Slavic sau ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia

Niaj hnub nimno Lavxias teb sab lus raws li Laus Lub tsev teev ntuj Slavonic, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog yav tas los siv rau kev sau ntawv, thiab rau kev hais lus. Nws twb dim ntau phau thiab paintings.

Culture ntawm Ancient Rus: sau ntawv

Muaj ntau zaum cam hais tias ua ntej lub cuaj xyoo pua, muaj yog tsis muaj kev sau ntawv rau tag nrho cov. Qhov no txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Kievan Rus sau ntawv tsis muaj xws li.

Txawm li cas los, qhov no assumption yog tsis ncaj ncees lawm, vim hais tias yog koj saib lub keeb kwm ntawm lwm yam tsim lub teb chaws thiab lub xeev, peb yuav pom tias txhua leej txhua tus muaj ib tug muaj zog lub xeev muaj tus kheej sau ntawv. Txij ancient Russia twb tseem muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm haum muaj zog lub teb chaws, thiab kev sau ntawv yog tib yam rau Russia yog yuav tsum tau.

Lwm pab pawg neeg ntawm kev tshawb fawb zaum twb tau muaj pov thawj hais tias tus sau ntawv yog, thiab qhov no xaus tau siv tam los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov keeb kwm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov lus tseeb: Brave sau tales "hais txog qhov kev sau ntawv." Tsis tas li ntawd, "nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm Constantine thiab Methodius" yog hais txog mus rau lub xub ntiag ntawm lub Eastern Slavs sau ntawv. Raws li pov thawj cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv tseem ua Ibn Fadlan.

Yog li ntawd thaum muaj ib tug sau lus nyob rau hauv Russia? Lo lus teb rau lo lus nug no yog tseem muaj teeb meem. Tab sis lub ntsiab sib cav rau hauv lub zej zog, muaj tseeb nrog qhov rov tshwm sim ntawm kev sau ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia, yog ntawv cog lus ntawm Russia thiab Byzantium, uas tau sau nyob rau hauv lub 911 thiab 945, ntsig txog.

Kirill kuv Mefody: ib tug lossis loj pab mus rau lub Slavic tsiaj ntawv

Pab Slavic qhia ntawv yog invaluable. Nws yog tus pib ntawm lawv cov chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Slavic lus muaj tau txais nws tus kheej cov tsiaj ntawv, uas yog deb yooj yim nyob rau hauv nws lub suab thiab sau tshaj yav dhau los version ntawm cov lus.

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias cov kws qhia ntawv rau lawv cov me nyuam kawm ntawv yog tsis qhia nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj Slavic neeg, tab sis soj ntsuam hais tias tej zaum Methodius thiab Cyril teem peb tus kheej lub hom phiaj. Introduction to nws views yuav tsis tau tsuas nthuav txoj kev khwv ntawm lawv cov kev txaus siab, tab sis kuj mus piv rau qhov kev siv ntawm lub East Slavic kab lis kev cai yooj yim zog yam lus.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum rau caug xyoo cov phau ntawv thiab lub neej ntawm tus poj Enlightenment tuaj mus rau lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm Russia, qhov chaw uas lawv pib yuav txaus siab rau tiag tiag. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm taw tes rau hauv lub soj ntsuam ntaus nqi mus rau rov tshwm sim ntawm kev sau ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia, lub Slavic niam ntawv.

Zog ntawm Guj kuj txij li thaum cov kev taw qhia ntawm lawv cov lus cov tsiaj ntawv

Txawm tias tag nrho cov lus muaj tseeb, ib co kev soj ntsuam muaj sim los ua pov thawj hais tias tus tsiaj ntawv ntawm lub Enlightenment nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Kievan Rus ', uas yog, txawm ua ntej kev cai raus dej, thaum Russia yog ib tug pagan av. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov keeb kwm cov ntaub ntawv sau nyob rau hauv Cyrillic, muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj ntaub ntawv sau nyob rau hauv lub Glagolitic niam ntawv. Cov soj ntsuam ntawm hais tias, tej zaum, lub Glagolitic cov tsiaj ntawv raws li siv nyob rau hauv ancient Russia nws yog thaum lub sij hawm lub cuaj feem kaum centuries - ua ntej qhov saws me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv.

Feem ntau cov tsis ntev los no, qhov no assumption muaj lawm proven. Zaum thiab soj ntsuam tau pom ib daim ntawv uas muaj ib cov ntaubntawv povthawj ntawm ib tug tej yam pov thawj so. Nyob rau hauv lem, so sau tias nyob rau hauv 1044 nyob rau hauv Russia siv lub Glagolitic ntawv, tab sis Slavic neeg paub nws raws li ib tug ua hauj lwm rau kawm Cyril thiab lub npe hu ua "Cyrillic".

Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau hais tias yuav ua li cas npaum li cas yog txawv thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub kab lis kev cai ntawm Ancient Rus. Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm kev sau ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia, raws li yog feem ntau ntseeg, tau pib txij li thaum lub thoob plaws enlightenment phau ntawv, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm cov lus tseeb, hais tias kev sau ntawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb lub caij nyob rau hauv pagan Russia.

Lub ceev ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Slavic Literature: kev cai raus dej ntawm lub pagan av

Tus yoo pace ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub East Slavic neeg pib sau ntawv tom qab ua kev cai raus Rus ', thaum muaj ib tug sau lus nyob rau hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv 988, thaum tub huabtais Vladimir hloov dua siab tshiab rau cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv Russia, cov me nyuam yuav tau kev cov neeg tseem ceeb pib qhia los ntawm literal phau ntawv. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm tib lub sij hawm, muaj kev cai dab qhuas cov phau ntawv, nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv, cov inscription rau tus kheej kheej xauv, tseem kawm ntawv qhia, uas blacksmiths yeej rau kev txiav txim, nrog swords. Thaum lub princely cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj tshwm sim ntawv.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb yuav tau nco ntsoov hais tias muaj legends ntawm cov nyiaj npib nrog lub inscriptions uas siv tub huabtais Vladimir, Svyatopolk thiab Jaroslav.

A 1030 nce thoob plaws siv birch ntoo.

Tus thawj sau cov ntaub ntawv: birchbark thaud thiab cov phau ntawv

Tus thawj sau cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv steel birch ntoo. Qhov no kev nyeem ntawv thiab sau ntawv yog sau ua ntaub ntawv rau ib tug me me fragment ntawm lub birch ntoo.

Lub uniqueness ntawm lub fact tias lawv yog tseem sawv hnub no. Rau kev soj ntsuam no nrhiav yog qho tseem ceeb heev: nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub fact tias vim cov charters yuav pom nta ntawm lub Slavic lus, sau ntawv rau birch ntoo txawj tham txog qhov tseem ceeb cov txheej xwm uas coj qhov chaw thaum lub sij hawm lub thib kaum ib mus rau lub thib kaum tsib centuries. Cov ntaub ntawv tau los ua ib tug tseem ceeb rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm ancient Russia.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub Slavic kab lis kev cai, birch ntoo twb siv cov lwm lub teb chaws haiv neeg.

Thaum no tus taw tes nyob rau hauv lub archives ntawm ntau birchbark cov ntaub ntawv, sau ib daim ntawv los ntawm lub qub ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nrog lub advent ntawm Berestovoy "daim ntawv", cov neeg tau kawm kom stratify birch ntoo. Qhov no discovery yog tus impetus rau sau ntawv phau ntawv rau ib tug birch ntoo. Slavic sau lus nyob rau hauv Russia tau ua ntau thiab ntau tsim.

Ib tug boon rau kev soj ntsuam thiab historians

Cov thawj tsab ntawv, Berestovoy ua rau ntawm daim ntawv, uas muaj nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Novgorod lub Great. Txhua tus uas tau kawm keeb kwm paub hais tias qhov no nroog muaj zoo tseem ceeb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Russia.

Ib tug tshiab theem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm sau cov lus: translation raws li ib tug loj kev kawm

Tej yam loj loj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv cov lus nyob rau hauv Russia tau muaj ib tug yav qab teb Slavs.

Tub huabtais Vladimir nyob rau hauv Russia pib txhais cov phau ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub South Slavic lus. Thiab nyob rau tub huabtais Yaroslav cov Wise pib los tsim ib tug txawj hais lus, ua tsaug rau uas muaj xws li ib tug txawj ib hom ntawv nyeem raws li lub tsev teev ntuj tej ntaub ntawv.

Ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb rau lub ancient lus muaj peev xwm txhais ntawv los ntawm lwm hom lus. Tus thawj translation (phau ntawv), uas los ntawm lub West European ob tog, yog tus neeg txhais lus los ntawm cov Greek. Nws yog tus Greek lus nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev uas hloov cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Muaj ntau cov nyiaj txais lus muaj ntau thiab ntau siv nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv tej hauj lwm, txawm nyob rau hauv tib lub tsev teev ntuj writings.

Nws yog nyob rau ntawm no theem pib hloov lub kab lis kev cai ntawm Russia, uas yog sau ntawv nyuab dua.

Lub kho ntawm Peter lub Great, nyob rau hauv txoj kev mus rau ib tug cov lus yooj yim

Nrog rau cov sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm Peter kuv, leej twg reformed cov qauv ntawm tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab neeg, txawm nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm kab lis kev cai, tseem ceeb hloov tau lawm. Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm kev sau ntawv nyob rau hauv ancient lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Russia tam sim ntawd nyuab twb complex Slavic lus. Nyob rau hauv 1708, Petr Veliky nkag tau rau thiaj li hu ua "civil font." Twb tau nyob rau 1710 Peter kuv tus kheej saib txhua tsab ntawv ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab lus, tom qab uas ib tug tshiab cov niam ntawv tau tsim. Cov tsiaj ntawv tau cim los ntawm simplified thiab yooj yim rau siv. Lavxias teb sab kav xav mus piv rau lub Lavxias teb sab lus. Muaj ntau ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv tau tsuas cais los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv, li no yooj yim zog tsis tau tsuas yog hais lus, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv.

Tseem Ceeb hloov nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua: cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov cim tshiab

Lub ntsiab hloov yog qhov qhia txog ntawm xws li ib tug tsab ntawv thaum lub sij hawm no, raws li "thiab ib tug nyuag". Tsab ntawv no yog nkag tau rau hauv 1735. Twb tau nyob rau 1797, Karamzin siv cov tshiab kos npe rau "yo" suab.

Los ntawm kawg ntawm lub 18th caug xyoo, lub tsab ntawv "yat" tau poob nws cov ntsiab lus, vim hais tias nws coincided nrog lub suab "e" suab. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no tsab ntawv "yat" ceased yuav tsum tau siv. Tsis ntev nws kuj ceased mus yuav tau ib feem ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab niam ntawv.

Qhov kawg theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus: me kev hloov

Qhov kawg kho kom zoo, uas hloov tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia, yog cov kho kom zoo ntawm 1917, uas ntawd kub ntev li kom txog thaum 1918. Nws yog npaj los cais tag nrho cov tsiaj ntawv, lub suab ntawm cov uas yog tog twg los ib yam nkaus thiab zoo ib yam li los yog zoo rau nws rov qab. Nws yog ua tsaug rau qhov no kho kom zoo rau hnub tim, ib tug khoom point (b) yog ib tug kev sib cais, thiab mos mos (b) yog qhov kev sib cais nyob rau hauv lub npav ntawm cov mos mos tsiaj ntawv.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb yuav tau nco ntsoov hais tias cov kho kom zoo tau tshwm sim los zoo tsis txaus siab nyob rau ib feem ntawm ntau mas txawj cov nuj nqis. Piv txwv li, Ivan Bunin ntseeg tau criticized qhov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub hom lus.