Sections ntawm ecology thiab ib nyuag piav qhia. Lub ntsiab tej ntsiab lus

Txiv neej, yog ib feem ntawm lub noosphere, yog ntsib nrog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sis raug zoo ntawm haiv neeg uas ib puag ncig. Science, tshuaj xyuas thiab ntsuam cov kev twb kev txuas ntawm coob uas muaj sia nyob nrog txhua lwm yam thiab lawv ib puag ncig, raws li zoo raws li kev kawm tej yam uas ntuj yam tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv tsob nroj, tsiaj thiab lwm yam lub neej cov ntaub ntawv, hu ua ecology. Yog xav paub txoj kev tshawb no ntawm no lom qhuab qhia yog muab faib mus rau hauv sectors: synecology, autecology, pejxeem ecology, tib neeg kev noj nyob.

Lawv yog cov kev thiab yog ib feem ntawm ib tug multidisciplinary complex uas muaj xws li tsis tau tsuas yog qhov chaw ntawm ecology, tab sis kuj mus rau lwm cov sciences: economics, Sociology, psychology. Qhov tsab xov xwm yuav kawm txog cov sectors ntawm ib puag ncig kev kawm thiab qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lawv cov nuj nqes rau tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov xwm.

tej ntsiab lus thiab ib nyuag piav qhia

Tus aim ntawm kev qhuab qhia yog ib tug tob thiab muaj txhij txhua dua txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub ntau yam ntawm science: lom, kev sib raug zoo thiab nyiaj txiag. Piv txwv li, tsom rau cov peculiarities ntawm lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab kab mob los ntawm lawv lub chaw nyob zuag qhia tag nrho ecology raws li ib tug science. Ecology lawm coob livelihood teeb meem nyob rau hauv ecosystems. Geoecology xaiv cov specifics ntawm nyob cov zej zog nyob rau hauv kev thaj tej yam kev mob: nyob rau hauv lub roob, dej tsis qab ntsev pas dej, seas, thiab lwm yam tom ntej, peb xav txog cov saum toj no thiab lwm cov ib puag ncig ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv ntau yam ...

zuag qhia tag nrho ib puag ncig cov hom phiaj

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ntawm lawv - txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub natural resources ntawm cov ntau ntau ntawm lawv lub koom haum. Xws li ib tug seem li autecology, npaaj ntau ces tej yam kev mob, delimiting lawv nyob rau abiotic, biotic thiab tib neeg yam. Nws yog lub npe hu li cas ib qho tseem ceeb kub, illumination thiab cov dej haus rau lub neej ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg. Zaum kuj analyzed adaptation, nej sawv nyob rau hauv tus ntawm hloov tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si coob thiab nyob rau biogeocoenose theem.

Synecology, ib yam li lwm ceg ntawm niaj hnub ecology, txog tus sis ntawm lub ntsiab biogeocoenose nyob rau theem ntawm pab pawg ntawm cov kab mob ntawm ntau hom. Lawv hais nyob rau hauv xws ntaub ntawv raws li mutualism, cab, commensalism, symbiosis. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tej yam kawm nyob rau hauv cov ib puag ncig theem, refracted los ntawm lub neej cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob, uas yog tus thawj xib fwb qhov sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb nqa tawm, piv txwv li, climatology, av science thiab hydrology.

Pejxeem ecology - tus yuam sij rau kev totaub txog cov hauj lwm ntawm biocenosis

Seem no ntawm lub Environmental Science kawm lub zog ntawm cov yooj yim structural units ntawm nyob xwm - pejxeem. Cov tswvyim no npog ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov kab mob ntawm lub tib lub hom nyob rau hauv ib qho cheeb tsam - nyob. Kev qhuab qhia, raws li zoo raws li lwm yam tseem ceeb tej chaw, categorizes cov pejxeem rau hauv lub zos, thaj thiab ecological hom. Nws examines nyob rau hauv kom meej lub thaj chaw ntawm nyob thiab xws li zej zog raws li lub peev xwm rau cov me nyuam thiab evolution, qhov tseem ceeb lawv cov ntau yam - ruaj khov thiab sab nqaij daim tawv. Qhov kawg nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm phylogeny yuav hloov mus rau hauv tas mus li pejxeem los yog tshem tawm.

Yuav ua li cas kom paub qhov txawv ntawm hom zej zog

Cov zajlus kom continuation ntawm txoj kev tshawb pejxeem yam ntxwv uas muaj sia nyob yog synecology. Nws, zoo li lwm yam seem ntawm cov kev ecology, tshuaj xyuas kev sib raug zoo qauv ntawm cov kab mob ntawm hom sib txawv uas tau raug tsim nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm evolution. Lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam lub hierarchy ntawm ecosystems thiab muaj subordinate theem. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm tsob nroj lub neej, kab mob, tsiaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov vaj tsev uas ntuj yog ua los ntawm zaum rau lub tsev lag luam ntawm cov kev cai, tso lawv nyob rau hauv biocenoses.

Yuav ua li cas tus kab mob no hloov mus rau cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig yam tseem ceeb?

Lo lus nug no yuav tsum teb los ntawm kev xav lub ntsiab tej ntsiab lus, nyob rau hauv particular xws disciplines li autecology. Nws formulated ib tug ob peb postulates, piav txog cov mechanisms ntawm adaptation, xws li cov kev cai lij choj ntawm lub zoo chaw rau txhua kab ciam teb ntawm nws lub neej rau tag nrho cov abiotic yam (lub thiaj-hu ua kev txwv ntawm kam). Qhov chaw ntawm no cheeb tsam ntawm lub neej thiab vaj tse hu ua zoo. Qhov no ntau yam yog lub feem ntau dej siab nyob tej yam kev mob ntawm ib tug nyob kab mob.

Vim tus ntse deterioration ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv science nws tau los ua kom thiaj txheeb xyuas adaptation mechanisms tawm los ntawm uas muaj sia nyob raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm physico-tshuaj thiab tej kuab paug ntawm cov biosphere.

Tib neeg ua li cas rau biogeocoenoses

Nws comprehensively kawm los ntawm ob peb lub scientific disciplines, uas muaj xws li seem ntawm Applied Ecology. Raws li ib tug neeg tsim kev lag luam thiab infrastructure, thiab ua liaj ua teb. Nws yog hloov cov ntsej muag ntawm tej yam ntuj tso systems? Yuav ua li cas rau daim ntawv thov ntawm advanced nanotechnology converts lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntiaj teb? Cov lus teb rau cov lus nug no thiab qhia rau peb tej nram qab no tej ntsiab lus: lub hom phiaj ntawm tus txiv neej-ua tshuab, Nroog ecology, Biospherology. Anthropogenic yam, ob leeg ncaj (eg, kev ua qias tuaj ntawm lub hydrosphere uas muaj thiab domestic khib nyiab dej, predatory deforestation, poaching) los yog indirect (piv txwv li, lub creation ntawm cov khoom cua hiav txwv - dej reservoirs, plowing lub teb chaws, ua rau yaig thiab av salinity, kua nraum), hloov qhov nqi koj tshuav tej yam ntuj tso biosystems - biocenoses thiab yog ib tug ncaj qha kev hem thawj rau lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb. Tus liab Phau Ntawv - ib tug tawm qhia txog cov txhaum kev ua si ntawm tus neeg, uas ua rau yus extinction thiab kev tuag ntawm ib lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm tsiaj.

Applied Ecology prospects

Qhov no yog ib tus hluas ceg ntawm science, ib tug tswv cuab ntawm cov ib puag ncig seem. Cov nram qab no txhais tag nrho nws cov substructure ceg muaj feem xyuam rau lub ntsiab kev ua ub no ntawm tib neeg lub neej thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog cov xwm.

Yog li ntawd Bioresource thiab muaj ecology muaj sparing txoj kev quab yuam ntawm cov ua liaj ua teb av, forests, seas thiab lwm yam ecosystems, uas yog aimed ntawm khaws cia lawv cov fertility thiab productivity.

Num Huv ecology kev tshawb fawb

Kawm ntau yam ib puag ncig lub tuam tsev, kub siab rau kev qhuab qhia, illuminating teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub nroog ib puag ncig thiab lub kab imbalances nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nroog infrastructure thiab biogeocoenose nyob rau hauv uas urbanization tshwm sim. Cua sov thiab dej haus, sewerage, thauj tes hauj lwm, chaw rau pov tseg ntawm cov khoom pov tseg tsim los ntawm tus txiv neej, feem ntau yog tsis muaj kev xav txog kev ruaj ntseg ntawm tej yam ntuj tso systems. Vim hais tias ntawm no tej hav zoov plantations ploj, ua ntiav pas dej, koos coob ntawm kab, noog thiab me me tsiaj nyob rau hauv lub ecosystem. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, niaj hnub metropolises loj loj conglomerates high-sawv lub tsev ntawm yas, iav thiab qhob. Lawv yog lig alien rau lub ntuj lom systems.

Huv ecology yog sim mus nrhiav tau, nyuaj hauj lwm ntawm txoj kev twb ua lub zos, raws li zoo raws li lub sij lub uas yuav tsum tau ntawm lub tsev tshiab lub zos rau cov kev xav tau ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm tej yam ntuj tso ecosystems: nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Science tseem kwv yees los ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no thiab yog cov tawm av mob xyuas, dej thiab huab cua nyob rau hauv lub nroog loj.