Suav Panin Nikita Ivanovich: biography, kev ua ub no thiab nthuav cov lus tseeb

Suav Panin Nikita Ivanovich - siab dignitary nyob rau Empress Elizabeth thiab Catherine Alekseevna, ntse thiab hloov maj mam diplomat, kawm ntawm lub Crown tub huabtais, tus tsim ntawm cov thawj Lavxias teb sab kevcai tswj, uas yog kom tsis txhob muaj autocracy. Qhov no yog ib tug nyuag piav txog ntawm nws kev ua hauv lub tsev hais plaub ntawm lub ob empresses. Tam sim no peb coj ib tug los ze zog saib, yog dab tsi tus sijhawm muaj Count Nikita Panin. Nws biography yog tag nrho ntawm ceev faj Maneuvering, thiab tsis tau nws tuag nyob rau hauv disgrace.

Early xyoo

Nikita Panin yug nyob rau hauv Danzig nyob rau hauv 1718, lub peb hlis ntuj 31, nyob rau hauv ib tsev neeg ntawm nobles, tsis yog tshwj xeeb muaj nyiaj, tab sis kev nyab xeeb heev. Lawv ntseeg hais tias lawv pog koob yawg koob tau Italians los ntawm lub nroog ntawm Lucca. Peb xyoos tom qab, nws muaj ib tug kwv yau Peter. Cov kwv tij nqa lawv cov phooj ywg thoob plaws nws lub neej. Cov fortress Pernove txiv yog tus commandant. Lawv nyob nraum zus thiab twb kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv tsev. Raws li kev cai, nrog rau cov me nyuam yug ntawm Count Panin twb kaw nyob rau hauv lub tiv thaiv. Nyob rau 22, nws muaj tus nyob qib cornet thiab tau txais kev pab ntawm lub tsev hais plaub.

diplomatic kev ua si

Tom qab lub coup nyob rau hauv 1741 nyob rau ntawm lub lub tsev hais plaub muaj tas mus li koob tsheej. Nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais thiab zoo nraug guardsman, tau txais cov nyob qib ntawm gentleman ntawm lub bedchamber, nws muab nws cov xim zoo siab Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. Raws li ib tug lus dab neeg, nws pw nrog lub koomhaum hnub ntawm muaj koob muaj npe tsev neeg. Tom qab no ua txhaum twb raug xa mus Copenhagen thiab ces nyob rau hauv Stockholm nyob rau hauv 1747. Tej zaum nws yog txawv. Ces ua si lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub tsev hais plaub intrigue, uas yog ib tug nyiam qhov chaw rau yuav tsis Panin, thiab ib tug tub ntxhais hluas thiab zoo nraug V. Shuvalov. Xijpeem, lub tsev hais plaub puv mus rau lub diplomat, dramatically hloov nws biography. Nikita Panin "daig" rau ib tug ncej ntawm ambassador nyob rau hauv Stockholm thiab muaj nws 12 xyoo.

Ces nws yog ib tug me me, boring, txias thiab ntub lub nroog. Nikita Ivanovich poob tsis muaj lub sij hawm lub sij hawm. Nws nyeem ib tug ntau, kawm cov Swedish monarchy, uas txwv Parliament. Nws outlook hloov. Suav Panin los ua ib tug supporter ntawm kev cai monarchy, ceev faj thiab ntse diplomat thiab politician. Raws li nws lub tswv yim ntawm cov Enlightenment txawj xav seized, tshaj tej ntawm, nws tuaj rau lub xaus hais tias Russia muaj kam nrog Britain rau cawv nyob rau hauv Baltic cheeb tsam.

Ib tug tshiab milestone nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm

Nws patron, lub chancellor AP Bestuzhev-Ryumin, poob mus rau hauv disgrace nyob rau hauv 1758, Panin Nikita Ivanovich thiab resigned, tab sis tag nrho cov ntawm ib tug Sudden, thiab tau txais nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv 1760 los ntawm Elizabeth kuv siab chaw ua hauj lwm - xib fwb Tsarevich Paul Petrovich, uas yog xya xyoo.

Panin: kawm thiab diplomat

Suav Panin tau txais lub "qhov tseem ceeb" txoj hauj lwm. Nws yuav muaj feem xyuam rau lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm Lavxias teb sab huab tais. Muaj ntau lub tsev hais plaub tsis xav pom rau lub zwm txwv ntawm lub Hmoob, uas piv nrog flighty cim, Peter III. Lawv nyiam mus rau lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lawv txoj cai kav hluas Paul I. Tab sis nws muab tawm txawv, seized hwj chim nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm cov kwv tij Orlovyh Ekaterina Alekseevna.

Suav Panin mas txaus siab cov ambitions ntawm tus tshiab kav, thiab ruaj nws tub kawm ntawv thiab ib tug nyob ntsiag to lub neej. Nyob rau hauv parallel, nws ua txoj hauj lwm ntawm ib tug diplomat, twb tau xaiv ib tug privy councilor thiab senator, lub tsev hais plaub yog tseem inexperienced nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws Affairs cov hluas Empress Catherine II. Ua ke nrog nws, nws thiaj yog tus founder ntawm lub Union ntawm lub Baltic States nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm Prussia thiab Russia.

Panin - kawm

Thiab yog dab tsi txog tus hluas Paul? Tsis muaj, nws tsis tau tsis nco qab lawm los ntawm Nikita Ivanovich. Lawv ua tsaug uas txuas mus rau txhua lwm yam. Panin jokingly unobtrusive txoj kev sim instill nyob rau hauv nws cov menyuam kawm ntawv lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug kev cai monarchy. Tus phooj ywg, yeej ib txwm muaj tshuav ib pawg ntawm cov lus tso dag thiab qhia dab neeg, paub qab hau Nikita Ivanovich quaj los kuamuag vim Crown tub huabtais tej lus qhia thiab muab nws ib tug ntau ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws twb hloov los ntawm nws niam nws txiv. Tus yau tus tub attentive mus rau lub tswv yim ntawm Nikita Ivanovich, uas tsis nyiam cov Empress. Sai li sai tau raws li Povlauj tau muaj 17 xyoo, Panin raug tshem tawm los ntawm chaw ua hauj lwm. Ob leeg: thiab kawm, thiab nws cov menyuam kawm ntawv, tsaug txog tej disgrace, txhais beautifully. Nws twb muab plaub txhiab serfs, ib puas txhiab rubles, cov kev pab cuam ntawm cov nyiaj, uas yog tsim nyog tsib txhiab rubles, ib lub tsev nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, caterers thiab cawv rau ib lub xyoo, lub livery cov tub qhe, phab xis, lub xyoo nce nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj hli, uas cas mus rau tsib txhiab rubles mus rau lub twb kaum plaub muaj. Txawm li cas los, Panin kom txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej muab khaws cia tseg cawv rau Paul Petrovich, uas nyiam nws lub tswv yim.

Yog vim li cas rau opals

Nyob rau hauv 1762, Nikita Ivanovich yog ib qhov project uas unlimited monarchy muaj raws qhov txhav moj khaum, thiab cov Senate twb muab faib ua departments. Thawj feem tsis nyiam lub Empress, thiab yuav ntev yuav tau nco txog, thiab lub thib ob nws coj kev txiav txim.

Ib tug tej diplomat

Txawm li cas los, Panin muaj pov thawj indispensable nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm txawv teb chaws txoj cai. Yuav luag nees nkaum xyoo ua ke nrog lub Empress, nws coj cov College ntawm Txawv Teb Chaws Affairs. Nyob rau hauv 1763 nws los ua ib tug senior tswv cuab ntawm lub College. Maj thiab zoo txiv neej, nws thiaj li skilfully coj cov kev sib tham uas nws denials yeej tsis tau hnov, thiab kev mloog kom nws maj mam muab babbling hais lus, txawv teb chaws diplomats tsis nco qab txog lawv lub ntsiab lub hom phiaj.

Tawm suab rapprochement nrog Prussia ntawm qhov kev txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Russia, nws yog nrog Catherine II tsim lub Union ntawm lub sab qaum teb lub xeev, uas txwv hais ( "Northern accord"). Nws txwv muab faib rau ntawm Poland thiab Fabkis nce.

Nyob rau hauv 1765, ib tug daim ntawv cog lus tau xaus lus nrog Copenhagen, nyob rau hauv 1766 - qhov kev pom zoo nrog teb chaws Aas Kiv rau cov lag luam tawm. Nyob rau hauv 1768-74 xyoo tom qab lub Lavxias teb sab-Turkish kev tsov kev rog hloov cov kev coj ntawm Catherine II ntawm txoj cai, thiab Panin tau ceased mus yuav tau cov Empress. Nyob rau hauv 1769, Suav Panin muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov zajlus, uas yog npaj mus rhuav lub Empress thiab cov enthronement ntawm Grand Duke Paul Petrovich, uas tau vowed mus hwm lub cai cai limiting tus monarchy. Cov zajlus sab, tab sis Panin maj mam muab tshem tawm los ntawm lub tsev hais plaub thiab cov neeg pej xeem Duke. Nyob rau hauv 1780, thaum lub sij hawm lub liberation ntawm America los ntawm lub British colonization, nws ua hauj lwm rau lub teb chaws kev tshaj tawm ntawm neutrality. Nyob rau hauv 1781 nws ua retired.

Tus thawj Lavxias teb sab Constitution

Nws muaj ob qhov chaw.

Nyob rau hauv tus thawj, introductory, piav qhia txog yog vim li cas lub teb chaws yuav tsum tau ib tug tsoom fwv uas ua raws li cov kev cai. Yuav ua li cas ib qho tseem ceeb nws yog tsim txhua lub sij hawm Panin Nikita Ivanovich. Lub keeb kwm ntawm niaj hnub Russia - pov thawj ntawm cov correctness ntawm cov views ntawm cov kev cai ntawm lub XVIII caug xyoo. Authority entrusted nrog lub xeev los ua rau qhov zoo ntawm nws kev kawm, cov nom kav cov neeg yuav tsum tau xaiv. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub hwj chim - nws kev xaiv tsa. Nom tswv lub hauv paus nws suav hais tias yog khoom ntawm ntiag. Thiab yog dab tsi nws yog nyob rau hauv nws lub hauv paus pib? Qhov no Panin tsis hais, tab sis qhov xaus yog cuab kev: lub muaj serfs. Yog hais tias puas feudalism thiab muab dawb rein, ces yuav ua li cas? Peb paub cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no vim 1862, tab sis, ces nws tsis yog tseeb.

Tom ntej no Count Panin Nikita Ivanovich tseeb tswvyim yuav tsis ua hauj lwm tawm. Nws saib ib tug header los ntawm uas nws yog tseeb hais tias tus uas kav lub lub teb chaws yuav tsum yog Orthodox, tab sis tag nrho cov lwm yam religions tsis oppressed. Nws yog tsim nyog los npaj succession, uas tom qab Povlauj Petrovich. Estates cai twb tsis teev, tab sis nws yog lub npe. Tsev hais plaub yuav tsum tau tsuas ua rau cov pej xeem. Se yog qhia tsuas yog tom qab tsoom fwv sib tham. Qhov no Constitution, tom qab nws tuag, nws bequeathed mus rau lub txais, nws nyiam menyuam kawm ntawv, tab sis hais tias nws tsis tau txais. Panina tij laug, Peter Ivanovich, pom cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub cim ntawm Paul, tsis tau muab nws cov ntaub ntawv. Yuav kom dim xwb thooj sau cia los ntawm nws secretary D. I. Fonvizinym.

Thaum N. I. Panin tuag nyob rau hauv 1763 thaum muaj hnub nyoog 65 xyoos, ces nws zaum ntawm ib sab nws lub txaj, Paul Petrovich thiab tuav nws txhais tes. Ib zaug nyob rau lub hwj chim, nws muab nws pab qhia ib tug monument nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Magdalene nyob rau hauv Pavlovsk.

Tej qualities ntawm Count Panin thiab nthuav cov lus tseeb ntawm nws lub neej

Siab dawb siab zoo los ntawm qhov, nws yog ib tug great sybarite. Kuv tsis tau tawm ntawm txaj ua ntej tav su, yeej tsis nyob rau hauv ib tug hurry, yog heev neeg tub nkeeg thiab tag nrho cov yeej tsis coj bribes. Nws tsis yog siab hlob, muab rau nws los ntawm serfs Nikita Ivanovich muab faib nrog nws secretaries, xws li nws qhia tau txais D. I. Fonvizin, lub neej yav tom ntej playwright.

Lub N. I. Panina, ib tug lover ntawm cov zaub mov zoo yog cov zoo tshaj plaws chefs nyob rau hauv lub nroog. Txawm li cas los, nws nws tus kheej yuav siv sij hawm rau npaj zaub mov noj: noj oysters nyob rau hauv npias thiab hlawv koj tus kheej thaum lub sij hawm cuff. Tab sis nws yuav tsis tau noj qab nyob zoo nyob rau hauv thaum sawv ntxov, heev nruj nyob rau hauv rau yav tsaus ntuj tom qab noj mov watermelons. Lawv tau sib yuav, nws tsis yog, tab sis tu rau qhov zoo nkauj ib nrab ntawm cov tib neeg nrog Library. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog ib tug Mason.

Rau peb, nws xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv, suav Panin tseem nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb raws li ib tug zoo heev diplomat uas coj loj pab Russia thiab ntxiv dag zog rau nws txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov western lub xeev.