Sophistry - ib tug tshwj xeeb philosophical tsev kawm ntawv ntawm antiquity

Txoj kev ntawm philosophical xav nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov eras tsim rau ib tug zoo xws li cov ntsiab cai: hloov txhua txhua universal qauv tuaj tej lus qhia uas sawv sharply tawm tsam tag nrho metaphysics thiab xa mus rau cov kev txwv ntawm nco qab thiab cognition. Descartes thiab Leibniz tuaj Emanu-es Kant, rau lub materialists ntawm lub puas tawm xyoo, thiab Hegel - positivists. Nyob rau hauv ancient Greece, tus menyuam txaj hauv tag nrho cov sciences, thiab philosophy nyob rau hauv particular, xws li ib tug teeb meem no yuav tsum tau tas mus li. Ib lub tsev kawm ntawv thuam thiab refute cov lwm yam, thiab ces lwm versa. Txawm li cas los, muaj cov neeg uas muaj ib tug thawj tov ntawm tag nrho cov kev tsis sib haum, hais tias tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv uas yog kev xav nyob rau hauv lub theories nyias hais txawv nyias, ces tej zaum tag nrho lawv cov "tseeb" thiab "lus sib cav" tsuas yog "tswvyim"? Tom qab tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tiag tiag, tsis muaj ib tug tau pom los yog Yehauvas, los yog Vajtswv, tus uas yog tus Tswv Tsim, los yog finite los yog infinite hais tias. Sophistry - nws yog raws nraim tib yam "ntsiav tshuaj" tiv thaiv kev txom philosophical kev tsov kev rog.

Leej twg yog cov sophists?

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws-paub cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev kawm ntawv no twb Protagoras, Antiphon, Hippias, Gorgias, Prodicus, Likofron. Sophistry - ib tug system uas tsom rua cov kev qhia ntawm virtue, kev txawj ntse, tej uas yus hnov thiab cov qauv rau kev tswj. Los ntawm kev nuj nqis heev nyob ze rau nws muaj yog Deyl Karnegi. Antique sophistry yog thawj system, uas yog sawv cev los ntawm lub thiaj-hu ua "kev txawj ntse-sellers" uas coj ib lub hom ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm me nyuam kawm ntawv thiab kev kawm - kev sib nrig sib sib txuas lus thiab sib npaug zos kho mob.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev kawm ntawv no uas yog kev xav?

Lub Sophists qhia rau hais neeg xav rau lawv tus kheej thiab tau txuam nrog rau rov tshwm sim ntawm kev cai ywj pheej nyob rau hauv ntau Greek lub zos. Lawv hais tias lub ntsiab tseem ceeb no koob pheej ntawm lawv nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg, tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej qhov kev tshawb xav thiab cov tswv yim, uas thaum kawg muab tso lub hauv paus rau qhov kev siv ntawm niaj hnub kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev cai lij choj thiab pej xeem cov thawj coj. Sophistry - yog lub hauv paus rau psychology, scientific Philology, logic, theories ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm religions.

Li cas rau cov sij hawm "sophist"?

Sophistry - ib lub tsev kawm uas yog kev xav uas tau kis mus rau ancient Greece. Qhov no lus qhuab qhia yog founded los ntawm zaum los ntawm cov Greek polis ntawm Athens txog lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub thib tsib xyoo pua BC. Lub sij hawm "sophist" yog txhais los ntawm Greek raws li "sage." Yog li ntawd hu ua kev xib fwb, qhia cov neeg kos duab rau ntawm tej uas yus hnov. Tu siab, lub writings ntawm lub founding cov txiv tsev yog yuav luag ua poob lawm, rau hnub no yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi tuaj. Txawm li cas los, los ntawm kev siv indirect cov ntaub ntawv muaj tsim hais tias qhov no caste ntawm philosophers tsis tau sim mus tsim ib tug unified system ntawm kev kawm ntawv thiab kev txawj ntse. Lawv tsis muab tej qhov tseem ceeb rau systematize kev kawm. Lub hom phiaj ntawm lub Sophists yog ib tug - los qhia cov menyuam kawm ntawv sib ceg thiab mus qhib ib tug kev sib tham. Nws yog yog li ntawd yog tias lub classic sophistication nyob rau hauv philosophy - cov lus qhuab qhia tswj rhetoric.

"Senior" sophists

Raws li lub keeb kwm ib theem zuj zus, peb yuav tham txog lub hav zoov ntawm ob tiam sis - lub "senior" thiab "junior" philosopher ntawm lub sophism. "Senior" (Gorgias, Protagoras, Antiphon) Sophists twb soj ntsuam foundations ntawm ethics, kev nom kev tswv, kev cai lij choj thiab lub xeev. Relativism ntawm Protagoras, uas yuav lav hais tias "txiv neej - lub ntsuas ntawm tej yam uas" coj tuaj rau tsev kawm ntawv no tsis kam muab qhov tseeb nyob rau hauv nws lub hom phiaj rau daim ntawv. Raws li lub ntsiab "senior" ntawm lub Sophists, teeb meem - yog changeable thiab dej, thiab vim nws yog xws li, hais tias xaav yog hloov thiab hloov lossi. Nws hais ntxiv hais tias lub yeej muaj tseeb essence ntawm tej yam uas muab zais teeb meem rau nws tus kheej objectively tuaj hais tias yog tsis tau, yog li ntawd, tham txog nws yuav ua tau txhua yam uas koj nyiam. Antique sophistry "senior" yog nkaus subjective thiab posits lub Relativity ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab kev txawj ntse. Tag nrho cov sau phau ntawv ntawm no sib yuav twb tsis siv lub tswv yim tias cov hav zoov nws tus kheej tsis muaj nyob, vim hais tias cov kev txawj ntse ntawm nws muaj peev xwm tsis tsum objectively qhia rau lwm tus.

"Tseem yau" sophists

Lub "junior" mej zeej ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv uas yog kev xav, uas muaj xws li Crete, Alkidama, Likofron, Polemon, Hippodamus thiab Frazimaha, sophistry - ib tug "Juggling" lub tswv yim thiab cov lus, kev siv cov cuav tricks uas yuav ua pov thawj ob leeg ib tug dag thiab qhov tseeb. Nyob rau hauv Greek, lo lus "sophistry" txhais tau tias "cunning", uas yog reflected nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ub ntawm cov followers ntawm no tej lus qhuab qhia raws li cov kev siv ntawm cov lus tricks uas yog yuam kev lawm. Thoob plaws cuav nqe lus raws li kev ua txhaum cai ntawm logic.

Lub methodological hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm sophistry

Yuav ua li cas yog sophistry nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nws daim ntawv thov? Ib tug nrov txoj kev yog "quadrupling" uas ua txhaum tus cai hais txog cov syllogism uas yuav tsum tau tsis muaj ntau tshaj peb cov lus. Li no nws tsim tau ib tug cuav sib cav, uas siv uas tsis yog-neeg ntawm thaj zoo xws li cov tswv yim. Piv txwv li: "tus tub sab tsis xav kom mus yuav dab tsi ruaj. Cov nrhiav tau ntawm ib yam dab tsi zoo - nws yog qhov zoo ua lag ua luam. Li ntawd, cov tub sab xav mus ua ib tug zoo puav pheej. " Tsis tas li ntawd nrov txoj kev - yog ib tug collective lub sij hawm nruab nrab thaum syllogistic inference cov ntsiab lus uas cuam tshuam faib los ntawm volume. Piv txwv li: diplomats - cov neeg, ib co neeg ua si lub violin, tag nrho cov diplomats ua si qhov violin.