Tso cai thiab lug ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav

Lub qhov ncauj ntawm tej nyob zeej - yog ib tug complex biomechanical system, muab nws cov khoom noj, thiab yog li hav zoov. Nyob rau hauv ntau dua cov kab mob no, lub qhov ncauj, los yog, muab tso rau nws nyob rau hauv ib tug scientific txoj kev, lub qhov ncauj, muaj ib tug ntxiv ib qho tseem ceeb tab kaum - zvukoproiznosheniya. Tus qauv ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm tus txiv neej cov feem ntau nyuaj, uas muaj ib tug tej yam nyob rau hauv cov kev sib txuas zog thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov nta muaj feem xyuam rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus tib neeg lub cev.

Qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav

Tag nrho cov muaj sia nyob, xws li tib neeg, lub qhov ncauj yog thawj department ntawm lub digestive system. Qhov no yog nws tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab ntau rau feem ntau ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm lub zog, tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi daim ntawv nws tuaj nrog cov xwm. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, nws yog ib yam uas yuav lug qhib. Lub qhov ncauj, peb lob los yog coj cov zaub mov thiab tuav nws cia, zom, nplua mias ntxoov nrog cov qaub ncaug, thiab raug thawb mus rau hauv cov hlab pas, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yog ib tug hollow raj los ntawm kev uas cov khoom noj yog slipping mus rau hauv lub plab rau ua. Tab sis thaum pib ntawm kev zom pib nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj. Uas yog vim li cas lub ancient philosophers hais tias, yuav ua li cas muaj ntau zaus prozhuesh, yuav nyob tau ntau xyoo.

Qhov thib ob muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub qhov ncauj yog lub hais suab. Tus txiv neej tsis yog qhov teeb meem, tab sis kuj txuas mus rau ib tug complex ua ke. Yog li ntawd, tus qauv ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav nyob rau hauv tib neeg yog ntau npaum li cas nyuab dua cov peb cov kwv tij.

Qhov thib peb muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub qhov ncauj - kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm respiration. Muaj nws cov dej num muaj tsuas rau saum huab cua kom tsawg feem thiab forwarding lawv mus rau lub tej hlab cua txhob thaum twg, txawm yog vim li cas, tsis tau tiv nrog no qhov ntswg thiab ib feem ntawm qhov kev sib tham.

Lub anatomical qauv

Txhua txhua hnub peb siv tag nrho cov qhov chaw hauv lub qhov ncauj, thiab ib co ntawm lawv txawm xav hais ntau ntau zaus. Nyob rau hauv science ob peb concretized qauv ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav. Diam duab kom meej meej qhia tau hais tias nws sawv cev rau.

Cov kws kho mob nyob rau hauv no hloov khoom nruab nrog cais ob seem, hu ua lub chaw pib ntawm lub qhov ncauj thiab nws kom cov kab noj hniav.

Nyob rau hauv lub khiav-mus muaj lwm lub cev (lub puab tsaig, daim di ncauj) thiab sab hauv (cov pos hniav, cov hniav). Uas yog hais tias, lub qhov rooj nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj hu ua qhov ncauj cleft.

Tus heev lub qhov ncauj yog ib yam ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov sab tas lub cev thiab lawv tej feem. Qab - rau hauv qab no yog peb lub qhov ncauj, sab saum toj ntawm lub palate, pem hauv ntej - cov pos hniav thiab cov hniav, qab lub tonsils, yog tus ciam ntawm lub qhov ncauj thiab lub caj pas, lub puab tsaig laterally, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub hom lus. Tag nrho cov sab hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub qhov ncauj yog them nrog txheej membrane.

daim di ncauj

Qhov no lub cev, uas yuav them li ntau xim rau lub weaker pw ua ke, los kav lub zog txiv neej pw, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yog ib tug khub nqaij folds ib ncig ntawm lub qhov ncauj txoj kab txiav. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, lawv muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kom cov zaub mov los rau hauv lub qhov ncauj, nyob rau hauv lub suab tsim nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag taw. Faib lub Upper thiab qis daim di ncauj, cov qauv ntawm cov uas yog kwv yees li tib yam thiab muaj peb qhov chaw:

- Sab nraum zoov - them ncaj nraim keratinizing stratified epithelium.

- intermediate - muaj ob peb khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, rau sab nraum uas tseem kub. Nws yog heev nyias thiab pob tshab. Los ntawm nws txig translucent cov hlab ntsha, uas ua rau liab-liab di ncauj xim. Nyob qhov twg lub cutaneous horny txheej ua lub mucosa, ib tug plurality ntawm paj txoj feeb meej (ob peb kaum tawm ntawm lub sij hawm loj tshaj tus ntiv tes lub tswv yim), thiab yog li ntawd tsis tshua muaj neeg rhiab tib neeg daim di ncauj.

- txheej, uas occupies rau nraum qab ntawm lub qhov ncauj. Nws muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov ducts ntawm lub qaub ncaug (labial). Nws npog nws neorogovevayuschy epithelium.

Txheej di ncauj kis mus rau hauv lub mucosa ntawm cov pos hniav nrog lub tsim ntawm ob longitudinal folds, hu ua bridles Upper di ncauj thiab qis.

Lub ciam ntawm lub sab di ncauj thiab lub puab tsaig yog kab rov tav lub puab tsaig-labial furrow.

Ciam teb ntawm lub Upper di ncauj thiab lub puab tsaig yog cov nasolabial folds.

Daim di ncauj kev cob cog rua rau txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv lub ces kaum ntawm lub qhov ncauj labial adhesions.

lub puab tsaig

qhov ncauj qauv muaj xws li paired hloov khoom nruab nrog, tag nrho cov lub npe hu ua plhu. Lawv muab faib ua txoj cai thiab sab laug, txhua muaj txheej thiab puab qhov chaw. Cov txheej mos daim tawv nqaij yog them nrog ib tug nyias, puab neorogovevayuschy txheej dhau mus rau hauv lub mucosa ntawm cov pos hniav. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub puab tsaig nws muaj ib tug muaj roj lub cev. Nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mos, nws plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm ib co kab ntau npaum li ntawd tsim. Nyob rau hauv cov laus, muaj roj cev flattens thiab tsiv rov qab. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj nws yog hu ua cov roj ncoo ntawm Bichat. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub buccal sab plhu leeg. Qog nyob rau hauv lub submucosa ntawm lub puab tsaig ntsis. Lawv ducts qhib rau hauv lub mucosa.

palate

Qhov no yog ib feem ntawm cov kab noj hniav yog yeej tseem zoo ib tug muab faib nruab nrab ntawm tus ncauj kab noj hniav thiab lub qhov ntswg zoo li raws li ntawm lub qhov ntswg yog ib feem ntawm lub caj pas. palate muaj nuj nqi yeej tseem zoo tsuas yog tus tsim ntawm cov suab. Lub zom nws muaj txhawb ho txij li thaum poob nws ntshiab kev qhia ntawm transverse folds (cov me nyuam mos yog ntau pom). Tsis tas li ntawd, ib feem ntawm cov palate articulation apparatus muab tom. Paub qhov txawv ntawm ib qho nyuaj thiab mos mos palate.

Nyob rau account rau 2/3 ntawm cov khoom. Nws yog tsim los ntawm daim hlau ntawm lub Palatine pob txha thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov maxillary cov pob txha fused ua ke. Yog hais tias yog vim li cas yog tsis muaj splice, tus me nyuam yug los nrog ib tug anomaly hu ua cleft palate. Yog li qhov ntswg thiab qhov ncauj kab noj hniav yog tsis muab faib. Tsis muaj tshwj xeeb pab xws li ib tug me nyuam tuag.

Txheej thaum lub sij hawm ib txwm loj hlob yuav tsum loj hlob ua ke nrog rau sab qaum palate thiab txav mus ntseeg nkaws rau cov mos mos palate, thiab ntxiv cov alveolar pob txha rau hauv lub Upper lub puab tsaig, txoj kev ua rau sab sauv cov pos hniav.

Nyob rau hauv cov mos mos palate tso nyiaj rau xwb 1/3 ntawm, tab sis nws muaj ib tug tseem ceeb ntxim rau cov qauv ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav thiab lub caj pas. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov muag palate - yog ib lub quav ntawm txheej, xws li cov ntaub dai saum toj no lub hauv paus ntawm tus nplaig. Nws cais lub qhov ncauj ntawm lub caj pas. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub "kub hnyiab" ib tug me me otrostochek, hu ua tus nplaig. Nws yuav pab tau tsim cov suab.

Los ntawm cov "kub hnyiab" sawv ploj pem hauv ntej nyo hau (palatal-lingual) thiab sab nraum qab (palatal-pharyngeal). Nruab nrab ntawm lawv muaj ib qhov tsim qhov twg tsub zuj zuj ntawm lymphoid cov ntaub so ntswg hlwb (Palatine ib ya ntawm caj pa). Lub 1 cm los ntawm nws yog nyob carotid leeg.

lus

Qhov no lub cev ua ntau zog:

- ntxo (ib co kab nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mos);

- zvukoobrazovatelnuyu;

- muaj qaub;

- perceiving saj.

Tus duab ntawm ib tug tib neeg tus nplaig, tsis cov qauv ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, thiab nws cov kev haumxeeb hauv lub xeev. Cov lus yog cais cov hauv paus hniav thiab ib lub cev muaj ib tug rov qab (sab txojkev palate). lub cev lus crosses lub longitudinal zawj, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm nws kev twb kev txuas mus rau lub hauv paus ntawm qhov transverse grooves. Nyob rau hauv tus nplaig yog ib tug tshwj xeeb quav, hu ua lub frenulum. Nyob ze nws muaj nyob ducts ntawm lub qaub ncaug.

Txheej stratified epithelium yuav tsum vov tus nplaig, uas yog saj receptors prostate thiab cov qog tsim. Sab saum toj, thaum kawg thiab sab ntawm tus nplaig papillae them kaum, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov separable fungiform, filiform, conical, nplooj, fluted. Thaum lub hauv paus ntawm tus nplaig papillae, tab sis muaj pawg ntawm lymphatic hlwb hais tias ua li cov lus tonsils.

Cov hniav thiab cov pos hniav

Cov ob interconnected qhov chaw muaj ib lub zog txhawb rau cov qauv ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav. nyob rau hauv tib neeg cov hniav pib tsim nyob rau hauv lub embryo theem. Ib tug me nyuam mos nyob rau hauv txhua lub puab tsaig muaj 18 hauv paus (10 mis nyuj cov hniav thiab 8 haiv neeg). Lawv cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv ob kab: labial thiab lingual. Cov cai no yog cov tsos ntawm tus me nyuam cov hniav, thaum tus me nyuam muab los ntawm 6 mus rau 12 lub hlis. Lub hnub nyoog thaum lub cai ntawm tus me nyuam cov hniav poob tawm, txawm ntau ncav us txog - los ntawm 6 xyoo mus 12. Tus neeg laus yuav tsum tau los ntawm 28 mus 32 cov hniav. Tsawg tej yam tsis zoo rau cov zaub mov ua thiab, raws li ib tug tsim nyog tau, nyob rau tus mob huam, raws li nws yog cov hniav ua si ib tug loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov zom. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm lub suab ntau lawm. Tus qauv ntawm ib yam ntawm cov hniav (radical los yog ntais) thiab nrog rau tus tib paus, yas thiab ncauj tsev menyuam. Lub hauv paus yog ib tug kho hniav alveolus nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm ib tug me me orifice los ntawm kev uas ib tug hniav kuaj leeg, cov hlab ntsha, thiab qab haus huv. Tus txiv neej twb tsim 4 hom ntawm cov hniav, txhua yam uas muaj ib tug tej yam zoo ntawm lub crown:

- cutters (ib tug me ntsis nrog ib tug txiav nto);

- hniav (conical);

- premolars (dawb, muaj ib tug me me zom nto nrog ob tug dimples);

- loj hauv paus (nyhav nrog 3-5 tubercles).

cov hniav lub tsev me nyuam nyob ib tug me me rau thaj tsam ntawm lub crown thiab paus thiab cov pos hniav yog them. Thaum nws cov tub ntxhais, cov pos hniav - nws yog txheej week. Lawv cov qauv muaj xws li:

- interdental papilla;

- gingival ntug;

- alveolar cheeb tsam;

- mus rau cov pos hniav.

Pos hniav muaj ib tug multilayered epithelium thiab phaj.

Lawv tej hauv paus yog lub stroma, muaj raws ntawm ib tug plurality ntawm collagen fibers uas muab ib tug snug haum rau cov hniav thiab cov mucosa tseeb mastication txheej txheem.

kab mob

Tus qauv ntawm lub qhov ncauj thiab lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav yuav tsis tau qoos qhia tawm, yog hais tias tsis hais qhov billions ntawm kab mob, uas nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm lub evolution ntawm tus txiv neej lub qhov ncauj yog tsis yog ib lub tsev, thiab tag nrho cov ntug. Peb lub qhov ncauj yog txaus nyiam rau qhov tsawg tshaj plaws bioform tsaug rau nws cov nram qab no nta:

- ib tug ruaj khov, nyob rau, lub zoo kub;

- qhov siab av noo;

- alkalescent ib puag ncig;

- yuav luag tas li muaj cov dawb do muaj nyob as-ham.

Cov me nyuam mos yug los rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no txij li thaum cov kab mob nyob rau hauv koj lub qhov ncauj uas tau tsiv mus nyob los ntawm cov me nyuam yug kwj dej tau me nyuam nyob rau hauv lub shortest muab lub sij hawm, kom txog thaum lawv cov me nyuam mos yog. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej colonization yog mus nyob rau ntawm ib astonishing nqi, thiab tom qab ib lub hlis ntawm microbes nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj ntawm tus me nyuam, muaj ntau ntau lub teb hom thiab lab ntawm cov neeg. Nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus, cov xov tooj ntawm hom ntawm cov kab mob nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj mas nws txawv ntawm 160 mus rau 500, thiab lawv muaj pes tsawg nce mus txog lub billions. Tsis kawg luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no ua si ib tug loj-scale hais sib haum qauv ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav. Tsuas yog cov hniav (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog unpeeled thiab cov neeg mob), thiab yuav luag ib txwm tam sim no nyob rau hauv kev kho hniav cov quav hniav uas muaj lab ntawm microorganisms.

Cov no cov kab mob no kuj, uas yog ib tug thawj coj ntawm cov streptococci (60%).

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lawv nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj nyob fungi (mas Candida) thiab kab mob.

Qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub qhov ncauj mucosa

Tawm tsam allergic ntawm pathogenic cov kab mob nyob rau hauv qhov ncauj cov ntaub so ntswg tiv thaiv mucosa. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm nws lub ntsiab zog - tus thawj coj lub Brunt ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob.

nws kuj muab kaw lub qhov ncauj cov ntaub so ntswg los ntawm raug huab kub, teeb meem tshuaj thiab txhua yam kev raug mob.

Sib nrug los ntawm kev tiv thaiv, txheej membrane ua lwm tseem ceeb muaj nuj nqi - secretory.

Cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm lub qhov ncauj mucosa xws li hais tias nws submucous txheej pov tseg glandular hlwb. Lawv tsim me me pawg ntawm qaub ncaug. Lawv tsis tu ncua thiab tsis tu ncua moisturize cov qog ua kua membrane, kom ntseeg tau qhov kev siv ntawm nws cov kev tiv thaiv zog.

Nyob ntawm seb dab tsi seem npog lub mucosa, tej zaum nws yuav ib tug saum npoo txheej los yog keratinizing epithelium (25%), nrog neorogovevayuschy (60%) thiab tov (15%).

Keratinizing epithelium them xwb nyuaj palate thiab cov pos hniav, vim hais tias lawv yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv zom thiab nrog khoom tawg tsam ntawm khoom noj khoom haus.

Neorogovevayuschy epithelium npog lub puab tsaig, mos palate, nws txoj kev - tus nplaig, uas yog, cov neeg ntawm lub qhov ncauj, uas yuav tsum tau yooj.

Qauv thiab ntawm ob epithelium muaj 4 khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Thawj ob ntawm lawv, basal thiab muaj pos, muaj ob.

Thaum Stratum peb txoj hauj lwm occupies granular txheej, thiab ib tug thib plaub horn (hlwb tsis muaj nuclei nyob rau ntawd thiab zoo tsis muaj ntshav).

Thaum neorogovevayuschy peb intermediate txheej, thiab plaub - lub saum npoo av. Nws yog cai txuam nrog ntawm leukocyte hlwb, uas kuj muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev tiv thaiv nuj nqi ntawm lub qog ua kua.

Mixed epithelium npog tus nplaig.

Tus qauv ntawm lub qhov ncauj mucosa muaj lwm nta:

- Tsis muaj leeg nyob rau hauv nws lub phaj.

- Qhaj ntawv ntawm tej qhov chaw ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav submucosa, piv txwv li, txheej lus dag ncaj qha rau ntawm cov nqaij ntshiv (muaj, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov lus), los yog ncaj qha rau ntawm cov pob txha (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib qho nyuaj palate) thiab khov kho spliced ntug Nyob fabrics.

- Lub xub ntiag ntawm ntau cov hlab ntsha (nws muab ib tug yam ntxwv reddish xim ntawm cov qog ua kua membrane).

Tus qauv ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav rau cov me nyuam

Thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej tus tib neeg lub cev ntaus ntawv mas nws txawv. Yog li, tus qauv ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav ntawm cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv ib xyoos yog ho sib txawv los ntawm nws cov qauv rau cov neeg laus, thiab tsis tsuas yog lub tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm cov hniav, raws li qhia saum toj no.

Thawj lub qhov ncauj nyob rau hauv lub embryo yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub lim tiam thib ob tom qab conception. Nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mos, raws li txhua leej txhua tus paub, muaj tsis muaj hniav. Tab sis qhov no yog tsis tau tib yam li cov tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm cov hniav nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav ntawm cov me nyuam cov hniav yog nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm cov kab mob, thiab, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, thiab mis nyuj haus, thiab tas mus li. Nyob rau tej taw tes, lawv yuav tshwm sim rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov pos hniav. Nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj cov neeg laus lawv tus kheej alveolnye dab twb atrophied, piv txwv li, cov hniav thiab yeej yuav tsis yog. Tag nrho cov departments ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm ib tug me nyuam mos tsim los ntawm qhov muab ib tug txheej txheem ntawm ib co kab. Yam ntxwv sib txawv uas yuav pab tau mus ntes tus txiv mis:

- Mos daim di ncauj muaj ib lub labial ncoo.

- kuj zoo-tsim ncig nqaij ntawm lub qhov ncauj.

- gingival membrane nrog ib tug plurality ntawm pob.

- transverse folds nyob rau hauv cov khoom palate yog qhia kom meej meej.

- Cov hauj lwm ntawm lub sab puab tsaig distal (tus me nyuam txo nws hwj rau pem hauv ntej nws qis puab tsaig, thiab ua rau nws lub zog rov qab thiab mus, tsis yog mus rau sab los yog ib lub voj voog, raws li nyob rau hauv zom).

Ib qho tseem ceeb feature ntawm cov me nyuam - lawv yuav nqos thiab ua pa nyob rau tib lub sij hawm.

Tus qauv ntawm lub mucosa ntawm lub qhov ncauj zoo li cov me nyuam mos rau cov neeg laus. Epithelium nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv ib xyoos muaj tsuas yog tus basal thiab spinous khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg thiab epithelial papillae yog heev tsis zoo tsim. Cov tsevneeg txheej ntawm cov qog ua kua tam sim no cov protein kis los ntawm leej niam uas muaj kev tiv thaiv. Loj hlob li, cov me nyuam yaus loses nws tiv thaiv kab mob zog. Qhov no kuj siv rau cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub qhov ncauj. Tom qab nws thickens epithelium, glycogen khoom palate thiab cov pos hniav yog txo.

Los ntawm peb lub xyoo nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam qhov ncauj mucosa muaj ib cov regional sib txawv, lub epithelium yuav muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm keratinization. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub khi txheej ntawm txheej thiab cov hlab ntsha nyob ze ntawm lub tseem muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cellular ntsiab. Qhov no muaj txhawb rau enhanced permeability thiab, thiaj li, cov tsos ntawm herpetic stomatitis.

Rau 14 xyoo cov qauv ntawm lub qhov ncauj mucosa nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj tsis ntau sib txawv ntawm cov laus, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm hormonal hloov lub cev lawv muaj peev xwm muaj cai mucosal kab mob: me me leukopenia thiab hluas zog tuaj gingivitis.