Tus sawv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb

Ntuj sciences yog tsim los pab noob neej paub li peb tus kheej thiab lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm peb thiab, ntawm chav kawm, mus nrhiav tau tawm li cas rau peb ntiaj chaw originated lub neej nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws cov ntaub ntawv thiab ces. Tsis tas yuav mus rau hauv kev cai dab qhuas dogma ntawm cov creation ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm sab ntsuj plig quab yuam - Vajtswv, peb yuav kawm txog cov kev xav ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm nyob qhov teeb meem, uas ua hauj lwm biology. Lub ntsiab theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb yuav pab kom peb qhia qhov teeb meem ntawm nws keeb kwm thiab manifestation nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Sawv cev zaum txog lub evolution ntawm cov tsiaj qus

Yog hais tias peb sib sau ua ke ua ke tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov kab mob, ob qho tib si tshiab thiab tu noob, koj tau ib astronomical tooj - ib tug kuj hom. Nws tsis yog li ntawd zaum, uas nyob rau hauv txawv sij hawm, nrhiav kom paub cov lub ntsiab theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb, ua rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm cov hom uas muaj sia nyob, raws li zoo raws li mus rau tsim ntawm cov niaj hnub cov duab ntawm qhov. Founder ntawm taxonomy Karl Linney nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua raws li nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm no science "nyob ntawm lub nyob," uas sib cav hais tias lub neej yuav tsuas tshwm sim los ntawm pre-uas twb muaj lawm nyob substance. Linnaeus tsis pub txawm tias ib tug hint ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua txawj tiam ntawm cov kab mob no. German biologist Ernst Haeckel thawj pom tias lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug monophyletic - lub keeb kwm ntawm tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob los ntawm ib tug txwv zeej txwv koob. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck kuj defended lub tswv yim ntawm cov unicellular ancestral daim ntawv no, qhov tshwm sim ntawm uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb. Ntsiab lus tag nrho cov saum toj no, nws yuav sib cav hais tias uas twb muaj lawm science nyob rau hypothesis lub keeb kwm ntawm lub neej yog txwv kom muab zais rau hauv ob pawg. Thawj - abiogenic, nws muaj xws li cov tswv yim hais txog qhov tsim los ntawm nyob teeb meem los ntawm tswg xwm (Alexander Oparin, Haldane, D., S. Miller). Lwm yam - biogenic, muaj xws li lub tswv yim ntawm cov tsos ntawm cov nyob quavntsej nkaus xwb los ntawm lawv tus kheej zoo (Virchow, Linnaeus, Darwin).

Seb tus thawj kab muaj ib qho koob yawm txwv daim ntawv

Tus thawj theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb, thiab nws abiotic (tshuaj), ces lub sij hawm ntawm cov tsos ntawm cov biopolymers (cov nqaijrog thiab nucleic acids) hu ua prebiological thiab, thaum kawg, cov theem kev lom evolution (tsim ntawm thawj zaug xwb-celled kab mob). Lawv merged thiab muaj npe biopoeza. Ib txhia soj ntsuam (eg, D. Bernal, S. Miller) npaj lub tswv yim ntawm progenote - txwv zeej txwv koob, uas los ntawm tus archaea, eubacteria, nucleated hlwb. Lwm tus soj ntsuam ntseeg tau hais tias eukaryotes sawv tsis yog los ntawm progenote, thiab yog cov tshwm sim ntawm symbiosis, los yog tsim nyob rau raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv txheej membrane protobionts. Xav txog qhov no hypothesis nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Cov hypothesis ntawm Oparin - Haldane

Ntawm cov ntau yam kev versions, sim piav qhia lub phenomenon, lub npe hu rau science raws li lub pre-lom theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej ntiaj teb no, nrov heev hypothesis coacervate dauv. Nws yog formulated los ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij A. I. Oparinym. Zoo ib yam li cov tswv yim tau qhia los ntawm cov British soj ntsuam D. Haldane. Zaum tswv yim rawv nrog qhov ntev-paub nyob rau hauv biology ua hypothesis ntawm txawj tiam ntawm lub neej.

Lub essence ntawm lub hypothesis ntawm coacervates

Academician Oparin tswv yim hais tias cov pab pawg neeg ntawm molecules ntawm organic tebchaw, uas ua los ntawm cov tshuaj theem dab yuav tsim ib tug txaus tuab daim tawv nqaij. Yog li, lawv twb sib cais los ntawm lub primordial kua zaub - dej ib puag ncig ntawm ib tug ancient dej hiav txwv. Cov pawg ntawm molecules paub txog hu coacervates. Lawv muaj peev xwm ntawm ywj siab hav zoov, txuas ntxiv lub sib koom ntawm cov thawj cov tshuaj. Rau qho tseem ceeb heev, raws li Oparin, lub thaj chaw ntawm coacervates kho lawv muaj peev xwm loj hlob thiab fragmentation (tu tub tu kiv). D. Haldane, tso siab rau tej kev kawm Miller-Juri, uas yog experimentally tau complex organic tshuaj los ntawm ib tug sib tov ntawm methane, ammonia, hydrogen, thiab cov pa roj carbon dioxide. Nws muaj cov amino acid molecules thiab yooj yim suab thaj. Qhov no tau coj mus rau lub tseem cais lug - probiontov.

Raws li Oparin thiab Haldane, thawj zaug ua sawv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb, ua rau lub tsim ntawm thawj ceg - progenitor hlwb, muab lub hauv paus rau lub ntxiv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov evolution ntawm nyob teeb meem. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias rau lub thwmsim zaum tau ntse simulated tau tej yam kev mob uas tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv cov cua thiab cov dej hiav txwv nyob rau hauv cov thawj, namely kub thiab siab, ionizing tawg thiab hluav taws xob ntswg.

Probionty thiab lawv lub zog

Lub earliest theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb - lub Hadean, Archean thiab ces, cim cov kev hloov los ntawm nws tus kheej-Workers coacervates (probiontov) rau cov thawj nyob hlwb. Nws twb ua tau los ntawm cov khoom nws probiontov: muaj peev xwm mus tsim week cais, tseem nyuaj ntaub ntawv ntawm tu tub tu kiv, yooj yim pauv nrog rau lwm cov ib puag ncig txheej txheem. Self-ncaav nucleoprotein molecules, uas ua los ntawm cov tshuaj nyob ntev, muab rau probiontov manifestation ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thaj chaw ntawm nyob teeb meem - lub peev xwm los hloov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov thawj uas muaj sia nyob

Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm (hais txog 3.5 billion xyoo dhau los) raug tsim sediments nyob rau hauv uas ib co kua nplaum ntawm cov organic lub neej tau pom. Lawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov cyanobacteria thiab calcareous zoo li residues mureinovyh kab mob ntawm phab ntsa. Geochemical tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv lub lithosphere Archean era yog lossi hloov, ces tus thawj ecosystem prokaryotes kom hloov mus rau lawv los ntawm tsub zuj zuj ntawm ntau phenotypic variants. Photosynthesis yog nqa tawm los ntawm cov kob xiav-ntsuab algae (cyanobacteria), tau muab ib tug siv hloov nyob rau hauv cov roj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub primordial chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb, uas ntxiv tso zis beings tsum vaj tse rau daim av. Kev ua thawj prokaryotic kab mob, thiab lawv feem ntau leej faj thiab hlau kab mob, ua nyob rau hauv lub tsim tsis tsuas yog ntawm cov txo, tab sis raws li cov roj thiab cov nkev.

Vim li cas thiaj ua tau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm eukaryotic hlwb

Raws li peb hais ua ntej lawm, tus photosynthetic kev ua ntawm ntsuab thiab purple leej faj cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob hlau pab mus rau tsim ntawm lub ntaub thaiv npog ntawm lub ozone layer thiab cov emergence ntawm aerobic eukaryotic hlwb. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, tus thawj 3 theem ntawm lub neej ntawm lub ntiaj teb no coj mus rau tsim ntawm biocenosis muaj unicellular thiab multicellular eukaryotic kab mob. Feem ntau cov zaum yuav ntseeg tau hais tias lawv cov tsos tshwm sim hais txog 600 lab lub xyoo dhau los. Chiv nuclear kab mob tau sawv cev los ntawm ib tug ib leeg-celled flagellate cov ntaub ntawv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov divergence ntawm lawv tuaj thawj cov nroj tsuag - algae thiab protozoa thiab fungi. Ib tug interesting lub tswv yim ntawm ib co kev soj ntsuam uas prokaryotes yog ib tug evolutionary tuag-end, vim hais tias lawv tsis tau hloov ntau npaum li cas nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb. Biology txo nws hwj rau pem hauv ntej ob yog vim li cas rau tus tsis muaj evolutionary txoj kev loj hlob uas tsis yog-nuclear kab mob.

Cov Thawj zaug ntawm lawv kev txhawj xeeb lub cev tsis muaj prokaryotic hlwb los txhim kho lub koom haum thiab ntau yam zoo. Qhov thib ob yog vim li cas - ib qho nyuaj txhav raws roj ntsha khoom prokaryotes xa xwb yeej DNA molecule, hu ua ib tug plasmid.

Symbiosis, uas coj mus rau revolutionary kev hloov nyob rau hauv qhov

Zoo li nucleated hlwb nyob rau hauv scientific voj voog los mus piav qhia ib txoj hauj lwm symbiogenesis - kev tshawb xav npaj los ntawm A. Shimperom. Txij li thaum lub tsim ntawm lub cell nucleus, lub xub ntiag ntawm uas yog lub ntsiab feature ntawm eukaryotes, raws li zoo raws li lub tsim ntawm mitochondria thiab chloroplasts twb ua tau los ntawm transformation ntawm tej yam aerobic kab mob. Infiltrating ib tug thawj cell nrog ib tug kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic tshuaj cais membrane, cov kab mob yuav synchronized nws metabolism nrog tus tswv tsev cell. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lawv tau poob lub peev xwm rau neeg sab nraud hav zoov sab nraum lub cell thiab pib nws yuav tsum tau organelles. Noteworthy yog lub hypothesis uas piav txog cov tsos ntawm chloroplasts. Koj muaj peev xwm tsis nco qab txog tias lub keeb kwm ntawm cov organelles ensured phenomenon autotrophic kev noj haus thiab photosynthesis. Tom qab A. Shimperom xws zoo-paub Lavxias teb sab zaum li KS Merezhkovsky, BM Kozo-Polyansky thiab lwm leej lwm tus kos mloog mus rau ib pab pawg neeg ntawm photosynthetic cov kab mob uas muaj peev xwm ntawm symbiosis nrog heterotrophic hlwb. Ib zaug hauv lub cytoplasm, lawv thaj assimilated nrog lub cellular metabolism thiab muaj nuj nqi raws li steel organelles, tom qab ntawd hu ua chloroplasts. Lawv tus kheej heterotrophic hlwb mutate rau hauv ib tug ib leeg-celled ntsuab algae, ua thawj autotrophic eukaryotes.

Biogeocoenoses Vendian

Yog li ntawd, lub coexistence ntawm ob peb hom uas tsis yog-nuclear kab mob - kab mob - yuav ua rau tsim ntawm ib tug tshiab nyob system - cov eukaryotic cell. Ntxiv mus kawm thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb, qhia rau peb Vendian Proterozoic hnub nyoog, uas hloov lub Archean. Nyob rau hauv lub dej ib puag ncig, - lub ntsiab menyuam txaj ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj chaw, tus thawj biogeocoenoses tsim. Producers lawv photosynthetic cov kab mob thiab unicellular thiab colonial ntsuab algae.

Lawv cais cov pa, tsim organic tshuaj uas siv los ntawm heterotrophic kab mob: unicellular protozoa thiab multicellular cov ntaub ntawv: coelenterates thiab trilobites. Vendian lub sij hawm xaus nyob rau hauv thawj theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb. Eram thiab lub sij hawm nram qab no nws, yuav tsum tau siv ntxiv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov evolution ntawm nyob xwm, tag nrho raws li nyob rau hauv lub caj variation thiab natural xaiv.