Polymerization ntawm propylene: tswvyim, kab zauv, mis

Dab tsi yog lub polymerization ntawm propylene? Dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub hom tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no? Cia peb sim nrhiav cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog cov lus nug no.

Yam ntxwv ntawm cov tebchaw

Scheme polymerization tshua ntawm ethylene thiab propylene muaj raug tshuaj zog muaj los ntawm tag nrho cov mej zeej ntawm lub chav kawm ntawv ntawm olefins. Lub npe no tau muab rau cov chav kawm no los ntawm lub npe qub ntawm cov roj siv tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua paub, ethylene chloride tau txais, uas yog ib yam khoom ua kua roj.

Ntawm cov nta ntawm tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov khoom tsis haum rau cov roj carbon monoxide, peb nco ntsoov qhov kuaj pom nyob rau hauv lawv ntawm ib tus nqi nyiaj ob.

Lub polymerization ntawm propylene yog piav qhia meej meej los ntawm kev muaj ib qho kev tiv thaiv kab ke hauv cov qauv ntawm cov khoom.

Hom mis

Tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub homologous series ntawm alkenes general mis muaj rau hauv daim C _n H _2n. Qhov tsis muaj hydrogen hauv tus qauv piav qhia txog cov peculiarity ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj ntawm cov roj carbon monoxide.

Cov kab zauv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm polymerization ntawm propylene yog ib tug ncaj qha kev paub ntawm xws li ib tug tau ntawm discontinuity kev sib txuas lus siv kub thiab catalyst.

Ib qho tsis tau txais kev tso npe hu ua allyl lossis propenyl-2. Vim li cas thiaj polymerization ntawm propylene? Cov khoom ntawm no sis yog muaj feem xyuam rau synthesis ntawm cov khoom cua roj hmab, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog nyob rau hauv coob nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tshuaj ua lag luam.

Lub cev lub cev

Txoj kab xo polymerization rau propylene qhia tseeb tsis yog siv tshuaj xwb, tiam sis tseem yog lub cev ntawm cov khoom. Propylene yog cov yeeb tshuaj gaseous nrog cov uas tsis tshua kub thiab zom cov ntsiab lus. Tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tus alkene hauv chav kawm muaj cov dej tsis txaus ntsiag to.

Tshuaj lom neeg

Qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv polymerization ntawm propylene thiab isobutylene qhia tias cov txheej txheem pib ua los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke. Alkenes ua raws li monomers, thiab cov khoom kawg ntawm no sis yog polypropylene thiab polyisobutylene. Nws yog carbon-carbon cov nyiaj nyob rau hauv xws li ib qho kev sib cuam tshuam uas yuav lwj, thiab nws thiaj li cov kev sib raug zoo yuav tsim.

Los ntawm cov nyiaj sib koom ua ke, tsim cov khoom lag luam yooj yim tshiab tshwm sim. Polymerization ntawm propylene mus li cas? Lub tswv yim ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog piv rau cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim hauv tag nrho lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm hoob kawm ntawm cov dej tsis tau tsim cov roj carbon monoxide.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv polymerization ntawm propylene yuav ntau ntau cov kab txawv ntawm percolation. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thawj zaug, cov txheej txheem yog ua tiav hauv cov roj theem. Hauv ob qhov sib txawv, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau pib hauv cov dej ua kua.

Tsis tas li ntawd, lub polymerization ntawm propylene kuj nce mus los ntawm ib co txheej txheem tsis muaj dab tsi, uas siv cov kev siv roj carbonated saturated liquid li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Niaj hnub siv tshuab

Lub polymerization ntawm propylene hauv pawg raws li Spheripol kev siv tshuab ua ke ntawm lub pob zeb tawg ua slurry rau kev homopolymers. Cov txheej txheem yuav siv cov roj-theem reactor nrog lub pseudo-txheej txheej los tsim cov qauv kev tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib rooj plaub, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv polymerization ntawm propylene yuav ntxiv qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov yeeb tshuaj txuas ntxiv rau cov cuab yeej, thiab ua ntej polymerization.

Txheej Txheem Cai

Cov cuab yeej siv tshuab hauv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb uas tsim los rau kev hloov ua ntej. Qhov sib xyaw kom haum yog ntxiv rau cov voj kabmob polymerization reactors, qhov uas ob qho tib si hydrogen thiab siv propylene yog pub.

Cov reactors ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 65 mus txog 80 degree Celsius. Lub siab nyob rau hauv lub cev tsis pub tshaj 40 bar. Reactors, uas yog nyob rau hauv series, yog siv nyob rau hauv factories tsim rau loj tagnrho ntawm polymer qhuav.

Ib qho tshuaj polymer yog muab tshem tawm ntawm ob lub reactor. Polymerization ntawm propylene yuav hloov ntawm kev daws mus rau ib tug degasser ntawm nce siab. Ntawm no, cov hmoov homopolymer yog raug tshem tawm ntawm cov kua monomer.

Kev tsim ntawm thaiv cov kab tho hniav

Qhov sib npaug ntawm polymerization rau propylene CH2 = CH - CH3 nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem no muaj ib tug qauv khiav mechanism, muaj qhov txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem. Ua ke nrog propylene thiab ethylene, cov hmoov los ntawm lub degasser mus rau lub roj theem reactor khiav hauj lwm ntawm qhov kub ntawm 70 degrees Celsius thiab lub siab tsis ntau tshaj 15 bar.

Nres copolymers, tom qab raug rho tawm ntawm cov reactor, nkag mus rau hauv kev tsim tawm tshwj xeeb ntawm lub monomer ntawm cov hmoov polymer.

Polymerization ntawm propylene thiab butadienes ntawm hom-resistant hom tso cai rau siv ob lub roj-theem reactor. Nws tso cai rau kom nce qib ntawm propylene nyob rau hauv lub polymer. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho ua tau ntxiv cov additives rau cov khoom tiav, kev siv cov granulation, yuav pab txhim kho kom zoo ntawm cov khoom tau.

Tshwj xeeb ntawm polymerization ntawm alkenes

Muaj qee qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm polyethylene thiab polypropylene. Qhov sib npaug ntawm polymerization rau propylene tso cai rau peb to taub tias tsoom fwv sov txawv txawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj qee qhov sib txawv nyob rau theem kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem saw, nrog rau kev siv cov khoom kawg.

Peroxide yog siv rau cov pob txha uas muaj cov khoom txig zoo heev. Lawv muaj qib qis dua ntawm cov kua nplaum, cov khoom zoo sib xws nrog cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj qhov qis qis dua.

Cov resins muaj cov khoom zoo heev hauv cov khoom siv yog siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj molding, zoo li hauv qhov rooj txiav txim siab.

Yuav ua kom lub pob tshab thiab lub zog ntawm cov khoom polymeric, cov neeg tsim tawm sim ntxiv cov khoom tshwj xeeb crystallizing rau cov tshuaj sib tov sib xyaw. Qee cov ntaub ntawv polypropylene cov ntaub ntawv nrawm yeej hloov nrog lwm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm tshuab molding thiab casting.

Peculiarities ntawm polymerization

Lub polymerization ntawm propylene nyob rau hauv muaj cov activated carbon tshaj tawm sai dua. Tam sim no, ib txoj kab ntawm cov carbon uas muaj kev hloov hlau raws li lub peev xwm adsorption ntawm carbon yog siv. Vim tias muaj polymerization, ib qho khoom muaj cov yam ntxwv ua tau zoo heev.

Lub ntsiab tsis muaj lub polymerization txheej txheem ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi thiab cov molecular nyhav thiab lub stereoisomeric muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub polymer. Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov catalyst, qhov nruab nrab ntawm polymerization, thiab cov degree ntawm purity ntawm cov constituents ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv system tseem ceeb.

Ib txoj kab tawm qauv polymer yog tau los ntawm homogeneous thiab hauv heterogeneous theem, thaum tham txog ethylene. Yog vim li cas ho yog tias cov khoom uas muab ntawd tsis muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis muaj zog txaus. Tau cov isotactic polypropylene, sim siv tau titanium chlorides, raws li organoalum txuas rau.

Thaum ib txoj adsorbed ntawm crystalline titanium chloride (3) siv, nws yog qhov ua tau kom tau ib yam khoom nrog cov yam ntxwv ua ntej. Kev ua raws li cov cab kuj tsis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau lub hom phiaj kom tau qhov siab tshaj plaws. Piv txwv, thaum xaiv cov titanium iodide (3), ntau dua ntawm cov tshuaj atactic polymer.

Lub tswv yim catalytic suav tau tias yog ntawm Lewis hom, thiab yog li ntawd yog hais txog kev xaiv ntawm qhov nruab nrab. Qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws yog kev siv cov pa roj carbon monoxide. Txij li titanium chloride (5) yog ib qho mob adsorbent, aliphatic hydrocarbons feem ntau raug xaiv. Polymerization ntawm propylene mus li cas? Khoom mis yog (-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -) n. Lub algorithm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nws tus kheej yog analogous mus rau lub chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv lub ntxiv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ib tug muab homologous series.

Tshuaj lom neeg

Cia peb sim cov kev xaiv tseem ceeb rau kev sib koom tes rau propylene. Xav tias nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv muaj ib daim ntawv cog lus ob, lub ntsiab tshua tseem ceeb mus nrog nws qhov kev puas tsuaj.

Halogenation nyaij ntawm qhov kub zoo. Nyob rau hauv lub point ntawm cuam tshuam ntawm txoj kev sib txuas lus, unhindered txuas ntawm halogen tshwm sim. Raws li ib qho txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib koom tes no, ib qho chaw ua dihalogen raug tsim. Qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws yog iodination. Bromination thiab chlorination siv qhov chaw tsis muaj lwm yam kev mob thiab nqi zog. Cov tshuaj fluorination ntawm propylene nce nrog tawg.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hydrogenation yog siv lub zog siv ntxiv. Lub catalyst yog platinum, npib tsib xees. Vim tias tshuaj lom neeg ntawm propylene nrog hydrogen, propane yog tsim - ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm limiting hydrocarbons.

Dej (dej ntxiv) yog ua tiav raws li VV Markovnikov txoj cai. Nws essence yog nyob rau hauv attaching ib tug ob leeg daim ntawv cog lus ntawm lub hydrogen atom mus rau ntawm propylene carbon, uas muaj nws siab tshaj plaws nyiaj. Hauv qhov no, lub halogen yuav txuas rau ntim C, uas muaj tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov roj ntsha.

Propylene pom tau tias yog hlawv hauv cov pa oxygen hauv cov pa. Raws li ib qho txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib koom tes no, ob lub ntsiab khoom tseem ceeb yuav tau: carbon dioxide, dej vapor.

Thaum muaj zog cov kab mob oxidizing, xws li potassium permanganate, ua rau cov tshuaj no, nws cov kev pom muaj zog. Ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog dihydric cawv (glycol).

Npaj ntawm propylene

Tag nrho cov kev muaj peev xwm muab faib ua ob pawg neeg tseem ceeb: kev sim, kev lag luam. Raws li kuaj, nws tau txais propylene thaum hydrogen halide yog cais tawm ntawm pib haloalkyl thaum haus cawv kua sodium hydroxide yog raug rau lawv.

Propylene yog tsim rau thaum lub catalytic hydrogenation ntawm propyne. Hauv kev sim, cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem tau los ntawm lub cev qhuav dej ntawm cov tshuaj propanol-1. Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, phosphoric los yog sulfuric acid, alumina, yog siv ua catalysts.

Yuav ua li cas yog propylene tsim nyob rau hauv loj volumes? Vim yog qhov tseeb tias cov tshuaj no tsis tshua pom muaj nyob hauv cov xwm txheej, cov kev xaiv ua rau nws tau npaj tau. Qhov ntau tshaj yog kev rho tawm ntawm alkene los ntawm cov khoom ua kom zoo.

Piv txwv, tawg ntawm cov roj crude hauv ib lub txaj tshwj xeeb raug nplij tawm. Propylene yog tsim los ntawm pyrolysis ntawm cov roj av feem. Tam sim no, alkene yog sib cais los ntawm cov kab roj, cov khoom siv roj coking.

Muaj ntau hom pyrolysis rau propylene:

• Hauv cov cub tawg;
• Hauv ib lub reactor siv lub tshuab ua kom txias;
• Lub txheej txheem Lavrovsky;
• Autothermal pyrolysis los ntawm Bartlom txoj kev.

Ntawm cov exhausted industrial yees, nws yog tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov lub catalytic dehydrogenation ntawm saturated hydrocarbons.

Daim ntawv thov

Propylene muaj ntau hom kev siv, thiab yog li ntawd yog tsim los ntawm lub ntsuas loj hauv kev lag luam. Cov tsos ntawm cov roj carbon monoxide no tsis zoo los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Natta. Hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua pua, siv lub Ziegler catalytic system, nws tau tsim cov tshuab siv tshuab polymerization.

Natta muaj peev xwm tau txais ib lub khoom stereoregular, uas nws hu ua isotactic, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv cov qauv, methyl pawg nyob ntawm ib sab ntawm cov saw. Vim yog qhov "ntim" ntawm polymer molecules, cov khoom uas ua rau polymeric tau muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo txhua yam. Polypropylene yog siv rau qhov tsim tawm ntawm cov hluavtaws fiber, yog nyob rau hauv kev thov raws li ib tug yas loj.

Kwv yees li kaum feem pua ntawm roj av propylene yog siv los ua nws cov oxide. Mus txog nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo dhau los, cov khoom organic no tau los ntawm chlorohydrin. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv proceeded los ntawm tsim ntawm ib nrab khoom ntawm propylene chlorohydrin. Cov tshuab no muaj qee qhov teeb meem, uas yog txuam nrog kev siv cov tshuaj chlorine thiab cov tshuaj kua dej.

Nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm, qhov kev siv tshuab tau hloov los ntawm cov neeg pej xeem. Nws yog raws li cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog hydroperoxides. Propylene oxide yog siv nyob rau hauv cov synthesis ntawm propylene glycols, uas yog siv los ua polyurethane ntau ntau. Lawv xav tias yog cov ntaub ntawv zoo nkauj, yog li lawv yuav tsim cov pob khoom, ntaub pua tsev, rooj tog zaum, cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv kub, cov kua roj kua thiab cov ntaub ntawv lim.

Tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm cov ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm propylene, yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov synthesis ntawm acetone thiab isopropyl cawv. Isopropyl cawv, yog ib tug zoo heev hnyav, yog suav tias yog ib tug tseem ceeb khoom uas siv tshuaj. Hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum xyoo, cov khoom organic no tau ua los ntawm cov tshuaj sulfuric acid.

Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntawm kev sib txuas ncaj ntawm propene tau tsim nrog kev qhia txog acid acidic rau cov tshuaj sib tov sib xyaw. Txog ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov propanol uas tsim tawm mus rau synthesis ntawm acetone. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yuav tshem tawm cov hydrogen, ntawm 380 degrees Celsius. Catalysts nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm no yog zinc thiab tooj.

Ntawm cov kev siv tseem ceeb ntawm propylene, hydroformylation plays lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Propene mus txog rau ntawm aldehydes zus. Oxinsynthesis nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws pib siv txij li nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Tam sim no, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog ib qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam petrochemical. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm propylene nrog synthesis roj (ib qho dej ntawm carbon monoxide thiab hydrogen) ntawm qhov kub ntawm 180 degrees, cobalt oxide catalyst thiab ib qhov siab ntawm 250 atmospheres, ob tug aldehydes raug tsim. Ib tug muaj ib tus qauv, qhov thib ob tau muaj cov nkev saw.

Tam sim ntawd tom qab nrhiav pom ntawm qhov txheej txheem technology no, nws yog qhov tshwm sim uas yog qhov khoom ntawm kev tshawb fawb rau ntau cov kws tshawb fawb. Lawv tau nrhiav txoj hauv kev los txo cov kev cai ntawm nws txoj kev kawm, sim kom txo feem pua ntawm qhov sib xyaw kom haum ntawm aldehyde branched qauv.

Rau lub hom phiaj no, cov kev lag luam raug coj los siv, uas siv lwm txoj kev ua kom zoo. Nws tau ua kom txo tau qhov ntsuas kub, siab, ua kom cov qoob loo ntawm aldehyde linear structure.

Acrylic acid esters, uas yog txuam nrog lub polymerization ntawm propylene, yog siv raws li copolymers. Kwv yees li ntawm 15 feem pua ntawm tus qauv ntawm tus qauv petrochemical yog siv cov khoom pib los tsim acryonitrile. Qhov no organic yog tsim nyog rau tsim tawm ntawm tseem ceeb tshuaj fiber - nitron, lub creation ntawm plastics, lub qhuav ntawm rubbers.

Xaus

Polypropylene yog tam sim no suav tias yog cov coob petrochemical ntau lawm. Xav tau rau qhov zoo thiab pheej yig polymer yog loj hlob, yog li nws maj displaces polyethylene. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov khoom ntim uas tsis yoojyim, daim hlau, cov yeeb yaj kiab, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov ntawv hluav taws xob, ropes, cov ntaub pua plag, thiab rau kev tsim ntau yam khoom siv hauv tsev. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, kev siv tshuaj polypropylene yog qhov loj tshaj plaws thib ob hauv kev lag luam polymer. Muab cov kev thov ntawm ntau cov lag luam, peb tuaj yeem xaus: yav tom ntej, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom loj ntawm propylene thiab ethylene yuav ua mus ntxiv.