Rudiment - yog pov thawj ntawm cov keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm cov organic ntiaj teb no

Rudiment - yog lub cev, lub ntsiab nqi ntawm uas twb poob nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm evolutionary txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob. Nyob rau hauv cov tswvyim no nws tseem yog nyob rau hauv lub qauv, thiab txo lub sij hawm yog tsawg nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau cov coj lug nyob rau hauv lwm yam kab mob. Nws twb ntseeg tau tias vestigial nrog cev puas, tab sis muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv tam sim no ua ib co tsis tseem ceeb txaus los yog kuj yooj yim ua hauj lwm uas siv cov cov lug, feem ntau yuav npaj rau ntau lub hom phiaj.

Coj txawv txawv khoom plig evolution

By pib ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua comparative lub cev, kuj hu ua comparative morphology, tsim raws li ib qho kev ywj lom qhuab qhia uas ua hauj lwm nrog cov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev loj hlob thiab cov qauv ntawm cov kabmob los ntawm muab piv rau cov ntau hom nyob beings ntawm ntau theem ntawm embryogenesis. Nws tau ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov pov thawj ntawm tib neeg lub hauv paus pib los ntawm lwm yam neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsiaj ntiaj teb no. Anatomy qhia tib kabmob nyob rau hauv txawv cov kab mob uas txawv nyob rau hauv loj thiab zoo. tag tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm ib co ntawm lawv los yog kuj tsis zoo tsim nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau tib lub nruab nrog cev nyob rau hauv lwm yam tsiaj tau raug pom. Underdeveloped kabmob tuaj yuav tsum tau hu ua rudimentary (los ntawm lub Latin rudimentum -. "Tus thawj zaug rau theem, lub rudiment"). Lawv ciali puas thiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev mus extinction.

Rudiment - ib lub cev uas raug tso nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm embryonic txoj kev loj hlob, tab sis nws thiaj li ceased rau evolve. Nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus daim ntawv nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nws tseem nyob rau hauv lub underdeveloped lub xeev. Tej lub cev los yog qhov chaw uas lawv yuav muaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua txhua hom ntawm cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag tsiaj. Piv nrog rau homologous (zoo) lug zoo xws li cov kab mob yog tog twg los underdeveloped los yog tsis muaj ib co tseem ceeb ib feem.

Muaj zoo xws li cov lub cev thiab nyob rau hauv peb lub cev. Piv txwv li, cov qhov txhab hniav - lub rudiment ntawm tus txiv neej. no thiab lub cev xws li peb daim tawv muag, los yog epicanthus, tailbone, appendix cecum, pob ntseg nqaij, ua lawv muaj, cov plaub hau nyob rau hauv lub cev, extremities. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, tib neeg lub cev yuav raug suav ntau tshaj 100. Lawv yog cov seem ntawm cov neeg lub cev uas muaj lub sib nug xov ancestral ntaub ntawv muaj ib tug tag nrho-fledged tsos.

Pov thawj ntawm cov keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm cov organic ntiaj teb no

Vestigial kabmob raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub surrounding chaw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug tej yam zoo ntawm lub neej loses nws tseem ceeb rau cov ciaj sia taus thiab maj tsum muaj nuj nqi. Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab lub lossi tshwm sim change uas coj mus rau ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub loj ntawm lub ntau yam lub cev, weakening lawv zog. Nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm loj tseem ceeb rau cov ciaj sia taus ntawm cov kab mob no yauv change tau tshem tawm.

Tus qauv, uas yog nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm ntaus, hais txog mus rau lub tswvyim ntawm "ncau". no peculiar tus txheej txheem ntawm cov evolution, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv change, raws roj ntsha los hloov nyob rau hauv ib co neeg. Nyob rau hauv cov kab mob nrog ib tug me ntsis kev loj hlob ntawm lub system ntxawg correlations (kev sib raug zoo) yog nqa tawm maj mam coadaptation qhov chaw. Nws yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tej yam ntuj tso xaiv ntau tseem ceeb heev, harmonious kev sib raug zoo. Nws yog ib tug natural kev sib nrig sib haumxeeb adaptation nyob rau hauv lub evolutionary transformation ntawm tej yam ntawm lub cev ntawm ib tug neeg los yog ib pab pawg neeg, raws li tau zoo raws li ntau yam nyob quavntsej ntawm lub biocenosis.

Ib yam li ntawd, rudimentary piv txwv tib neeg lug yuav pab appendix (appendix). Qhov no qhov seem caecum, ib zaug ua tau hauj lwm lub cev yog loj nyob rau hauv lub digestive system herbivores. Nws zog muaj tseeb txaus. High fiber zaub mov rau lawv zom cov zaub mov yuav tsum tau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm, ib tug dig muag outgrowth nruab nrab yog qhov chaw uas muaj feem xyuam nrog tsev nyob rau ntawd microflora kis maj mam cog digesting cellulose. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm evolution, peb pog koob yawg koob tau pib noj tsawg roj thiab ntau nqaij, uas coj mus rau ib tug gradual txo nyob rau hauv lub caecum. Nws tig mus rau hauv ib tug rudiment, tab sis tsis puas. Nws lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev tswj cov tib neeg tiv thaiv kab mob tseem ceeb txaus. Lus Qhia Ntxiv khaws cov thawj muaj ntawm cov nyuv, raws li ib tug incubator ntawm E. coli. Cov neeg uas muaj appendectomy tom qab kis kab mob yog ntau npaum li cas yooj yim rov qab mus rau qub plab hnyuv microflora. Uas yog vim li cas lub appendix yog feem ntau xa mus rau raws li ib yam ntawm cov ua liaj ua teb rau yug me nyuam ntawm pab microorganisms. Muaj lus sib liam hais tias qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm lub appendix tsub kom kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov qog ntawm phem xwm.

Rudiments ntawm cov tsiaj

Nyob rau hauv lwm yam nyob creatures no kuj txhais tau hais tias muaj ntau yam hauj lwm uas tau poob lawv muaj nuj nqi nyob hauv cov kev cai ntawm cov keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob no thiab yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev mus rau extinction. Qhov no, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub thickness ntawm cov pob txha ntawm cov nqaij mob plab nyob rau hauv pythons thiab whales, uas yog cov rudiments ntawm lub hind nqua. Vestigial kabmob nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj uas nyob hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti, ob lub qhov muag yog. Kuv flightless noog yog rudimentary tis pob txha. Muaj ntau lub cev uas tau poob lawv cov thawj lub ntsiab lus, thiab nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv rhizomes ntawm Lily ntawm cov hav, nplej nyom, fern twb pom teev, uas yog cov rudiments ntawm nplooj. Lub ciam Inflorescences Asteraceae nyob rau hauv ib tug magnifying khob yuav muab tau yooj yim pom abortive Stamens. Nyob rau hauv staminate paj dib seem qws txob, yog muaj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub tubercle - raws li ib tug rudiment. Cov no yog cov tag nrho cov pov thawj ntawm cov keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm cov organic ntiaj teb no.

atavism

Zaum kuj cais ces nyob rau hauv tej yam tshwj xeeb nta uas twb peculiar rau lawv nyob deb pog koob yawg koob, tab sis tsis tuaj kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub nyob ze cov neeg sawv cev. Tej ces yog hu ua atavism. Qhov tseem raug piv txwv ntawd - ib tug caudal appendage, fistula caj pas heev cov lus hais saum tawv taub hau, lub xub ntiag ntawm ntxiv officers ntawm mammary qog, thiab lwm tus neeg. Cov cim tau poob nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm evolution, pom raws li ib tug tsawg kos.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias rudiments ntawm atavism thiab - yog tsis zoo tib yam lub tswv yim. Rudiments yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov neeg ntawm ib tug tsiaj, lawv muab tej yam nta. Atavism yog pom xwb nyob rau hauv ib co mej zeej thiab tsis nqa tej nuj nqi. Lawv, incidentally, yog tsis yuav tsum tau meej pem nrog kev loj hlob txawv txav, muaj ib tug cov xwm sib txawv, xws li branched tav, cleft di ncauj, lub phenomenon ntawm rau-toed thiab lwm tus neeg.

Tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv lub rudiments thiab atavism - ib tug kos npe rau, coj mus rau ib tug tej theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub evolutionary tsob ntoo. Ib tug pov thawj ntawm no yog hais tias lub cev uas tau ua puas rau tus kab mob yuav tsum khaws cia ib tug ntev lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm, peb txo progressively collapsing thiab ntxiv vim change.

Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub ib thiab tam sim no lub ua kom pom tseeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm lub genome ntawm nyob quavntsej, xws li tib neeg. Cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm rudimentary kabmob yuav pab tau kom qhov chaw nyob yog ib lub nias cov lus nug txog dab tsi noob yog muab rau los yog sim nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob thiab yuav txo tau ntawm rudimentary kabmob.

"Vestigial kabmob" nyob rau hauv technology

Lub tswvyim ncau nab tus xeeb ntxwv raws li ib tug ciaj sia taus tshwm sim zoo thiab siv nyob rau hauv cov kos duab. Raws li technology kho, muaj yog ib tug ntshiab analogy nrog lom evolution. Muaj kuj yog feem ntau hu ua lub rudiments ntawm lub mechanisms, cov tshuab, los yog lwm yam pab kiag li lawm uas tau poob lawv cov ntsiab lus nyob rau ntawm qhov tam sim no theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug system, tab sis tseem kom muaj rau compatibility nrog ua ntej lawm cov qauv. Piv txwv rudiments nyob rau hauv computer technology muab modem, ib tug muag nthas disk drive. Nyob rau hauv tsheb engineering "vestigial hloov" yog lub ignition xauv, nyob rau hauv aircraft xws piv txwv yog lub automatic kev taw qhia finder.