Qhov nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv - nws yog ... Cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov haiv neeg. Qhov nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia thiab nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe

Ib tug ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo hauv chav kawm ntawv qeb yog nws paub txog ntawm nws tus kheej raws li "ib tug txiav txim zoo ntawm ntau yog leejtwg tiag, ib tug yam ntxwv tug tswv cuab ntawm ib tug kev sib raug zoo hauv chav kawm ntawv" (Abercrombie, N., li al. Sociological phau ntawv txhais lus, 1997). Nyob rau hauv no social hauv chav kawm yog ib tug ntev daim ntawv no, nyob rau hauv zoo, e.g., neeg txheej. Ib qho tseem ceeb tseem ntawm lub tswvyim yog mus rau cov hloov cov khoom mus rau ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm roj ntsha haiv neeg.

KEEB KWM txoj kev tshawb no

Raws li sau tseg A.Ş. Zhvitiashvili ( "Txhais ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm" cov chav kawm ntawv "nyob rau hauv kev kawm Western Sociology", 2005), xim rau cov teeb meem ntawm kev kawm cov chav kawm ntawv thiab chav kawm ntawv kev sib raug zoo yog vim ob yam tseem ceeb:

• paub txog cov kev txwv xwm ntawm lub zoo xws li kev tshawb xav nyob rau hauv lub ntawmv ntawm Karla Marksa;
• active xim rau cov transformation dab nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab xeev thiab lub teb chaws ntawm Eastern Europe.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov lus nug ntawm qhov kev tsimnyog ntawm highlight nyob rau hauv peb lub neej, hauv nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv qeb yog tseem qhib rau hnub no, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv domestic thiab nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws sociological kev tshawb xav.

Qhov teeb meem ntawm ntau yam ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm "kev chav kawm ntawv" nyob rau hauv Western Sociology

Western science ntawm haiv neeg muaj ob peb tiam sis txhais ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no yog ib tug ncaim lub hom economic kauj nyob rau hauv lub tsom xam ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv-cov txheej txheem. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, cov kauj ruam no ua rau cov kev kuaj ntxiv uas nws kim heev tswvyim. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam - nta ntawm ib tug kev sib raug zoo stratification standpoint yuav tsawg tej yam: tus ciam ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv thiab stratum yuav tsawg distinguishable cim.

Tej yam tshwm sim ntawm nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv

Los ntawm cov foundations ntawm cov West German economist thiab statesman, founder ntawm cov niaj hnub system ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, Lyudviga Erharda, rau hauv nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv - cov neeg uas sawv tawm ntawm cov nram qab no zoo yam ntxwv:

• self-esteem;
• Raws li ywj siab;
• lub siab tawv kom muab tso rau lawv tus kheej lub neej nyob rau hauv dependence rau cov hauj lwm zoo ntawm lawv cov chaw ua hauj lwm;
• kev stability;
• kev ywj siab;
• lub siab xav qhia lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb pej xeem lub neej thiab lub ntiaj teb no.

Nyob rau hauv lem, Edgar Savisaar, lub yav tas thawj prime minister ntawm Estonia, tseem ceeb cov sijhawm ntawm nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv, xws li:

• ruaj khov thiab paub tseeb tias kev sib raug zoo qhov teeb meem no;
• ib tug siab kuj standard of living, kev kawm ntawv thiab kev kawm;
• siab competitiveness nyob rau hauv lub zog ua lag luam;
• ntshiab lus qhia txog tej xwm txheej nyob rau hauv lub zej zog;
• nom tswv tsis ntseeg tau pib;
• txaus ywj siab nyob rau hauv lub tsom xam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv;
• ib theem siab ntawm nws tus kheej-efficiency nyob hauv zej zog;
• Kev ua tej yam rau ib qho tseem ceeb kev dab;
• ib theem siab ntawm pej xeem lub luag hauj lwm;
• orientation, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau nws tus kheej thiab nws tsev neeg, rau zej zog raws li ib tug tag nrho.

Raws li, nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si classifications yog tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas haum rau cov nyiaj txiag sab ntawm nruab nrab-chav kawm ntawv hav zoov, tab sis nyob rau hauv kev sib raug thiab kev nom kev tswv.

Qhov nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv thiab cov chav kawm ntawm cov tub txawg

Muab piv rau cov plurality ntawm mid-range nta rho los ntawm Erhard, nrog rau tus yam ntxwv uas siv cov American sociologist Talcott Parsons, defining tswvyim kev yuav nco ntsoov ib tug tej yam coincidence. Nyob rau hauv lawv outlook parsonsovsky kev yog ib tug supporter ntawm mas-kev ywj pheej qhov tseem ceeb, xws li - kev luag hauj lwm thiab qia dub los pab lawv cov neeg muas zaub. Lub xub ntiag ntawm professionalism, raws li Parsons thiab Storer, assumes lub luag hauj lwm rau lub cia, kis tau tus mob thiab siv tshwj xeeb kev txawj ntse thiab ib tug siab autonomy nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm attracting cov mej zeej tshiab ntawm cov kev zej zog, cov kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov ib puag ncig, ntseeg thiab lwm tus.

Yog li, lub tswvyim ntawm nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv thiab kev yog zoo txuas nyob rau hauv ntau sociological kev tshawb fawb.

Ntau yam ntawm cov "laus" thiab "tshiab" nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm tus nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv muaj ib tug dynamic tseem, ncaj qha reflecting socio-economic yam ntxwv ntawm cov haiv neeg nyob rau hauv ib tug tej lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm. Yog li, nyob rau hauv ib tug niaj hnub txhais lus ntawm nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv nws yog ib tug qualitatively tshiab kev tshwm sim.

Los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm lub American sociologist C. Wright Mills, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub "tshiab", "laus" nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv mas muaj me me ua lag luam uas ua ib cov nyiaj los ntawm lawv cov uas twb muaj lawm cov cuab yeej. Nyob rau hauv lem, tus American nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv yog tus uas nyob deb nroog bourgeoisie thiab nws cov av nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ua raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm ntau lawm, cov qauv ntawm cov nyiaj tau, raws li tau zoo raws li ib tug peev kwv. Yog li, muaj tseem kev ywj siab ua lag luam, nws tus kheej-teem ib thaj tsam muaj kev ua si. Labor thiab cov khoom rau lub American nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv tau ua ua ke. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov kev sib raug raws li txoj cai ntawm pawg no ntawm cov pej xeem tseem yog ncaj qha nyob rau lub zwj ceeb ntawm kev ua nyob rau hauv muaj ntawm lawv cov vaj tse.

Raws li, qhov "laus" nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau ib tug proprietary hauv paus, raws li tau zoo raws li ib tug ntshiab delimitation. Tsis tas li ntawd rau nws cov neeg sawv cev twb yus muaj los ntawm kev ywj siab los ntawm ob leeg high zej zog thiab los ntawm lub xeev.

Lub zog ntawm nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub zej zog

Txoj hauj lwm ntawm nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub social system yog li muab txheeb ze stability thiab nws cov stability. Yog li, lub nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv - ib tug zoo ntawm Neeg Nruab Nrab ntawm cov huab tug ntawm cov stratification qauv ntawm cov haiv neeg. Yog li rau optimum mediating zog tsim nyog hais tias qhov no txheej haiv neeg muaj lub zog txaus.

Nyob rau lwm cov tes, raws li ntau domestic sociologists, lub ntsej muag ntawm loj heev txaus los xyuas kom meej tias cov stabilizer muaj nuj nqi thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov kev sib raug system, uas yog teem rau hauv nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv. Qhov no configuration yog tau tsuas yog thaum lub nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv sib haum mus rau tej yam ntxwv ntawm nom tswv kev khwv nyiaj txiag: txoj kev cai-nom tswv teev tseg, khiav ua thiab muaj peev xwm los mus tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej txaus siab, kev ywj siab ntawm lub tswv yim thiab lwm tus neeg.

Lub Western kev lig kev cai

Chiv, nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob scientific xav rau hauv nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv yog tus uas pom nrog rau cov neeg thiab lub masses nyob rau hauv feem ntau. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim ntawm Ortega y Gasset nws yog ib tug nruab nrab-chav kawm ntawv mediocrity nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab kev txawj ntse. Nyob rau hauv Hegel, nws zoo nkaus li raws li ib tug formless loj - tsis muaj tej yam hom phiaj thiab hom phiaj.

Ntawm domestic thiab txawv teb chaws le caag los rau hauv nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv qeb nyob rau hauv lub zej zog muaj yog ib tug tseem ceeb sib txawv. Piv txwv li, lub nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub Fabkis sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub economic capital faib raws li hom nyob rau hauv Marxist kev tshawb xav, yuav tsum tau raws li nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo capital, kev cai thiab kev cim qhia. Ib daim ntawv ntawm cov leb capital ntawm Bourdieu tus nom tswv thought. Txoj cai ntawm cov tswv cuab twb tsau documentary, thaum nws tuaj rau economic tswv cuab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kev cai ib feem ntawm nws suav hais tias cov pov thawj ntawm ib tug diploma los yog kev kawm ntawv title. Cov kev sib raug zoo cov tswv cuab paub tseeb hais tias ib tug title ntawm nom tswv cajceg. Yog li twb tsim ib tug ua kom tiav hauj lwm ntawm nruab nrab-chav kawm ntawv zej zog.

Tsis tas li ntawd ntawm daim ntawv yog lwm tseem ceeb point. Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob kev lig kev cai ntawm nruab nrab strata ntawm cov haiv neeg paub txog qhov tseeb hais tias yog khoom ntawm ntiag yog tsis yog ib tug kwv uas appropriation, thiab tseem nrog yuav tsum tau mus ua kom tiav ib tug xov tooj ntawm pej xeem khiav dej num. Txwv tsis pub, nws yuav ua tsis tau untouchable, tshuav qhib rau phem los ntawm lwm tus neeg.

Kev sib sab laj txog qhov teeb meem ntawm nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lub neej

Qhov nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia yog ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib qeb rau lub scientific sib cav tswv yim nyob rau hauv sociological kev tshawb xav. Piv txwv li, ib co Western sociologists tsis kam lub hav zoov ntawm cov hav zoov no txheej ntawm cov haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm hauj lwm ntawm lub Soviet Union thiab thaum lub sij hawm hloov mus rau lub post-Soviet system (Zhvitiashvili, 2005). Ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view H. Baltsera nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kev stratification qauv muaj lub xub ntiag ntawm lub nruab nrab txheej, tab sis nws txawv ntawm lub classical to taub txog lub tswvyim ntawm "nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv" nyob rau hauv lub zej zog.

Nyob rau hauv lem, lub Lavxias teb sab sociologist AG Levinson sau hais tias cov nqe lus nug ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm cov middle class nyob rau hauv Russia raws li ib tug empirically verifiable kwv xwb yog tsis tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws tsuas yog lub npe muab rau ib tug tej pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg, los yog nyob rau tus txhais lus los ntawm ib co ntawm cov kev tshwm sim. Cov lus nug txog lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab tsis nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv uas ua ntawv thov los yog yooj yim kev tshawb fawb cov zej zog thiab cov pej xeem thiab pej xeem hauv tsev, raws li ib qho piv txwv - nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm pej xeem lub tswv yim. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, raws li sau tseg los ntawm tus sau, rau ntau soj ntsuam ntawm, muaj nyob rau hauv cov kev sib tham txog ntawm lub xub ntiag / tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lub neej, yog preferable rau cov txawv ntawm tej ntsiab raws li "intellectuals", "tus kws", "nruab nrab tswj" thiab lwm tus neeg.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv nruab nrab nyob rau hauv tus qauv ntawm ib niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg

Classical to taub yuav tsom tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tus tswv ntawm lub vaj tse ntawm ib tug me me, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv qhov yooj yim muaj kev tseem ceeb -. Socio-kev nom kev tswv kev ua si, combating kev manipulation, tus kheej lub meej mom thiab kev ywj siab, thiab lwm yam Meanwhile, lub Lavxias teb sab xeev nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 90s. Reformers xam tau tias yog cov cuab yeej kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg heev dua lwm yam los ntawm cov nyiaj txiag sab.

Txawm niaj hnub no muaj remnants ntawm cov xaav hais tias ib tug "civil haiv neeg pillar" muaj xws li tej "tus tijlaug '" Solntsevo los yog Tambov mob "(Simonian AD" nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv: kev ua zaim muag los yog muaj tiag? ", 2009) - piv txwv li, rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm ob cov cav tov nyob rau hauv ib tsev neeg thiab lwm tus neeg.

Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, cov domestic sociological kev tshawb xav muaj tej yam paradoxes, qhov twg rau hauv nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia muaj xws li feem ntau private ua lag ua luam, thiab tsis yog tus engineers, cov kws kho mob los yog cov xib fwb. Yog vim li cas qhov no "tsis txaus" yog qhov tseeb hais tias cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tus kheej lag luam muaj ib tug ntau dua cov nyiaj khwv tau tshaj cov aforementioned cov kws txawj.

Muaj ntau soj ntsuam ntawm, sau cia hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg hauv nruab nrab cov neeg txheej, ntseeg hais tias rau nws cov transformation mus rau hauv ib tug tag nrho-fledged chav kawm ntawv yog tsim nyog los tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej yam kev mob:

• yam ntxwv transformation ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag;
• tsim ntawm ib tug kev ideological txoj hauj lwm;
• kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub psychology ntawm haiv neeg;
• kho nqi lus coj tus cwj pwm thiab t. d.

Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, tus txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev ua ib tug tag nrho nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg yuav tsum tau ib tug txaus lub sij hawm ntev ntawm lub sij hawm.

Txim txhaum yav tas los thiab tam sim no ntawm nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia

Txheej thaum ub faib mus rau hauv sectors ntawm haiv neeg nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nyiaj txiag kev raws li lub distorted to taub ntawm Marxist ziag muaj ib tug tej yam ua neeg ncajncees. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm nyiaj txiag muaj nyiaj thiab super-nplua nuj pej xeem nyob hauv lub Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg, muaj ntau ntau. Txawm li cas los, cov lus nug tshwm sim ntawm yuav ua li cas high-qeb duas official los yog tseem ceeb businessman uas coj bribes, yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi rau cov qeb ntawm cov neeg los ntawm ib txoj hauj lwm ntawm nruj kev thiab nom tswv tseem ceeb ntawm cov lo lus. Nws tsis heev tseeb hais tias lawv tsis muaj kev ywj. Nws tsis yog li ntawd ntau cov pej xeem, li khi nrog lub hwj chim ntawm accomplices (Simonian, 2009).

system ntawm Privatization nyob rau hauv Russia kuj muaj tej yam tsis zoo nyob rau hauv cov tseem ntawm lub tsim ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm "nruab nrab kev kawm ntawv." qhov loj tshaj plaws lub xeev kws txuj ci dag rau lub tsev ntawm lub tuam wealth cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tus kheej ua lag ua luam twb tau soj xyuas es tsis txhob ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua neeg wealth. Qhov no qhov teeb meem no yog tsuas yog ntxiv dag zog rau siab tsis ncaj lub xeev lug. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tus tswv ntawm ib tug niaj hnub capital kawg raws li cov kev cai ntawm lub classic neeg sawv cev ntawm cov pab pawg neeg, yog muab rau hauv nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv. Cov nyiaj no, raws li cov SA Dzarasov feem criminal, tsis yog ib tug muaj kuab hom nco qab.

Qhov teeb meem lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias qhov no qeb ntawm cov neeg muaj peev xwm mus txeeb lwm tus neeg lub zoo thiab thaum tsis heev tau los ua. Tsis tau hais tias nws yog ib txoj kev txhaum ntawm unawareness ntawm cov kev ua. Middle chav kawm ntawv cov neeg nyob rau hauv pawg no nrog ib tug tag nrho cov kev nkag siab ntawm illicitly mas yuav kis tau tej khoom vaj tse yuav muaj feem xyuam rau nws - tsis yog raws li ib tug zoo-deserved zoo, tab sis raws li ib tug ntshaw ntau lawm thiab tus kheej ntxiv lawm.

Raws li, qhov niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab nomenclature tsis txais tej pej xeem khiav dej num rau ib tug muab khoom ntiag tug. Rejects nws, thiab heev notion ntawm qhov zoo, raws li txwv mus yuav ua li cas nws ua zoo rau cov Western haiv neeg ntawm hauv nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv. Yog li ntawd, feem coob ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab pejxeem tsis kam kom paub txog cov kev tshwm sim ntawm Privatization ntawm thaum ntxov 90-ies. Meanwhile, kom lub inviolability ntawm vaj tse, nws yog tsim nyog los muaj ib tug tsim nyog ua cim. Tsuas yog nyob rau tus mob no ntiag tug ua lub economic hauv paus ntawm ib tug tag nrho-fledged civil zej zog.

Yog li, lub txim txhaum nam ntawm haiv neeg ua tsis tau tsuas yog muaj txhawb rau tsim ntawm nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv, tab sis kuj ua rau yus deformation ntawm cov tswvyim no, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo hauv chav kawm ntawv tus yam ntxwv.