Suam ntawm cov tshuaj hormones. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov tshuaj hormones nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev

Cov tshuaj hormones hu ua tshuaj povntawv ntawm tiav system ntawm kev cai ntawm lub cev functions. Qhov no inherently txawv tshuaj uas muaj peev xwm mus rau kis Pib ntsais koj teeb hlwb. cov kev sib tshuam yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm qhov kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia thiab siv cov kev metabolism, kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob, lub community launch txog ib qho tseem ceeb functions los yog lawv tsuj thiab kho lus.

Lawm - yog ib tug organic tshuaj synthesis uas hais nyob rau hauv endocrine qog los yog endocrine feem tov endocrine qog. Lawv faib ncaj qha mus rau lub hauv ib puag ncig, nyob rau hauv uas lub across faib thiab thauj mus rau qhov hom phiaj yog nruab nrog cev. Ntawm no lawv muaj peev xwm ua pheev lom nyhuv uas yog pom tau hais los ntawm txoj kev receptors. Vim hais tias txhua yam tshuaj muaj tsuas yog tseem rau ib qho receptor. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov tshuaj muaj feem xyuam rau ib tug muaj nuj nqi los yog cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub cev. Classification los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuaj hormones, ntaub so ntswg tropism thiab cov tshuaj qauv qhia ntau kom meej meej.

Lub tswv yim ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj hormones

Niaj hnub nimno kev faib ntawm cov tshuaj hormones considers cov tshuaj los ntawm ntau yam ntsiab lus ntawm view. Thiab lawv koom los ntawm ib tug tshaj plaws: ib yam tshuaj hu ua organic tebchaw, uas nws synthesis tshwm sim xwb nyob rau hauv lub cev. Lawv muaj yog yam ntxwv ntawm zoo siv tag nrho cov vertebrates nyob rau hauv uas cov kev cai ntawm lub cev functions kuj yog ib tug tshuav nyiaj li cas ua hauj lwm humoral thiab tshee systems. Thiab nws nyob ua ntej lawm tshaj nyob rau hauv lub phylogeny ntawm lub paj hlwb humoral ntxawg system. Txawm nyob rau hauv txheej thaum ub cov tsiaj nws muaj, txawm tias nws yog lub luag hauj lwm rau feem ntau yooj yim zog.

Cov tshuaj hormones thiab biologically active tshuaj

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov heev system kev lom active tshuaj (BAS) thiab kev receptors rau lawv yog cov yam ntxwv txawm rau lub hlwb. Txawm li cas los, lub tswvyim ntawm "hormone" thiab "BAS" yog tsis zoo tib yam. Lawm hu ua BAS, uas yog secreted mus rau hauv lub internal puag ncig thiab muaj cov nyhuv ntawm ib tug nyob deb pab pawg neeg ntawm lub hlwb. BAS, nyob rau hauv lem, ua zos. Piv txwv ntawm biologically active tshuaj, uas yog tseem xa mus rau raws li hormone zoo li tshuaj yog chalones. Cov tshuaj yog tso tawm cell pejxeem, nyob rau inhibit tu tub tu kiv thiab tswj kev puas ntsoog. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm BAS kuj prostaglandins. Niaj hnub nimno kev faib ntawm cov tshuaj hormones allocates rau lawv ib tug tshwj xeeb cov pab pawg neeg ntawm eicosanoids. Lawv yog npaj rau lub zos kev cai ntawm o nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab mus nqa tawm hemostatic dab nyob rau theem ntawm arterioles.

Tshuaj kev faib ntawm cov tshuaj hormones

Cov tshuaj hormones yog tshuaj qauv muab faib ua ob peb pab pawg. Qhov no cais lawv thiab lub mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim, vim hais tias cov tshuaj muaj ntau ua tau zoo tropism rau dej thiab lipids. Yog li, cov tshuaj faib ntawm cov tshuaj hormones yog raws li nram no:

• peptide pab pawg neeg (faib los ntawm lub pituitary caj pas, lub hypothalamus, tus txiav, thiab parathyroid caj pas) ;
• steroid pab pawg neeg (endocrine faib ib feem ntawm cov txiv neej gonads thiab adrenal cortical chaw);
• ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov amino acid derivatives (tsim los ntawm tus thyroid caj pas thiab adrenal hlwb txheej);
• pab pawg neeg ntawm eicosanoids (tseem ceeb hlwb yog tsim los ntawm arachidonic acid).

Nws yog noteworthy uas poj niam txiv neej cov tshuaj hormones kuj muaj nyob rau hauv lub steroid pab pawg neeg. Txawm li cas los, Cov tshuaj steriods kho thiab loj yog tsis: tus ntawm cov tshuaj hormones ntawm no hom yog tsis txuam nrog anabolic nyhuv. Yog li lawv cov metabolism tsis ua rau tus tsim ntawm 17-ketosteroids. ntawm zes qe menyuam cov tshuaj hormones, tab sis yog structurally zoo xws li cov mus rau lwm cov steroids, tab sis lawv yog cov tsis. Vim hais tias lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov roj uas txhaws, rau piv yooj yim tshuaj classifications, lawv yog ranked raws li tus so ntawm steriods kho.

Classification ntawm qhov chaw ntawm synthesis

Hormonal cov neeg ua hauj tej zaum yuav tsum tau muab faib thiab nyob rau qhov chaw ntawm synthesis. Ib txhia yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub peripheral ntaub so ntswg, thaum lwm tus neeg - nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus poob siab system. Nyob rau qhov no nyob rau hauv txoj kev lub tso pa tawm thiab tso tawm ntawm ib yam khoom uas ua rau ib tug kev realization ntawm lawv cov teebmeem. Suam ntawm cov tshuaj hormones nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw zoo li no:

• hypothalamic cov tshuaj hormones (tso yam);
• pituitary (Tropic cov tshuaj hormones, vasopressin thiab oxytocin);
• thyroid (calcitonin, triiodothyronine thiab tetraiodothyronine);
• parathyroid (parathyroid hormone);
• nedpochechnikovye (norepinephrine, epinephrine, aldosterone, cortisol, androgens);
• pw ua ke (oestrogens, androgens);
• pancreatic (glucagon, insulin);
• ntaub (leukotrienes, prostaglandins);
• APUD cov tshuaj hormones (motilin, gastrin, etc.).

Lub xeem pab pawg neeg ntawm hormonal tshuaj yog tsis qoos taub. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov loj tshaj plaws pab pawg neeg ntawm endocrine qog nyob rau hauv lub Upper seem ntawm lub hnyuv, daim siab thiab txiav. Lawv lub hom phiaj yog tswj exocrine secretion ntawm digestive qog thiab plab hnyuv kom.

Suam ntawm cov tshuaj hormones rau cov nyhuv hom

Ntau yam hormonal tshuaj muaj sib txawv los nyob rau hauv lom ntaub so ntswg. Lawv muab faib mus rau hauv lub nram qab no pab pawg:

• metabolic regulators (glucagon, triiodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine, cortisol, insulin);
• ntawm lwm yam uas zog ntawm lwm endocrine qog (hypothalamus tso yam, Tropic pituitary cov tshuaj hormones);
• regulators ntawm calcium thiab phosphorus metabolism (parathyroid lawm, calcitonin thiab calcitriol);
• regulators dej-ntsev equilibrium (vasopressin, aldosterone);
• regulators deev muaj nuj nqi (nrog txiv neej pw hormones);
• stressor cov tshuaj hormones (norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol);
• ntawm lwm yam uas thiab txwv txoj kev loj hlob nqi ntawm cell division (kev loj hlob lawm, insulin, tetraiodothyronine);
• regulators ntawm lub hauv paus poob siab system, lub limbic system (hydrocortisone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, testosterone).

Lub secretion ntawm cov tshuaj hormones thiab tsheb thauj mus los

Tso pa tawm ntawm cov tshuaj hormones tshwm sim tam sim ntawd tom qab lawv synthesis. Lawv poob ncaj qha mus rau hauv cov ntshav los yog cov ntaub so ntswg kua. Xeem qhov chaw secretion cov yam ntxwv ntawm eicosanoids: lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob ua deb ntawm lub hlwb, vim hais tias cov kev ua ntawm regulating tag nrho cov ntaub ntawm cov pejxeem. Thiab ntawm zes qe menyuam cov tshuaj hormones, pituitary, pancreas, thiab lwm cov neeg muaj cov ntshav kis thoob plaws lub cev nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov hom phiaj hauv nruab nrog cev uas muaj kev receptors rau lawv. Los ntawm cov ntshav lawv tau nyob rau hauv intercellular kua, uas yog xa mus rau lub cell ntawm lub hom phiaj hloov khoom nruab nrog.

Teeb liab hloov lwm lub tsev rau cov receptor

Qhov saum toj no kev faib ntawm cov tshuaj hormones muaj kev cuam tshuam cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw ntawm cov nyhuv rau cov ntaub so ntswg thiab kabmob. Txawm tias qhov no yog tau tsuas yog tom qab lub thwj toob ntawm ib tug tshuaj rau cov receptor. Tsis ntev los no sib txawv thiab muaj nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub hlwb thiab nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm, nyob rau hauv nuclear membrane thiab nyob rau hauv lub nucleus. Vim hais tias txoj kev teeb liab kis tau tus mob tshuaj muab faib mus rau hauv ob hom:

• extracellular kis tau tus mob mechanism;
• teeb liab transduction.

Qhov no yooj yim kev faib ntawm cov tshuaj hormones tso cai rau kos cov lus xaus txog lub teeb liab kis tau tus mob ceev. Piv txwv li, ib tug extracellular mechanism yog ho ceev tshaj lub intracellular. Nws yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm adrenaline, noradrenaline thiab lwm yam peptide cov tshuaj hormones. Intracellular mechanism yog raug rau lipophilic steroids. Ntxiv mus, rau cov kev pab ntawm tus kab mob yog tiav sai nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm peptides yog. Tom qab ntau lawm ntawm steroid cov tshuaj hormones, yog npaum li cas qeeb qeeb thiab lawv teeb liab transduction mechanism kuj slows yuav tsum protein synthesis thiab maturation.

Yam ntxwv signaling hom

Lub extracellular mechanism yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm peptide cov tshuaj hormones, uas tsis tau qab lub cytoplasmic membrane mus rau hauv lub cytoplasm tsis muaj ib tug kev transporter protein. Ib se yog tsis muab, thiab lub teeb liab yog kis tau los ntawm cov adenylate cyclase system los hloov tus conformation ntawm lub receptor ceg rau nws.

Intracellular mechanism yog ntau yooj yim. Nws yog nqa tawm tom qab lub allergic ntawm lipophilic tshuaj mus rau hauv lub cell, qhov twg nws muaj raws li cov lub cytoplasmic receptor. Nrog nws, nws cov ntaub ntawv hauv lub tshuaj-receptor complex, uas nkag rau hauv lub nucleus thiab muaj ib cov nyhuv rau tej noob. Lawv ua kom ua rau yus pib protein synthesis, uas yog lub molecular nyhuv ntawm no lawm. Lub sij nyhuv yog ib tug twb tau protein uas regulates qhov xav muaj nuj nqi tom qab nws synthesis thiab kev kawm ntawv.