Themed lo lus pawg: piv txwv

Yuav ua li cas yog ib chav tsev ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus? Ntawm cov hoob kawm, lo lus. Nrog nws pab peb sib txuas lus, peredaom txhua lwm yam kev xav thiab txoj kev xav. Cov tsab xov xwm tseem ua hauj lwm nrog cov tshuaj pleev ib pawg lus uas tso cai rau mus faib cov richness ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, numbering nyob rau hauv lawv cov phau ntawv sau phau ntawv txhais lus ntau tshaj 150,000 nouns, verbs thiab adjectives.

lo lus lub ntsiab lus

Lavxias teb sab lus tshawb fawb tsis txiav txim, tsis qhia thiab cov lus hais tias lawv yog hu ua. Lawv muaj ob tug lub ntsiab:

• Grammatical (lub luag hauj lwm yog tus kawg ntawm lo lus).
• Lexical (lub luag hauj lwm rau nws lub hauv paus).

Yuav kom to taub li cas yog cov tshuaj pleev ib pawg lus, tsom rau lub thib ob point. Lexical ntsiab lus - lub ntsiab lus, los yog dabneeg tsau nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub siab lub correlation ntawm lub plhaub thiab sounding phenomenon yeej tau tawm ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv cov kev cai. Tus txiv neej yog tau xav hais tias nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus, uas yog, los ntawm cov paub daws teeb khoom, nrog rau lawv cov lexical ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus cais ib lub tswv yim los ntawm lwm tus.

Cov ntsiab lus thiab lub suab yog tsis txuas nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Tsis tshua muaj kev zam yog onomatopoeic lus thiab interjections, to taub nyob rau hauv txhua hom lus. Piv txwv li, lub suab ntawm qhov: oink-oink, ha ha, nrog-nrog.

Generic thiab tej tswv yim

Thaum ib tug neeg hais tias lo lus "tog" yog cia li ib tug neeg sab nrauv - ib daim ntawm cov rooj tog rau zaum ntawm me nyuam kawm ntawv thaum lub sij hawm hauv chav kawm ntawv. Tsis muaj ib tug yog ib txwm noj mov saum rooj los yog vim hais tias ntawm lo lus muaj xws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv nta - ib yam ntawm cov generalization. Tab sis thaum tus kws qhia muab tus menyuam kawm ntawv mus zaum rau ntawm lub rooj, lub sij ntsiab lus tshwm nyob rau hauv tus hais lus. Ua ntej ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv yog ib tug qhob khoom ntawm ib tug tej yam xim, loj, me, zoo lawm. Qhov no qhia tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib lo lus muaj ib tug denotation (generalization) thiab Assistant (concretization).

Npe yuav paub qhov txawv ntawm cov ntau generalized tswvyim (generic) thiab ib txog kev (hom). Ib qho piv txwv muaj peev xwm yuav pom nyob hauv daim duab saum toj no. Thematic pab pawg neeg ntawm cov lo lus - ib tug txheej ntawm tej tswv yim, uas yog tag nrho rau hauv ntau dua general - generic. Rau kev nkag siab txog lub tswvyim (qhia hauv qab no), qhov chaw uas lub xam tau tias yog li tsim lexical ntsiab lus hom tswvyim. Nws yog piav los ntawm tus generic lub sij hawm nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm hom sib txawv. Yuav ua li cas yog lub khiav nkawm khau? Qhov no khau (generic lub sij hawm), tsim cov kev ua si. Yuav ua li cas lwm tus muaj peev xwm yuav ntaus nqi mus rau khau? Nkawm khau, nkawm khau, shale, khau ntaub, clogs, khau khiab, khau looj plab hlaub. Tag nrho cov lus yog merged mus rau hauv ib tug nkaus xwb thematic pab pawg neeg - "nkawm khau."

thematic menyuamuas

Uas tswvyim xws li cov lus hais: nuv ntses pas nrig, net, spinning, kab nuv ntses, bloodworm, jig, nuv ntses, hooking, tom? Nuv ntses. Qhov saum toj no piv txwv - yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm thematic inclusions. Qhov kev ua si "Nrhiav ib tug ntxiv lo lus" zoo tshaj plaws pab kom to taub qhov yog tshuaj pleev ib pawg lus. Piv txwv ntawm kev ua si muaj nyob rau hauv cov nram qab no cov lus:

Nyob rau hauv txhua kem, koj yuav tsum nrhiav ib tug ntxiv lo lus, uas yog tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lub thematic pab pawg neeg. Teb: luav, ib tug worm, ib tug hma liab.

txhais

Nyob rau hauv ib thematic pab pawg neeg raws li inclusions tej zaum yuav muaj ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus. Piv txwv li nrog "Nuv ntses" xws li muaj npe thiab verbs. Txhais txawv yog hais tias lawv yog ib feem ntawm kev hais lus: zaj duab xis, suab duab films, cov xinesmas; khiav, maj, maj, skedaddle; funny, txaus luag, lom zem heev, txias. Tsis lawv roos ib tug tshuaj pleev ib pawg lus? Cov piv txwv qhia hais tias txhais coincide nyob rau hauv lawv cov lexical ntsiab lus thiab siv tsuas yog rau cov neeg sau ntawm ib phau ntawv los yog daim ntawv impart kev qhia. Feem ntau cov linguists xws li lus mus rau lub thematic pawg. Nyob rau nruab nrab, lawv tseem muaj li ntawm ob peb lus, tab sis muaj kev zam. Yog li, lo lus "heev" yog 26 txhais.

Association tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug general yam ntxwv. Raws li ib qho piv txwv peb yuav noj lub chaw "liab". Cov pab pawg neeg yuav muaj lus ua xws li: ruby, coral, liab, kumachovy.

Tsim cov tshuaj pleev ib pawg lus?

Ua li no, koj yuav tsum paub:

• Lub lexical ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus.
• Muaj ib tug tej yam lus.
• Muaj ib tug broad outlook.

Yuav ua li cas yuav pab tau ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv? Collegiate Dictionary, uas yog muab ib tug kev piav qhia ntawm txhua lo lus siv nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus. Qhov tseem zoo-paub sau phau ntawv, mus sau tag nrho cov nyiaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, yog SI Ozhegov thiab DN Ushakov, txawm hais tias muaj ntau ntau cov tsis ntev los no khoom, siv lub hloov uas txuam nrog rau kev siv cov lus Askiv kab zauv. Piv txwv li, T. F. Efremova sib sau 160 txhiab cov khoom.

Thematic pab pawg neeg ntawm cov lo lus yog ib qho yooj yim mus cuag rau cov neeg uas tau nyeem ib tug ntau ntawm cov ntawv tseeb, nquag siv lus thiab mob siab yuav siv zoo xws li cov nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Koj muaj peev xwm coj raws li ib qho piv txwv ib tug excerpt ntawm cov kos duab los mus nrhiav lus. Pab thiab xws li ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm:

Nws yog tsim nyog los qhia ib yam (generic) tswv yim rau cov lus no: ib leej niam, ib tug nyuj, ib tug kav, ib tug tshuab xam zauv, ib tug muam, ib tug nees, ib lub lwv, ib tug cwj mem ntaub ntawv, ib tug npua, ib tug tij laug, ib tug cwj mem, yawg, tshis, pog, txiv, sharpener, ib tug yaj aub.

Muaj cov nram qab no cov tshuaj pleev ib pawg lus: "Cov txheeb ze", "Tsiaj txhu", "Lub tsev kawm ntawv Khoom siv".

Piv txwv nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab "Caij"

Muaj dab tsi lo lus yuav piav qhia txog tej phenomena li lub caij? Yuav kom pab tiv nrog neeg ua hauj lwm, highlight lub pab pawg, piv txwv li: huab cua, cov xwm, txoj hauj lwm, khaub ncaws. Lawv yuav tsum txhab. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib cais - cov kev xaiv ntawm generic tswv yim uas underlie cov kev sib txawv ntawm lub caij ntuj no, lub caij nplooj zeeg, lub caij ntuj sov thiab caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Tsim cov tshuaj pleev ib pawg lus? Lub npe ntawm lub caij tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub rooj, muab piv pab pawg.

Nyob rau hauv cov piv txwv piav xwb tej khoom thiab phenomena, tab sis lub analogy yog heev yooj yim mus ntxiv ua thiab cwj pwm ntawm cov khoom.