Tuam Tshoj railway. Thiab high-ceev Railways Tuam Tshoj

Tsheb ciav hlau mus txawv tebchaws nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj - ib qho ntawm qhov muaj feem thib hom kev thauj ob leeg rau kaw thiab nyob deb. Khiav infrastructure yog heev zoo tsim thiab muaj siab zoo. Rau nws cov kev tsim kho thiab txhim kho coj ntau xyoo, thiab nyiaj txiag. Railway los ntawm Tuam Tshoj muaj kev sib txuas lus nrog cov thauj systems ntawm Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Vietnam, North Kauslim.

Keeb kwm ntawm lub railway

Nyob rau hauv ntau yam keeb kwm lub sij hawm ntawm kev tsheb nqaj hlau kev tsim kho nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj nws yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv 1876 nws tau ua tus thawj web uas txuas Shanghai nrog Usuns.

Nyob rau hauv 1881 nws tau txiav txim siab los mus tsim ib txoj kev ntev ntawm kaum kilometers ntawm lub koog tsev kawm ntawv mus rau lub sib haum Tszytan Shantsuan Suyge. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1876 mus 1911 nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws tau ua paths, qhov ntev ntawm uas yog 9100 km. Nyob rau hauv 1912, thawj tswvyim ntawm railway siv twb npaj siab. Los ntawm 1949 qhov ntev ntawm cov ntaub nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws mus txog 26.200 km.

Nyob rau hauv Laus Tuam Tshoj, siv yog qeeb pace, nyob rau hauv me me kom muaj nuj nqis thiab tsis muaj zoo. Canvas nteg mas raws ntug dej hiav txwv. Nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-sab hnub poob thiab sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm lub teb chaws twb tsis muaj railways. Txoj kev tau lawm rau hauv khej thiab tswj los ntawm txawv tsev.

Thaum Tshiab Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv lub Ministry ntawm Railways, lub chaw ua hauj lwm uas hla tag nrho cov kev tsheb nqaj hlau kev pab. kev pab cuam ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov ciav hlau thiab cov txuas hniav yog tsim. Tsim Tuam Tshoj Railway tau zus mus 1996, thiab nws kav ntev npaum tau mus txog 64.900 km. Tsim thiab kho chaw nres tsheb, muaj zog zus ntawm diesel locomotives, hluav taws xob locomotives, neeg caij tsheb.

Los ntawm 2013, qhov ntev ntawm railways yog 103 144 km. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm transformation muaj peev xwm thiab kev ceev ntawm lub zog ntawm u. Nce tagnrho cov freight thiab neeg caij tsheb, nce ceev ntawm u.

Los ntawm 2020, lub xeev los tsim ntau tshaj 120,000 km ntawm kev. Railway siv nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm Khabarovsk. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib qhov project uas yuav txuas rau South Xinjiang Suav painting nrog Kyrgyzstan.

Scheme railways

Tam sim no Tuam Tshoj tus railway infrastructure yog ib qho ntawm feem tsim. Qhov ntev ntawm lub kev nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws tam sim no sawv ntawm ntau tshaj 110 000 km. Ntau mloog yog them rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm railway siv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nres nkoj chaw thiab mus rau lub sab hnub poob, sib sib zog nqus mus rau hauv lub mainland.

Cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj yog unevenly faib, thiab lub siab tshaj plaws ceev tswvyim ntawm Railways ntawm Tuam Tshoj yog nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws. Kom npog tag nrho ib ncig ntawm lub koom pheej waterway network nce, tshiab technologies raug ua tswvcuab.

kev faib ntawm u

Nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau qhia los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv thiab ua zauv. Cov tsab ntawv qhia rau hauv qeb ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau. Nyob rau lub tsheb ciav hlau qeb muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev ceev, kev pab, tus naj npawb ntawm lawm.

• Tsheb ciav hlau hom «G» - lub mos txwv yuav ncav cuag speeds mus txog 350 km / h.
• Tsheb ciav hlau hom «D» - ceev, ceev lawm 200 km / h, mus ncig teb chaws lawm tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab qhov chaw nres tsheb. Lub tsheb ciav hlau muaj wagons ntawm cov thawj, thib ob chav kawm, muaj cov txaj.
• Tsheb ciav hlau hom «Z» - mus tsis tau nres, ceev muaj 160 km / h, tsis nyob loj noj. Feem ntau, qhov no yog hmo ntuj tsheb ciav hlau, nws muaj tsheb nrog reserved rooj thiab compartments.
• Tsheb ciav hlau «T» hom - Express, nws ceev nce mus txog 140 km / h, nres nyob rau hauv loj lub zos thiab thauj noj. Lub tsheb ciav hlau phab xis muaj sessile, kev pab rooj thiab compartments.
• Tsheb ciav hlau hom «K» - muaj ib sab saum toj ceev ntawm 120 km / h, nres nyob rau hauv loj lub zos thiab nyob rau hauv lub zos. Nws muaj ib tug zaum tsheb thiab kev pab rooj.
• Cov tsheb ciav hlau tsis muaj tsab ntawv - Tsis prefix, lawv muaj xws li cov laus qauv nrog ib tug heev tsawg tus nqi.

Cov chav kawm nyob rau hauv u

Cov tsheb nyob rau hauv Suav u yuav tau muab faib mus rau hauv 4 hom (cov chav kawm ntawv).

• Mos sleeper - qhov no coupe ob los yog quadruple.
• Hard chav pw - ib tug coupe nrog rau txee.
• Mos zaum.
• Hard zaum.

Lub tsheb ciav hlau ntawm hom «D» tshwm sim lub tswvyim ntawm "thawj lub rooj zaum thiab ib tug thib ob chav kawm," qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog lub rooj zaum kev nplij siab.

High-speed u

Tuam Tshoj los mus tsim dynamically, koj yuav tsum ua sai sai thiab yooj yim txav. Yuav kom qhov no kawg, lub tsoom fwv yog ua txhua yam ua tau. Ib qho ntawm feem loj-scale infrastructure tej yaam num yog kev tsim kho ntawm Tuam Tshoj tus high-ceev network. Nws muaj ib tug ntau tau, yuav tsum vov ib tug loj cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws thiab yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau xav tau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov impetus rau qhov kev siv ntawm cov kab yog tus Olympics nyob rau hauv 2007.

Yeej, high-ceev railways nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj yog ua nyob rau hauv Piers - lawv muaj rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug ntev ntawm pua pua ntawm kilometers ntawm choj. Cov kev ceev ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau yog nyob rau nruab nrab 200 km / h. Qhov ntev ntawm tej paths nyob rau hauv lub PRC cas mus rau 15 400 km los ntawm tus kawg ntawm 2013. Nyob rau hauv railway muaj tej qhov chaw uas lub siab tshaj plaws kev ceev ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau muaj peev xwm tsim txog li 350 km / h.

Nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, muaj yog li nram qab no faib ntawm kab ceev:

• Dab tsi (100-120 km / teev).
• Medium ceev (120-160 km / teev).
• High ceev (160-200 km / teev).
• High-speed (200-400 km / teev).
• Ultra siab (ntau tshaj li 400 km / h).

alpine kab

Tsim kom muaj high-altitude railway nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, pib nyob rau hauv 1984. Thawj mastered rau lub yooj yim seem, thiab nyob rau hauv 2001 pib txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug complex ya. Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 2006 nws qhib lub feem ntau mountainous railway nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no - lub Qinghai-Tibet. Nws txuas Tuam Tshoj nrog Tibet, nws kav ntev npaum yog 1956 km. Ib tug stretch ntawm txoj kev ntev 1142 km kis tau los ntawm lub roob. Hais txog 550 km railway kab twb pw nyob rau hauv lub alpine tundra tsam, lub siab tshaj plaws tshuaj ntsuam ntawm txoj kev nce mus txog 5072 meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem.

Coob uas xam nrog thaum lub sij hawm lub dawm tsis raug kev txom nyem cov tsos mob ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj kev mob kev nkeeg, raws li cov wagons tau raug sib khi, thiab cov huab cua yog enriched nrog rau oxygen hauv lub tsheb, muaj yog kev tiv thaiv los ntawm hnub ci tawg.

Nyob rau hauv lub siab tundra tsheb ciav hlau yog mus rau tus ceev ntawm 100 km / teev, nyob rau hauv lub so ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau mus rau ntawm ib tug ceev ntawm 120 km / h.

Railway los ntawm Tuam Tshoj los Tibet muaj ib tug ruaj khov kev twb kev txuas ntawm lub xeev. Tejzaum ntawm kev nkag tau thiab ensured nws chaw xwb tsis rau tus neeg ntawm cov teb chaws, tab sis kuj rau tourists.

kev tsheb ciav hlau Hainan

Tuam Tshoj tus high-ceev railways yog tsim tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub mainland, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov Islands tuaj. Nthuav thiab cim kev siv ntawm cov Hainan Island. Kev tsheb ciav hlau nyob rau hauv no daim av yog ib lub nplhaib uas yog arbitrarily muab faib mus rau hauv sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob halves. Qhov ntev ntawm lub nplhaib yog 308 km. Nws siv nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob ib feem ntawm cov kob coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim lub sij hawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II. Nws ua tau nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Thaum kawg, cov ua hauj lwm yuav tsuas tau ua kom tiav los ntawm 2004. Nyob rau hauv 2006-2007, nws tau raug modernized, thiab tam sim no ua hauj lwm pab u mus high-ceev peev xwm ntawm 120-160 km / h. Nyob rau hauv 2007 muaj cov kev twb kev txuas kev tsheb ciav hlau kob rau lub mainland siv cov ferry.

Siv cov kev faib ntawm txoj kab nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj ib feem ntawm cov kob pib nyob rau hauv lig 2007, nws tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv 2010, thiab nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, lub thib ob yog ib feem ntawm lub nplhaib tau muab tso rau hauv lub lag luam.

Nta ntawm Suav Railways

Nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb hom mus saib tau cov platform. Mus rau cob qhia tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm uas nws mloog lus. Thaum tus noj, uas nws kis tau yam tsis tau cheem, tau cai xwb pab chaw nres tsheb.

Nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, cov neeg pluag thauj mus nrog nyob sib ze lub teb chaws. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias muaj yog ib tug los ntawm txoj kev thiab cov uas twb muaj lawm infrastructure, lub railway los ntawm Tuam Tshoj kaw ciam teb thiab yuav tau tsiv mus nyob rau ko taw.

Muas ib daim pib rau lub tsheb ciav hlau kuj muaj nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv. Tag nrho cov daim pib yog muag nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj xwb nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm qhia tias yog leejtwg cov ntaub ntawv. Guest lub teb chaws daim pib yuav tsuas yuav tau nyob hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm. Yog hais tias koj yuav lub tshuab koj xav tau suav ID-card.

Muaj yuav luag tsis muaj commuter tsheb.

Railway noj nyob rau hauv lub zos

Suav railway noj muaj ib tug raug architecture thiab zoo sib xws rau txhua tus lwm yam. Cov xwb yog cov laus platforms nyob rau hauv me me zos los yog nyob rau hauv lub zos nrog ib tug keeb kwm yav tag los.

Tshiab noj ua tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub tuaj txog pem ntwg ntawm lub zos. Uas twb muaj lawm railway kab kis los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub qub vaj tse yog demolished los yog yauv reconstruction. Suav noj yuav zoo li peb lub tshav dav hlau - lawv yog cov loj, nruab nrog infrastructure thiab muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov theem.

Nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tau mus rau lub tsheb ciav hlau qhov chaw nres tsheb tsis muaj ib tug pib, tsuas yog ib heev tsawg sector. Tab sis lub qub railway noj rau lub platform ua ntej luag pass yuav ua tau, rau lub hom phiaj no nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm yuav tau mus yuav ib tug tshwj xeeb daim pib. Nws muab txoj cai rau nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub platform, tab sis tsis mus tsaws rau hauv lub tsheb ciav hlau.

Russia-Tuam Tshoj

Paving txoj kev Tuam Tshoj yog dabneeg kev cob cog rua nrog Russia. Nyob rau hauv 1897 nws pib qhov kev siv ntawm Suav Eastern Railway (CER), uas yog lub yav qab teb ceg ntawm lub Trans-Siberian Railway. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1917 mus 1950, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov tub rog thiab kev nom kev tswv ua, nws twb pauv mus rau Tuam Tshoj thiab mus nyob qhovtwg li. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1952. Xwb, nws los tshwm sim rau lub ntiaj teb no daim ntawv qhia Suav Changchun Railway.

Nyob rau hauv lub nyob ze yav tom ntej lub railway Tuam Tshoj-Russia tau chaw. Peb tes num ntawm lub Eurasian kev kub ceev txoj kev hauv tsev uas yuav txuas Beijing thiab Moscow. Txoj kev yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Kazakhstan, thaum koj mus txawv tebchaws nyob rau hauv lawv yuav noj ob hnub.