Qauv thiab kev kawm ntawm philosophy

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm philosophy raws li ib tug science yog tseem nyob rau hauv lub ancient lub sij hawm, nws yog ces hais tias lub tswv yim zoo nkaus li nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws rau thawj lub sij hawm uas tus sau los ntawm tag nrho cov kev txawj ntse ntawm qhov thiab lub ntiaj teb no yuav tsum streamlined rau hauv ib tug tag nrho conglomerate, los ntawm uas yuav tom qab yuav mus faib ib co ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws axioms thiab tej ntsiab cai. Koj muaj peev xwm ces, kauj ruam yog kauj ruam, koj yuav nrhiav pov thawj tej seem kev txawj ntse thiaj li hais tias lawv yuav tag nrho ua ke raws li ib tug kev tag nrho system.

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm qhov kev kawm ntawm philosophy yog nyob rau hauv coob nyob rau lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov Stoics thiab Plato lub Academy, qhov twg nws muaj peb qhov chaw - physics, logic thiab ethics. Niaj hnub nimno physics no tsuas yog ib ob peb natural sciences, thaum lub Greek physicist sawv cev rau tag nrho cov kev txawj ntse txog cov xwm raws li ib tug tag nrho thiab ntawm nws cov neeg hais: qhov chaw, hluav taws kub, dej, minerals, nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Cov Greek kev faib yog txhais physics, raws li ib tug science uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm nws tus kheej. Ethics yog qhov kev kawm ntawm tib neeg tus cwj pwm, nws tus cwj pwm, thiab tej yam nyob rau tom tag nrho hais txog tej yam hais txog nrog lub neej ntawm cov neeg, tab sis qhov yooj yim lub tswvyim ntawm no tej lus qhuab qhia yog ib tug virtue. Logic - yog lub peev xwm vim li cas thiab hais lus, qhia kev ua thiab tej yam uas nyob rau hauv lus.

Yog li, cov kev kawm ntawm philosophy muaj peb cais sciences thiab peb cov loj philosophical teeb meem, coj mus rau peb qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tiag - cov xwm, haiv neeg thiab kev xav. Ntau xyoo tom qab ntawd, qhov loj tshaj tus paub txog - philosopher Hegel hais tias philosophy yog qhia thiab yeej ib txwm yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv peb lub ntsiab yam - lub logic, philosophy ntawm qhov thiab philosophy ntawm lub hlwb. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua thawj BC mus rau peb philosophical kev taw qhia peb ntxiv ib tug thib plaub, qhia rau peb txog cov thawj cov ntsiab cai ntawm tag nrho cov yam los yog lub los saum ntuj los ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Yog li, cov kev kawm ntawm philosophy ntxiv lwm tseem ceeb lub sij hawm uas tau nrhiav lub npe ntawm metaphysics.

Los ntawm cov kaum plaub rau lub xyoo pua muaj profound kev hloov nyob rau hauv kev kawm, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov emergence of sim thiab xaam physics, uas yuav inevitably kev cuam tshuam rau lub outlook ntawm tib neeg thiab khoom nyob rau hauv lub heev hais txog txoj kev philosophy. Tus qauv ntawm philosophical paub tau zus mus xws li cov kev tshawb fawb rau cov tshiab txoj kev tseeb tej lus qhia nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev thiab epistemology. Cov founders ntawm tus tshiab philosophy yog suav tias yog Descartes thiab Bacon, uas cais lub ntsiab hom ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm lub peculiarities ntawm tus tib neeg tus ntsuj plig, tsis paub muaj peev xwm. Nyob rau hauv lem, Descartes npaj ib tug general daim duab ntawm philosophy li ib tsob ntoo, uas lub hauv paus yog metaphysics, lub cev - physics, thiab ceg - tag nrho lwm cov kev kawm, kev noj nws cov keeb kwm los ntawm philosophy - tshuaj, kev ncajncees, mechanics. Yog li, metaphysics yog xav tau ntau heev tshaj dua txhim khu kev qha thiab yooj yim science tshaj kev kawm txog zauv, tab sis lawv yog cov tag nrho nyob rau hauv lub kawg, lub hom phiaj uas muaj ethics.

Kom txog thaum lub XVIII xyoo pua, muaj zoo tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm "science" thiab "philosophy", hais txog txoj kev philosophy yuav txoj kev loj hlob ntawm heev scientific kev txawj ntse. Qhov zoo physicist thiab mathematician ntawm lub sij hawm, Newton xam tau tias yog nws tus kheej ib tug yeej muaj tseeb philosopher, thiab Karl Linney hu ua nws cov hauj lwm "Philosophy ntawm Botany". Qauv thiab kev kawm ntawm philosophy yog tseem raws li nyob rau hauv plaub lub ntsiab hauv paus ntsiab lus: ontology - qhov kev kawm ntawm thaj, epistemology - qhov kev kawm ntawm kev txawj ntse, kev ncajncees - cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm qhov zoo, thiab txoj kev qhia ntawm lawv tsis sib koom siab - lub metaphysics. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov qauv thiab cov kev kawm ntawm philosophy hloov dua lub sij hawm tag nrho ntawm nws lub neej, txhua txhua tus tej tswv yim nws muaj nws tus kheej nrog logic thiab nws tus kheej cim taw qhia. Cov sib nrauj ua rau qhov kev kawm ntawm philosophy tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog, tab sis kuj heev nthuav rau cov kawm thiab cov kev paub ntawm cov kev daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, raws li zoo raws li lawv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.