Tus thawj thawj nyob rau hauv Russia. Tus thawj thawj nyob rau hauv Russia: lub rooj

Tsim kom muaj lub teb chaws, tom qab ntawd hu ua tus Rus, Rusich, Lavxias teb sab, Russians, kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov lusteb haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, yog hais tias tsis muaj zog, pib nrog cov koom ua ke ntawm lub Slavs tswm rau sab hnub tuaj nyob sab Europe Tiaj. Qhov twg lawv tuaj rau hauv thaj av no, thaum - yog tsis paub. Keeb kwm keeb kwm tsis muaj pov thawj ntawm Ruses thaum ntxov centuries AD yog tsis muab khaws cia tseg. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov IX xyoo pua - lub sij hawm thaum tus thawj thawj nyob rau hauv Russia - nws yog ua tau rau ib txoj lw nyob rau hauv kom meej cov txheej txheem ntawm lub teb chaws lub tsev.

"Tuaj thiab muaj hwj chim kav peb ..."

Raws li tus poj waterway ntawd heev heev dej thiab pas dej txuas mus rau txhua lwm yam tag nrho cov sab hnub tuaj nyob sab Europe Tiaj, nyob pab pawg neeg ntawm ancient Ilmen Slovenes, glades, Drevlyane, Krivichy, Polotsk, Dregovichi, northerners, Radimichi Vyatichi, tau txais ib tug tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv ntau rau tag nrho cov npe - Slavs. Ob tug loj lub zos ua los ntawm peb cov ancient pog koob yawg koob - lub Dnieper thiab Novgorod - mus tsim kom muaj ib lub xeev nyob rau hauv lub pawg neeg thaj av twb muaj, tab sis lub rulers tsis muaj. Lub yob-hu ua tim khawv governors pab pawg neeg nyob thaum nyob rau hauv lub annals ntawm cov thawj rulers nyob rau hauv Russia tau sau. Rooj nrog lawv cov npe muaj xwb ib ob peb kab, tab sis nws yog lub ntsiab kab nyob rau hauv peb keeb kwm.

hu txoj kev mus rau lub Slavs Vikings tswj yog lub npe hu rau peb los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Cov pog koob yawg koob ntawm cov pab pawg neeg, nkees ntawm lub qhov skirmishes thiab sib ntaus sib tua txhua lwm yam, xaiv xa xov mus rau cov thawj ntawm Rus 'pawg neeg uas nyob rau lub hiav txwv Baltic, thiab kom mus qhia rau cov neeg hais tias "... Txhua yam peb daim av yog zoo thiab nplua nuj, tab sis yog tsis muaj kev hnav ris tsho (piv txwv li. E . yog tsis muaj kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev txiav txim). Tuaj thiab muaj hwj chim kav peb. " Peb teb rau cov hu rau ntawm Rurik cov kwv tij sineus thiab truvor. Peb tsis tau tuaj nyob ib leeg, tab sis, nrog nws pab tub rog, thiab nyob Novgorod, Izborsk thiab Byelozero. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 862. Thiab cov neeg, uas lawv pib kav rau, pib hu Russ - nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov Varangian princes.

Refuting thawj zaug uas nrhiav tau ntawm historians

Muaj lwm, tsawg nrov hypothesis txog lub sij hawm tuaj txog zabaltiyskih princes nyob rau hauv peb thaj av. Raws li cov hauj lwm version, muaj peb cov kwv tij, tab sis nws yuav hais tias cov laus tomes tau nyeem (txhais) tsis ncaj ncees lawm, thiab los txog hauv lub Slavic pawg neeg thaj av tsuas yog ib tus pas ntsuas - Rurik. Tus thawj thawj ntawm ancient Russia tuaj nrog nws loyal warriors (warriors) - "Tru-tub sab" nyob rau hauv Laus Norse, thiab nws tsev neeg (los ntawm, lub tsev) - "blue-Hus". Li no tus suggestion hais tias muaj peb cov kwv tij. Rau ib txhia yog vim li cas, historians pom tias ob xyoos tom qab mus rau Slovenia, ob qho tib si li -called tij laug Rurik tuag (nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lo lus "muab-ib tug tub sab" thiab "blue-Hus" yog tsis hais nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm). Ib tug yuav pabneeg ob peb lwm yam rau lawv disappearance. Piv txwv li, hais tias los ntawm lub sij hawm cov tub rog, uas tau sau cov thawj thawj nyob rau hauv Russia, nws twb tsis hu ua "ua hauj lwm-tub sab" thiab "tub cheev xwm", thiab tuaj rau nws srodstvenniki - tsis "blue-Hus" thiab "zoo".

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, niaj hnub kws tshawb fawb ntawm antiquity yog nce inclined mus ntseeg hais tias peb Rurik - yog tsis muaj lwm yam tshaj li tus naas ej nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Danish konung Rorik Frislandsky, nto moo rau nws zoo heev raids nyob tsawg tsis muaj zog cov neeg nyob ze. Tej zaum hais tias yog vim li cas nws twb hu mus rau lub rooj tsavxwm, uas yog muaj zog, siab tawv thiab txawj mob.

Russ thaum Rurik

Qhov tus tsim ntawm lub xeev system nyob rau hauv Russia, tus tsim ntawm lub princely dynasty, uas tom qab ua muaj koob muaj npe, txoj cai los ntawm cov neeg muab rau lawv rau 17 xyoo. Nws ua ke nyob rau hauv ib zog Ilmen Slovenes, psovskih thiab Smolensk Krivichy tag nrho thiab Chud, northerners thiab Drevlyane, Meria thiab Radimichi. Daim av thov governors ntawm nws henchmen. Los ntawm kawg ntawm tus reign ntawm Rurik Ancient Rus nyob ib qho kim heev ncig.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub tus tsim ntawm tus tshiab princely tsev neeg, keeb kwm thiab muaj ob tug ntawm nws kinsman - Askold thiab dir, teem los ntawm hu rau ntawm tus tub huabtais nws lub hwj chim tshaj Kiev, yog tseem tsis tau muaj nyob rau hauv lub tshiab tsim lub xeev ntawm overriding tseem ceeb. Tus thawj thawj nyob rau hauv Russia Novgorod xaiv raws li nws qhov chaw nyob, nyob qhov twg nws tuag nyob rau hauv 879, tawm hauv lub nqi zog tub hluas Igor. Txais cuab tam ntawm Rurik kav nws tus kheej ua tsis tau. Rau ntau xyoo lub undivided hwj chim dhau rau Oleg - companions thiab ib tug nyob deb txheeb ze ntawm tus tuag None.

Tus thawj tiag tiag Lavxias teb sab

Tsaug rau Oleg, nicknamed Prophetic cov neeg, Ancient Russia tau lub hwj chim, uas tej zaum yuav envy thiab Constantinople thiab cov Byzantine Empire - lub muaj zog thaum lub caij ntawm lub xeev. Yuav ua li cas nws ua li ntawd nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm, thawj Lavxias teb sab None nyob rau hauv Russia, Regent rau me Igor khoo thiab enriched. Tom qab sau ib pab tub rog coob, Oleg mus downstream Dnieper thiab yeej Ljubech Smolensk, Kiev. Cov yav tas twb npaum li cas los tshem tawm Askold thiab dir, thiab inhabited cov pawg neeg thaj av drevlyans pom tau hais tias Igor nws kav, thiab Oleg - tsim nyog Regent kom txog rau thaum nws ua neeg laus. Henceforth, cov peev ntawm Russia yog muab rau Kiev.

Legacy Veschego Olega

Muaj ntau pab pawg neeg tuaj koom rau Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm nws reign, Oleg, los ntawm ces tshaj tawm hais tias nws tus kheej cov thawj tiag tiag Lavxias teb sab, tsis outlandish None. Nws phiaj los nqis tes tiv thaiv tsis tau cov Byzantine Empire twb tus tsis yeej thiab yeej rov qab mus rau Rousseau pab dawb nyob rau hauv cov lag luam tawm Constantinople. Booty coj rov qab nrog rau cov tub cheev xwm no phiaj los nqis tes. Tus thawj thawj nyob rau hauv Russia, uas rightly nyob muaj chaw thiab Oleg, verily Radel ntawm lub yeeb koob ntawm lub xeev.

Muaj ntau legends thiab miraculous dab neeg twb tam sim no ntawm cov neeg tom qab rov qab los ntawm cov tub rog los ntawm mus rau Constantinople. Yuav kom tau mus rau lub rooj loog, Oleg kom teem ships rau hauv lub log, thiab thaum twg ib tug ncaj ncees cua puv lawv lub sails, lub tsev hais plaub "mus" thoob plaws lub nras rau Constantinople, nqa ntshai rau cov pej xeem. Txaus ntshai Byzantine huab tais Leo VI surrendered unconditionally, thiab Oleg nyob rau hauv lub stunning yeej kos npe rau ntsia nws ntaub thaiv npog rau ntawm lub rooj vag ntawm Constantinople.

Nyob rau hauv lub annals ntawm 911 xyoo Oleg twb raug xa mus rau raws li cov thawj Grand tub huabtais ntawm tag nrho cov zog ntawm Guj kuj. Nyob rau hauv 912 nws tuag lawm, raws li kev lig kev cai, los ntawm lub tom ntawm ib tug nab. Nws ntau tshaj li 30-xyoo txoj cai twb tsis muaj txhais tau tias ib tug hero.

Ntawm cov kev txawj

Nrog rau txoj kev tuag ntawm Oleg tswj loj heev cov khoom ntawm lub nqi zog coj Igor Ryurikovich, tab sis yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb nws yog tus uas kav lub teb chaws los ntawm lub 879-th. Lawm, nws xav tau ib tug tsim nyog coj ntawm nws kuj zoo kawg predecessors. Nws kuj tiv thaiv (nyob rau hauv nws reign Russia underwent thawj tawm tsam ntawm lub Pechenegs), nws kov yeej ob peb nyob sib ze pab pawg neeg, yuam kom lawv them tribute. Igor tau ua txhua yam raws li cov thawj thawj nyob rau hauv Russia, tab sis lub ntsiab ce nws npau suav - yuav tsum yeej xwb Constantinople, nws tsis yog sai li sai tau khees. Thiab tsis txhua yam mus ntseeg nkaws nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej thawj.

Tom qab ib tug muaj zog rooj tsavxwm ntawm Rurik thiab Oleg, Igor yog npaum li cas weaker thiab nws muaj drevlyans obstinate, tsis kam them tribute. Tus thawj thawj ntawm Kiev twb tau kom cov neeg uas ntxeev siab pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv kev tswj. Igor kuj nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm no ntxeev siab quelled, tab sis Drevlyane pauj overtook tus tub huabtais ib tug ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd.

Intrigue ntawm lub Khazars, ib tug kev ntxeev Drevlyane

Tsis zoo tsim kev sib raug zoo nrog cov yas tub huabtais thiab tus Khazars. Sim mus cuag cov Caspian hiav txwv, Igor xaus ib daim ntawv cog nrog lawv hais tias lawv yuav tsis tub cheev xwm mus rau lub hiav txwv, thiab nws tau rov qab los, muab lawv ib nrab ib tug nplua nuj lawm. Tub huabtais ua nws tej lus cog tseg, tab sis nws yog tsis txaus rau Khazars. Pom hais tias cov preponderance ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm lawv sab nyob rau hauv ib tug tsiv sib ntaus sib tua, lawv tua yuav luag tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog.

Txaj muag yeej tau ua neej nyob dhau Igor thiab tom qab nws thawj ntoj ke mus kawm Constantinople nyob rau hauv 941 - lub Byzantines twb puas lawm yuav luag nws tag nrho cov tub cheev xwm. Peb xyoos tom qab, xav ntxuav tam sim ntawd kev txaj muag, tub huabtais, sib txuas rau hauv ib pab tub rog ntawm Rus, Khazar thiab txawm Pechenegs dua marched nyob rau hauv Constantinople. Kuv pom tawm los ntawm lub Bulgarians, hais tias nws yog ib tug formidable quab yuam, huab tais muaj Igoryu Mir ntawm heev paaj tej yam kev mob rau, thiab tus tub huabtais txais nws. Tab sis ib xyoos tom qab xws li ib tug stunning yeej, Igor raug tua. Tsis tau them homage rau rov hais dua, korestenskie drevlyans puas lawm OTRADA ob peb sau se, cov uas yog tus tub vaj ntxwv nws tus kheej.

Princess, thawj nyob rau hauv txhua yam

Heev.-revenged traitors Igor tus poj niam - Pskovityanka Olga, uas nws tau xaiv raws li nws tus poj niam txawm Prophetic Oleg nyob rau hauv 903. Drevlyans ntawd puas tsis muaj tsis mus Rus, lub cunning, tab sis kuj yog ib tug ruthless zoo Olga - uas mus tsis tau hais tias, peb twb tau mus tua cov thawj princes nyob rau hauv Russia. Mob muaj keeb title ntawm lub xeev kav tom qab kev tuag ntawm Igor, Svyatoslav coj tus tub ntawm tus princely ob peb, tab sis vim hais tias ntawm lub kiag ntawm lub xeem kaum ob xyoos tom qab ntawd rau nws niam coj Rus.

Olga yog ib tug zoo kawg li txawj ntse, ua siab loj thiab muaj peev xwm ntse ntsuav tswj hauv lub xeev. Tom qab lub capture ntawm Korosten - lub ntsiab nroog Drevlyane - Princess mus rau Constantinople thiab coj nws kev cai raus dej. Lub tsev teev ntuj Orthodox yog tseem nyob rau hauv Kiev thiab Igor, tab sis lub Lavxias teb sab neeg pe hawm Perun thiab Veles, thiab tsis ntev muab los ntawm paganism rau cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Tab sis qhov tseeb hais tias Olga, uas tau coj kev cai raus dej lub npe ntawm Elena, leem txoj kev nyob rau hauv Russia thiab cov tshiab txoj kev ntseeg kom txog thaum nws tuag (tuag nyob rau hauv 969 ntxhais fuabtais) yeej tsis tau hloov, tsa nws mus rau lub nyob qib ntseeg.

Warrior txij thaum yug kiag

Lavxias teb sab Aleksandrom Makedonskim hu ua Svyatoslav NM Karamzin, lub originator "ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev." Tsab siab tawv thiab siab tawv differed thawj rulers nyob rau hauv Russia. A rooj uas qhia tau hais tias lub qhuav hnub ntawm lawv reign, yog fraught nrog ntau glorious yeej thiab ua rau cov kev pab ntawm lub Fatherland, uas sawv ntsug rau txhua lub npe nyob rau hauv nws.

Nej cia li los muaj hnub nyoog ntawm peb Grand Duke title (tom qab kev tuag ntawm Igor), lub tsib facto kav Russia Svyatoslav tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 962. Ob xyoos tom qab nws tau freed los ntawm domination ntawm lub Khazars thiab annexed rau Russia Vyatichi, thiab nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no ob xyoos - ib tug xov tooj ntawm Slavic pab pawg neeg nyob raws tus Oka, lub Volga cheeb tsam, lub Caucasus thiab lub Balkans. Lub Khazars yeej, lawv capital Itil tso tseg. Nrog rau North Caucasus Svyatoslav muab lawv cov av rhawv zeb (Ossetians) thiab Kasogs (Circassians) thiab khom lawv nyob rau hauv lub tshiab tsim lub zos thiab Tmutarakan Dawb pej thuam. Raws li cov thawj tub huabtais ntawm tag nrho cov zog ntawm Guj kuj, Svyatoslav to taub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qhov expansion ntawm cov khoom.

Tsim nyog ntawm kuj zoo kawg hwjchim ci ntsa iab pog koob yawg koob

Nyob rau hauv 968, muaj yeej Bulgaria (lub nroog Pereyaslavets thiab Dorostol) Svyatoslav tsis muaj yog vim li cas, pib xav txog lub teb chaws thiab nws cov nrees tsim nyob rau hauv Pereyaslavets - thaj yeeb lub neej nyob rau hauv Kiev nws tsis nyiam, thiab nws niam, ntxhais fuabtais Olga, zoo tswj hwm nyob rau hauv lub capital. Tab sis ib xyoos tom qab nws tuag lawm thiab tus tub huabtais Bulgarians, koom nrog cov Byzantine tus huab tais, tshaj tawm hais tias tsov rog. Mus rau nws, Sviatoslav tshuav nws cov tub nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj ntawm tus poj Lavxias teb sab lub zos Yaropolk - Kiev, Oleg - Korosten, Vladimir - Novgorod.

Nyuaj thiab muaj teeb meem yog cov rog - yeej nrog ua kev vam meej kev zoo siab rau qho on ob sab. Twb confrontation kev sib haum xeeb treaty, raws li uas Bulgaria Svetoslav tshuav (nws txuas rau nws cov khoom ntiag Byzantine huab tais Ioann Tsimiskhy) thiab Byzantium rau lub teb chaws them tribute mus rau lub Lavxias teb sab None ntsia.

Rov qab los ntawm no contradictory nyob rau hauv nws cov phiaj los nqis tes qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Svyatoslav thaum lub sij hawm nres nyob rau hauv Beloberezhe uas nyob rau lub Dnieper. Muaj dhia 972 nyob rau hauv nws tsis muaj zog tub rog rog tau lub Pechenegs. Cov neeg pej xeem Duke raug tua nyob rau hauv sib ntaus sib tua. Ruaj nws koob meej raws li ib tug yug warrior historians piav qhov tseeb hais tias Sviatoslav yog incredibly tawv hikes, yuav pw tsaug zog nyob rau hauv lub ntub av, nws lub taub hau ntsaws rau hauv lub rooj zaum, raws li nws yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev yog unpretentious tsis princely, kom cov zaub mov yog tseem nepriveredliv. Nws cov lus yog "kuv mus rau koj," nws ceeb toom ua ntej lub nres yav tom ntej yeeb ncuab, mus cia nyob rau hauv keeb kwm raws li Oleg ntaub thaiv npog rau ntawm lub rooj vag ntawm Constantinople.