Subaltern tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv Russia: lub npe, lub npe. Leej twg yog cov "cov me nyuam ntawm senior tub ceev xwm"?

Chief tub ceev xwm, neeg ua hauj lwm tub ceev xwm - ib tug division ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog nyob rau hauv lub zoo ibyam ntawm cov tub ceev xwm mus txog rau thaum 1917. Cov yav tas yog siab - los ntawm loj rau colonel. Ib tug thawj tub ceev xwm - ib tug junior tub ceev xwm - los ntawm chij rau tus tauj ncov loj. Lub tswvyim ntawm "junior" nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav tsum tau txawv los ntawm lub sij hawm "petty tub ceev xwm" - lub npe ntawm qhov kev hloov ntawm cov tub rog thiab tub ceev xwm uas tau muab tshwj xeeb distinguished cov tub rog uas twb tsis muaj title ntawm nom tswv cajceg.

Ib tug analogy yuav tau nrog ib tug niaj hnub pab tub rog: rau lub npe ntawm tus tub ceev xwm yuav tsum tau ib tug ntau dua cov tub rog kev kawm ntawv, yog li ntawd muaj "txoj" rank - sergeant thiab corporals. Taug ncaj qha mus rau qhov zoo ibyam senior tub ceev xwm.

chij

Tsis-commissioned tub ceev xwm - chief tub ceev xwm, hnav nyob rau hauv tus caum qab ntawm ib lub hnub qub (nyob rau hauv ib co embodiments, ib tug) - yog tus nqi qis tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm ib tug tub ceev xwm cov hom hauj lwm. Lub artillery uas title tsis muaj - nws corresponded rau bayonet ib cadet. Yog li, lub chij yog ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab cim nyob rau hauv "bela" M. Yu. Lermontova - Pechorin.

Lieutenant, cornet thiab cornet

Chief tub ceev xwm kuj yuav lub npe ntawm ob lieutenant. Nyob rau niaj hnub zoo li lawv yuav pom cov ob lub hnub qub. Cornet cornet nyob rau hauv lub cavalry thiab kuj equated rau cov nyob qib ntawm ob lieutenant. Tus thawj title nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tshwm sim tsuas yog cov lub Cossacks, lub thib ob - tus lwm cavalry kev sib ntaus los yog caj npab. Thaum no nyob qib corresponded Navy midshipman.

Nws yuav tsum tau to taub hais tias nyob rau hauv lub tub rog thiab Navy tag nrho cov sij hawm muaj tub rog kho. Senior tub ceev xwm tau kuj muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lawv. Txij li thaum 1884 Ensign title twb tso tseg, thiab cov thawj junior tub ceev xwm nyob qib cornet thiab los ua ib tug thib ob lieutenant.

lieutenant

Chief tub ceev xwm thiab lieutenants tau txais lub npe. Lub Cossack troops kom tau raws li lawv tubrog. Lieutenants coj qhws lub xub pwg straps nrog peb cov hnub qub nyob rau txhua. Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no title yog ib qho nyob rau hauv txawv cim nyob rau hauv classical Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Thiab dab tsi yog qhov piav: lieutenant - cov neeg hluas, tab sis tsis ntev youngsters. Tam sim no lawv tau ua "neeg laus" kom raug thiab miscalculations. Ntawm lawv yog cov lub losers nyob rau hauv daim card, thiab cov heroes thiab cowards, thiab lwm tus neeg. Lieutenant sau raws nkaus Ii mus rau lub nyob qib Lieutenant nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog.

Tus tauj ncov loj

Lub npe ntawm lub cavalry tus tauj ncov loj nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog rau qib neeg ua hauj lwm-tus tauj ncov loj, lub Cossacks - podesaula. Lawv coj qhws insignia nrog plaub hnub qub nyob rau txhua. Cia peb rov qab ib zaug dua cov khoom ntawm M. Yu. Lermontova "A Hero of Our Lub sij hawm". Muaj no nyob qib coj qhws yooj yooj yim thiab Dobryy Maksim Maksimovich.

tus tauj ncov loj

Tus tauj ncov loj - ntau dua qhov chief officer plaws. Lub cavalry sootvetstoval nws tus tauj ncov loj, thiab lub Cossacks - Cossack tus tauj ncov loj. Cov tus tauj ncov loj nyob rau hauv hais kom ua ntawm ib lub tuam txhab los yog roj teeb, tus tauj ncov loj - ib tug squadron.

Leib-Grenadier tso kom muaj kab muaj kev

Tshwj xeeb yawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog siv cov thawj ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ntawm lub neej Grenadier tso kom muaj kab muaj kev. Cov neeg uas coj qhws lub npe, ib txwm ua li cas rau qhov no kom pom tseeb nyob rau hauv tej kev sib tham.

Leib-Grenadier tso kom muaj kab muaj kev - cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab Imperial Army. Nws tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm ib tug txhais tes grenade nrog ib tug fuse - Grenada. Thawj Grenadiers - qhov no yog cov tub rog uas txawb cov grenades. Nws yog tsim nyog kom sai li sai tau kom tau ze rau tus yeeb ncuab. Estestestvenno uas Grenadiers raug kev txom nyem lub loj tshaj losses nyob rau hauv lub battles. Rau lawv, peb yuav tau nco ntsoov ua ib qho kev zam nyob rau hauv lub txoj cai, thiab thaum nrhiav neeg ua hauj neeg.

Nyob rau hauv 1756, nyob rau hauv Riga, nws twb tsim pery Grenadier tso kom muaj kab muaj kev los ntawm decree ntawm Empress Elizabeth. Ua ntej no, nws yog ib tug subsidiary tuam txhab ntawm grenadiers nyob rau hauv lub infantry regiments. Thawj Grenadier tso kom muaj kab muaj kev heroically qhia nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kunersdorf nyob rau hauv lub Xya Xyoo 'ua tsov ua rog. Nws yog nws nres txiav txim siab lub sij hawm ntawm tag nrho sib ntaus sib tua. Nyob rau hauv 1760, lub tsev coj Berlin zej zog. Lub tso kom muaj kab muaj kev txawv rau nws ua siab loj nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab-Turkish kev tsov kev rog, thiab nyob rau hauv 1775 nws twb muab tsub lub title - Lub neej Grenadier tso kom muaj kab muaj kev. Pab nws suav hais tias kev tsim txiaj, thiab lub rigorous xaiv tus neeg sib tw ua los ntawm nws nrhiav tau.

Cov nom tswv cajceg raws li ib tug zoo tshaj nyob rau hauv recruitment tub ceev xwm

Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias cov tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv Russia ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig - nws tsis yog tsuas yog ib tug tub rog post, tab sis kuj cov pej xeem title. Ua ntej tus kiv puag ncig nws suav hais tias synonymous nrog lub tswvyim ntawm "noble", raws li nws yog los ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg, uas xam tau tias yog nws nws cov dej num rau lub Fatherland kev pab cuam, neeg ua hauj lwm nrog tub ceev xwm. Thaum lub sij hawm lub xeev no thiab muab lawv tsim nyog. Tsuas yog ib tug tub rog tub ceev xwm kev pab yuav pom tau tias kev tsim txiaj ntawm cov privileged chav kawm ntawv.

Tsis ntawd, cov Bolsheviks thaum lub sij hawm lub kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis zoo txoj kev siv lub sij hawm "tub ceev xwm", txog lawv cov kev sib chav kawm ntawv. Thaum lub sij hawm lub Soviet pab tub rog kho thaum lub sij hawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, muaj coob tus Soviet kev sib ntaus los faib commander thiab corps commanders uas tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv lub Civil War rau Red Army, sau ntawv qhia rau loj neeg poob hauj lwm. Lawv hais tias lub sij hawm "tub ceev xwm" yog dab tsi nyob rau hauv lawv lub hlwb li "tus yeeb ncuab", "noble", yog li lawv tsis tau dais cov npe ntawm cov "Soviet tub ceev xwm."

Ces cov paab innovate yog raws li nram no: Germans raug teeb meem tsis tau lub Soviet tsoom fwv, thiab lub teb, yog li nws yog tsim nyog los tsis nco qab lub ideological thiab nom tswv sib txawv thiab los mus tiv thaiv cov kev txaus siab ntawm Russia. Cov kho kom zoo tsim ib tug ntsuj plig ntawm cov rooj saab laaj nrog tus huab tais tus tub rog yeej. Txog thaum ntawd, nws txwv tsis pub tej mention ntawm lub glorious yeej ntawm Lavxias teb sab generals nyob rau hauv lub pre-revolutionary lub sij hawm.

"Cov me nyuam ntawm senior tub ceev xwm"

Txawm Petr Veliky pom tau hais tias cov tawv caste system nyob rau hauv Russia adversely muaj feem xyuam rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev: ze li ntawm tag nrho cov pej xeem nyob hauv ib lub xeev ntawm apathy thiab indifference. Ua nom ua tswv paub hais tias nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub lawv yuav tsiv mus li lub hauj lwm ntaiv. Lwm tus, on qhov tsis tooj, to taub hais tias nyob rau hauv tsis muaj tej yam nws tsis yooj yim sua rau "dhia hla koj lub taub hau." Great reformer tsoo lub centuries-laus kev lig kev cai: nyob rau hauv qhov qeb duas yog cov ibyam, uas yuav tom qab nce mus rau tag nrho cov chav kawm ntawv.

Revolutionary yog qhov tseeb hais tias tom qab ncav qib ntawm tus neeg kis tau lub npe ntawm ib tug nom. Nws yav tom ntej cov me nyuam tseem muaj cai tau txais cov npe no. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, muaj ib tug kiv puag ncig uas abolished lub txhav caste system nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws. Txawm li cas los, cov me nyuam uas tau yug los mus txog rau thaum lawv txiv xav nyob qib yog muab ib tug tshwj xeeb raws li txoj cai - "cov tub (cov me nyuam) senior tub ceev xwm."

Yog li ntawd, peb piav qhia txog nyob rau hauv ntau yam dab tsi yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no cov nom tswv cajceg. Raws li tus tub ntawm tus chief officer yuav nce privileged title? Tsuas yog tus kheej muaj nqis. Rau tag nrho lwm cov tswv yim tshwj xeeb-zam li uas yog saum toj no lawv thawj txoj hauj lwm, tab sis hauv qab no cov nom tswv cajceg. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1832, "cov me nyuam ntawm senior tub ceev xwm" yuav muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb raws li txoj cai - "honorable pej xeem".