Potr Nikitich Tkachov: biography, txawj ua hauj lwm, Aliases, kev nom kev tswv views

Petr Nikitich Tkachev (1844-1885) - ib tug naas ej Lavxias teb sab revolutionary ideology ntawm populism. Cov tsab xov xwm sib tham nyob rau hauv kom meej nws biography, views thiab cov tswv yim.

Childhood thiab tub hluas ntxhais hluas

Petr Nikitich Tkachev yug nyob rau lub rau hli ntuj 29, 1844 nyob rau hauv lub Pskov xeev (zos Sivtsova). Nws niam nws txiv yog cov tsaws gentry. Thawj Peter Nikititch xyuas 2nd Petersburg chav xyaum tes taw. Ces, los ntawm lub thib tsib qib ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv 1861 nws cuv npe kawm nyob rau ntawm St. Petersburg University txoj cai tus kws qhia ntawv. Txawm li cas los, txoj kev tshawb tsis muaj Peter Tkachev. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no ntawm tus menyuam kawm ntawv nyob tsis tau pib, uas ua nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv kaw. Cov lwm yam kom nquag plias koom nyob rau hauv cov riots Tkachev twb muab thawj nyob rau hauv lub Peter thiab Paul Fortress (nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj), thiab ces nyob rau hauv Kronstadt, los ntawm uas nws tau tso tawm nyob rau hauv Kaum Ob Hlis.

Kws muaj txuj ci ntawm lub tswv yim sib cav, ib tug feature ntawm revolutionary views

Tus huab tais txib kom tawm Peter Nikitich nyob rau hauv lub capital muab rau nws niam. Tkachev tsis tau muaj lub sij hawm mus ntxiv lawv cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv. Txawm li cas los, xya xyoo tom qab ntawd, nws tseem dhau nws xeem li ib tug sab nraud me nyuam kawm ntawv, nyob rau nws thesis thiab los ua ib tug neeg sib tw ntawm txoj cai. Me ntsis tom qab, nyob rau hauv thuam Lavrov rau lub fact tias nws twb dhau lawm tu los ntawm lub revolutionary zog, Peter Nikitich sau txog nws tus kheej tias txij li thaum lub chav xyaum tes taw tsis paub lwm yam haiv neeg, tsuas yog rau cov neeg hluas cov txiv neej uas addicted rau me nyuam kawm ntawv gatherings, cov kev nyeem ntawv chav, thiab Sunday tsev kawm ntawv, factories sib tham thiab ua liaj ua teb thiab thiaj li. rau. Nws yeej ib txwm tau tsis tsuas mus rau lawv, tab sis nyob rau hauv lawv, txawm tias thaum kuv yog nyob rau hauv lub fortress. Peter Nikitich kom pom tseeb rau hauv lub tam sim ntawd tov ntawm tej yam teeb meem ntawm lub revolutionary zog tsim tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov nta ntawm nws socialist tswvyim.

Kev Koom Tes nyob rau hauv lub revolutionary cov tsev koom nyiaj

Tkachev thaum lub sij hawm nws txoj kev kawm ntawm lub chav xyaum tes taw pib nyeem socialist ntaub ntawv. Nws los ua cuab kav nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Herzen thiab Ogarev, cov khoom Dobrolyubov thiab Chernyshevsky. Twb tau nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov verses hais txog qhov 1860-62 biennium. (Ib txhia ntawm lawv mus rau lub npe), Tkachev qhia cov neeg pluag kiv puag ncig. Nws thaum kawg tau txais nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm kiv puag ncig txij thaum 1861. Txij li thaum uas lub sij hawm Tkachev twb kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tus menyuam kawm ntawv lub zog, nrog rau cov tshwm sim hais tias muaj ntau lub sij hawm raug ntes, search, interrogation. Peter Nikitich yog tas li nyob rau hauv cov tub ceev xwm soj ntsuam. Nws yog pab lub tsev rau txim kab lus yuav luag txhua txhua xyoo.

Nyob rau hauv 1862, nws qhib nws ua tswv cuab rau lub vajvoog L. Olszewski. Qhov no vajvoog twb npaj mus luam tawm ob peb leaflets, uas hu ua mus rhuav tus huab tais. Nyob rau hauv 1865 thiab 1866, Petr Nikitich Tkachev yog nyob ze rau lub koom haum I. A. Hudyakova thiab NA Ishutina, thiab nyob rau hauv 1867 thiab 1868 - mus "Rublevskoe haiv neeg", uas muaj kev ris rau dag nyob rau hauv lub guise ntawm itinerant cov xib fwb. Nws kuj paub tias Peter Tkachev nyob rau hauv 1868 tau koom rau cov commune "Smorgon", uas yog tus thawj ntawm lub koom haum tsim los pab S. G. Nechaevym. Ces, nyob rau hauv 1868-1869 gg., Peter Nikitich ua ke nrog Nechayev yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub kauj pawg neeg ntawm cov St. Petersburg me nyuam kawm ntawv zog.

Thaum pib ntawm kev sau ntawv ua si

Nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 1862 pib txawj ua hauj lwm Petra Nikiticha. Nws txawj txuj ci tau qhia nyob rau hauv lub 60s. Raws li ib tug theoretical revolutionary Narodnichestvo, ci ntsa iab critic thiab txawj sau ntawv Tkachev sib koom nrog ob peb hnyav cov phau ntawv Magazine. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv thawj ntawm nws cov khoom devoted mus thuam ntawm cov plaub ntug kho kom zoo, uas tsoom fwv tau npaj, notably lub revolutionary-kev ywj pheej txheem mus ob peb vas. Lawv raug luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv journal "ntu" thiab "Lub sij hawm" Dostoevsky cov kwv tij, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub "tsev qiv ntawv rau kev nyeem ntawv".

Kawm paub txog lub writings ntawm Marx

Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov khoom tsim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1862 mus 1864, Peter Nikitich npaj lub tswv yim ntawm kev pauv qhov uas twb muaj lawm kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv Russia nyob socialist hauv paus ntsiab lus los ntawm kev kawm network pab kiag li lawm av thiab kev lag luam koom haum ua teb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub uninhabited pawg neeg thaj av. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub sij hawm no, nws tau ntsib nrog ib co ntawm cov ua hauj lwm Karla Marksa Petr Nikitich Tkachev.

Nws biography nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1865 cim qhov tseeb hais tias "Lavxias teb sab lo lus" thawj thawj cov lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv kev cai lij choj xovxwm ntawm peb lub teb chaws tau tso tawm lub ntsiab tswv yim sib cav ntawm Marx txuam nrog rau materialist conception ntawm keeb kwm, uas nws nkag tau rau hauv cov phau mus rau "soj ntsuas ntaub ntawv ntawm nom tswv Economy". Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias los ntawm lub sij hawm no Tkachev yog ib tug twb tau kev contributor rau ob ywj pheej cov phau ntawv Magazine ( "Lag luam" thiab "Lavxias teb sab Lo lus"). Nws yeej ua tau zoo raws li Pisarev, uas twb tso rau hauv lub Peter thiab Paul Fortress. Qhov saum toj no thesis Peter Nikitich nce nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, txoj cai? nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev txhais, dog dig yooj yim zog.

Ua Tkachev tswvyim

Nyob rau hauv 1868, Tkachev P. N. kuv luam charter ntawm lub International nyob rau hauv translation (nyob rau hauv lub appendix rau hauv phau ntawv Becher), raws li zoo raws li lub cai ntawm lub teb chaws Bank ntawm Proudhon. Peter Nikitich views los ntawm tus kawg ntawm lub 1860s tsim ib lub tswvyim. Nws hu ua rau ib tug nom tswv thiab kev kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Cov tswvyim no yog hais nyob rau hauv luam tawm cov vajvoog ntawm Tkachev thiab Nechaev "Program ntawm revolutionary kev txiav txim."

Peter thiab Paul fortress

Kuv yuav tsum hais tias ntau npaum li cas txog qhov nws sau Tkachev PN bar los yog tsis kis tau los ntawm cov censorship tej yam kev mob, los yog raug xaiv rau hauv heev heev arrests. Thaum twg, thaum lub sij hawm tom ntej no tub ntxhais kawm ntawv nyob tsis tau (nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj 1869) Tkachev twb puas tau raug ntes dua, nws thawb ib zaug 3 phau ntawv sau nqi. Cov Thawj zaug ntawm lawv - rau cov creation thiab cov ntawv qhia ntawm ib tug tsis txaus siab "rau cov haiv neeg!", Uas qhia cov uas yuav tsum tau ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm; lub thib ob - rau lub xov xwm ntawm tus sau nyob rau hauv lub npe "Ray", luam tawm es tsis txhob ntawm lub txwv tsis pub "Lavxias teb sab lo lus"; peb - rau lub fact tias nws luam tawm phau ntawv "Cov hauj lo lus nug" E. Becher. Thaum lub sij hawm no Peter thiab Paul Fortress Peter Nikitich yog ib qho chaw rau txim rau yuav luag plaub lub xyoos. Thaum pib ntawm 1873 Tkachev xa mus rau hauv exile nyob rau hauv Great Lukas tsev. Los yeej muaj, nws tau khiav txawv teb chaws nrog rau kev pab los ntawm M. Kupriyanov, ib yam nkaus thiab revolutionary.

Nyob txawv teb chaws, lub controversy nrog Engels thiab Lavrov

Magazine ua hauj lwm, tu ncua los ntawm cov raug ntes, raug rov nyob rau hauv 1872. Tkachev rov pib luam tawm lawv cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub "Ua". Txawm li cas los, nws tsis kos npe rau lawv nws lub npe thiab ntau yam pseudonyms (Tag nrho cov tib yam, P. Grachioli, P. gy Lee, ntshiv PN, PN Nyon, P. Nikitin).

Nyob rau hauv London thiab Geneva Peter Nikitich ib lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm nrog P. L. Lavrovym (nws portrait yog muab saum toj no) nyob rau hauv kev npaj rau lub xov xwm ntawm cov phau ntawv journal "Forward!". Cuaj kaum, nws yog twb thawj kauj ruam coj nyob rau hauv exile, cim ib tug loj controversy nrog Engels thiab Lavrov. Nyob rau hauv 1874 nyob rau hauv Zurich thiab London raug luam tawm Tkachev daim ntawv qhia "revolutionary dag paub tab ..." thiab "Qhib tsab ntawv Fridrihu Engelsu." Lub controversy no tam sim ntawd muab tso rau Peter Nikitich nyob rau hauv ib tug raug rho tawm txoj hauj lwm txawv teb chaws.

Emigrant Literature Engels, Lavrov thiab lwm leej lwm tus sawv ntawm ib tug me ntsis txawv txoj hauj lwm tshaj Peter Nikitich. Lub essence ntawm lub tsis sib haum ntawm ob tug no yog hais tias Tkachev xam tau tias yog cov nom tswv nriaj ib qho tseem ceeb yuav tsum yog kawm lub neej yav tom ntej kiv puag ncig. Txawm li cas los, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub masses nyob rau hauv uas nws underestimated dab tsi lawv yuav tsis tau txais ntau Lavxias teb sab emigrants. Raws li nws, lub revolutionary haiv neeg tsawg yuav tsum yeej lub hwj chim, tsim kom muaj ib tug tshiab lub xeev, mus nqa tawm lub revolutionary transformation, hnov qhov kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg. Cov yav tas yuav tsuas muaj txiaj ntsim los ntawm cov kev tshwm sim. Peter Tkachev txhaum nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim tias lub monarchy muaj tsis muaj kev sib av nyob rau hauv Russia, hais tias nws tsis yog rau cov kev txaus siab ntawm ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv. Friedrich Engels, nyob rau hauv lem, nyob rau hauv cov khoom nws sau thuam Tkachev hais tias views hais tias nws pom tau hais tias petty.

ntawv ntawm phau ntawv journal "tswb"

Peter Nikitich, los ntawm "Forward!", Pom los ntawm UFW ntawm cov vajvoog ntawm "Cercle Leejtwg" (nyob rau hauv txhais lus - "Slavic vajvoog"), uas ua ke Lavxias teb sab-Polish neeg txawv teb chaws. Nrog lawv pab, Tkachev, nyob rau hauv 1875 pib luam tawm phau ntawv journal "tswb" nyob rau hauv Geneva. Nyob rau hauv no magazine, nws coj txoj hauj lwm ntawm editor. Qhov no ib tsab yog tus Jacobin hloov khoom nruab nrog cov kev taw qhia nyob ze rau Blanquism, lub revolutionary populism. Tkachev nyob rau hauv no lub sij hawm tab qhia nws socialist views, sib tham txog qhov teeb meem ntawm theoretical ua neeg ncajncees ntawm socialism, tactics thiab lub tswv yim ntawm cov revolutionary nriaj. Nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv journal "tswb" Peter Nikitich ua polemics nrog P. L. Lavrovym thiab M. A. Bakuninym. Nws lub tswv yim, uas nyob rau thawj tsis muaj ntau npaum li cas tej yam, thiab feem ntau khaus, pib nrhiav los ntawm UFW ntawm lub kawg ntawm lub 1870s. Nws tshwm sim raws li lawv tshwm sim, tig lub Lavxias teb sab revolutionaries mus rau nom tswv thiab kev coj thiab cov kev cai ntawm lub revolutionary nriaj.

"Cov neeg lub Liberation Society"

Nyob rau hauv 1877, Peter Nikitich ua ke nrog nws cov thwjtim muaj kev tswj kom npaj ib tug "National Liberation Society." Qhov no yog nruj me ntsis conspiratorial lub koom haum yog tsim siv Blanquist Communards los ntawm Fabkis (Cournet F., Granger E., E. Vaillant li al.). Lub tuam txhab bases cov kev ua ub rau ib co Lavxias teb sab voj voog (eg, I. M. Kovalskogo nyob rau hauv Odessa thiab Zaichnevsky Orel). Tkachev, nyob rau hauv 1880, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm "Tsis yog Vajtswv los yog master" Blanqui.

Txawm li cas los, kev tsis ncaj ncees tiv thaiv Peter Nikitich tseem muaj zog heev. Yog li ntawd hais tias cov "Narodnaya Volya" (nyob rau hauv cov lus V. I. Lenina, cov kev ua ub tau npaj ideology Tkachev) tsis lees txais ib qho alliance nrog cov "tswb", uas yog yav tas los xav. "Nabat" ceased ntawv tom qab ib nyuag tso tawm nyob rau hauv 1881 nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug ntawv xov xwm.

Ntawv qhia nyob rau hauv ntau yam pseudonyms

Tkachev, nyob txawv teb chaws, txuas ntxiv mus yuav tsum luam tawm nyob rau hauv kev cai lij choj Lavxias teb sab nias nyob rau hauv ntau yam pseudonyms, uas (tag nrho cov tib, Grachioli P. li al.), Peb twb tau teev tseg. Raws li ib tug ntawm cov hauj lwm tseem ceeb "yuav ua li cas" Peter Nikitich tau luam tawm heev heev cov khoom rau hauv philosophy, txoj cai, keeb kwm, pedagogy, economics thiab lwm tus neeg. Txawm li cas los, ib zaug lub editor ntawm no magazine, GE Blagosvetlov tuag, kev koom tes yog tsis yog li ntawd tsis tu ncua. Tag nrho cov khoom tsis tshua nyob Tkachev. Nws ciali hais tias cov zajlus thiab revolutionary kev ua si Petra Nikiticha yuav ploj mus, tiam sis ua tau nws tsis yog li ntawd.

Rau hnub tim, peb kawm tau ib co tshiab tseeb txog lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej nyob rau hauv exile Tkachev. Lawv hais tias lub Lavxias teb sab txawj critic thiab revolutionary txuas ntxiv mus koom tsim. Tsis ntev los no kuv muaj kev tswj kom nrhiav tau ib tug socialist ntawv xov xwm "tswb" ( "Le Tocsin"), uas yog luam tawm nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm Fabkis (nyob rau hauv Narbonne) nyob rau hauv 1882. Editorials rau nws tau sau Tkachev, uas zais nws lub npe nyob rau hauv lub pseudonym "Gracchus". Feem ntau cov yuav, cov nqe lus nyob rau hauv xovxwm yuav suav hais tias lub xeem.

Txij li thaum lub kaum ib hlis 1882 Tkachev, tus kab mob loj, nrog rau cov tshwm sim hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev kho mob. Peter Nikitich tuag nyob rau hauv Paris nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 23, 1885. Xaiv ua hauj lwm nws mus ib txhis nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub kiv puag ncig.

Philosophical views Tkachev

Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug nplua nuj thiab ntau haiv neeg kev ua ub no Tribune-journalist-politician yog tsis muaj chaw rau loj philosophy los yog nws yuav muab ib tug subordinate, purely lo lub luag hauj lwm. Tseeb, los ntawm lub formal point nws tus kheej Petr Nikitich Tkachev, thaj, nws muab peb ib tug yog vim li cas rau qhov no assumption. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog ib tug tsiv critic ntawm tag nrho cov philosophical systems.

Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm nws tus thawj cov khoom (raws li luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub 1863 "Law metaphysics") Tkachev nws kev pab cuam ntawm kho kom zoo philosophy. Nws hais tias qhov yuav tsum tau los tsim kom tau ib tug yeej muaj tseeb, tsim, nyob rau hauv lub philosophy, uas yog alien rau txhua yam ntawm metaphysics. Nws yuav tsum txuas ua ke rau qhov chaw ntawm lub social sciences, forcibly yaj. Qhov no philosophy yog lub social, social science. Nws yuav tsum tau txais txiaj ntsim rau pej xeem.

Tkachev raws li ib tug txawj sau ntawv feem ntau los rov qab mus rau qhov teeb meem zoo philosophy. Nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, nws yuav tsum tau lub hauv paus rau lub transformation ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, science ntsuas, cov tub ntxhais ntawm ib tug yeej muaj tseeb ntiaj teb no. Raws li ib tug politician Petr Nikitich Tkachev tshwj xeeb uas tsim teeb meem ntawm lub kiv puag ncig, Sociology, ncaj ncees thiab tsim nyog kev txiav txim. Nws hu nws tus philosophical txoj hauj lwm ntawm "realism" (los yog rationality).

Ntawm no yog ib tug xav paub tus neeg twb Petr Nikitich Tkachev. Nthuav lus tseeb hais txog nws yuav luag tag nrho cov muaj feem xyuam rau lub kiv puag ncig, uas nws mob siab rau nws tag nrho lub neej.