chaw. Sau qhov hais kom ua: # mam gentoo-qhov chaw. Tam sim no lub feem ntau nyuaj kauj ruam - configuring lub ntsiav kom nws muaj kev pab los ntawm ib lub pob peb xav tau. Yog hais tias lub noob pob kws yog ntsia thwj, cov kev kawm muaj nuj nqi tej zaum yuav tsis txaus ntseeg.

khiav:

• cd / usr / src / linux;
• ua menuconfig.

Yog li ntawd peb tau txais mus rau hauv lub noob pob kws configuration. Xaiv tag nrho cov kev kawm rau thauj cov system tsav tsheb. Koj yuav tsum xyuas tias lawv muaj tag nrho cov ua tau rau hauv lub noob pob kws, txwv tsis pub lub kaw lus yuav tsis khau raj banal. Tsis txhob hnov qab mus muaj xws li them nyiaj yug rau koj filesystem. Xaiv tau tag nrho cov tsim nyog network tsav tsheb xws li wireless thiab LAN, raws li zoo raws li lub processor hom thiab tsev neeg.

Tam sim no, yuav pib compiling sau: ua && ua modules_install. Cov txheej txheem yuav siv ib co sij hawm. Ces nkag mus rau: ua -j2 && ua modules_install. ntsiav duab no theej rau lub nplaub tshev / khau raj.

Xeem - chaw cov tub ntxhais modules. Yuav kom nrhiav tau tag nrho cov muaj modules, khiav rau nram qab hais kom ua: nrhiav / lib / modules / (ntsiav version) / YAM f -iname '* .o' -or -iname '* .ko'. Ntxiv daim ntawv kom /etc/modules.autoload.d/kernel-2.6 cov folders downloaded txiav. Rau ntawm no theem lub Gentoo installation tag. Koj muaj peev xwm pib siv cov OS.

Installation KDE Gentoo tswv yim

Thaum lub sij hawm lub installation, yuav muaj teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv lwm txoj kev, tsuas muaj peev xwm tsis tau. Nco ntsoov xa mus rau lub Gentoo lub rooj sab laj daws lawv tej teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, raws li cov lus qhia no.

kev tsis sib haum feem ntau tshwm sim hais txog yuav ua li cas rau nruab Gentoo rau UEFI. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tias cov EFI muab faib tau tsim. Nws yuav tsum yog ib ROG ntaub ntawv system. Lub UEFI specification sau cia hais tias UEFI-firmware ua hauj lwm nrog FAT12, 16 thiab 32, tab sis nws yog pom zoo kom siv FAT32 ntaub ntawv system.

Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub ib-archive yuav ua tau tsis tuaj kawm ntawv thiab portage neeg siv pab pawg neeg. Thaum uas siv cov schroot rau tus tswv tsev system koj yuav tsum tsim lawv manually. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub directory / gentoo / thiab lwm yam thiab koj lo lus zais yuav overwritten (koj muaj peev xwm hloov lawv ncaj qha).