Polovtsian - ib tug ... Nrhiav seb leej twg lub Cumans

Nws tau ntev tau ntseeg hais tias cov Polovtsian - yog tus yeeb ncuab ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws, raws li cov neeg uas cov pawg neeg no tau pom nyob rau hauv ntau yam raids nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm peb lub teb chaws. Txawm li cas los, historians paub lub sijhawm uas nws ib tug neeg nyob ze lub hav zoov Polovtsian pab pawg neeg thiab Slavs, raws li zoo raws li lawv sib koom phiaj los nqis tes tiv thaiv tsis tau, piv txwv li, lub Hungarians, lub Volga Bulgars, Mongols thiab lwm tus neeg. Material pov thawj, revealing lub secrets ntawm no nomadic pawg neeg, nws tseem heev me me, tab sis lawv muaj peev xwm yuav siv tau los taug qab cov thawj keeb kwm ntawm lub Polovtsian neeg.

Polovtsian pog koob yawg koob twb Suav?

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm "Polovtsian" nyob rau hauv lub ancient lus qhia hais tias tus Slavs hu ua raws li cov neeg los yog los ntawm lub steppes (los ntawm lo lus "teb"), los yog muaj ib tug yellowish tinge rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij (los ntawm lo lus "polov" - "daj").

Xwb, lub pog koob yawg koob tau Polovtsian nomads nyob rau hauv lub steppes ntawm lub Eastern Tien Shan thiab Mongolian Altai, uas Suav hu ua neeg Seyanto. Nyob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawd muaj yog ib tug ancient lub xeev, tsim nyob rau hauv 630, uas, li cas los xij, twb sai sai puas yog lub Uighurs thiab Suav nrog rau cov tib. Tom qab uas lub inhabitants ntawm tej chaw no twb hloov los ntawm cov generic npe "Syrah" mus rau "Kipchaks", uas txhais tau tias "unlucky, tsis muaj hmoo," thiab mus rau lub Irtysh thiab sab hnub tuaj steppes ntawm Kazakhstan.

Txhais lus ntawm lub puas tawm xyoo pua thiab lub tswv yim ntawm Sakharov

Lub ntsiab lus thiab txhais lus ntawm cov lo lus "Polovtsian" kuj txhais los ntawm ib co kws txawj raws li tshwm sim los ntawm lo lus "nuv ntses", uas txhais tau tias mus yos hav zoov (nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tej khoom thiab cov neeg), raws li zoo raws li lo lus "full" - ntes, noj tam sim ntawd los ntawm tus neeg sawv cev nyob qhov twg lub Slavs.

Nyob rau hauv lub puas tawm xyoo dhau (nyob rau hauv particular E. thiab A. Skrizhinskaya Kunik) lub npe qhia los ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm cov pab pawg neeg "pol" txhais tau tias ib nrab. Raws li saum toj no, soj ntsuam tau lam xav, cov neeg nyob ntawm ancient Kiev, nyob rau lub tsev txhab nyiaj ntawm lub Dnieper, hu ua nomads, uas los ntawm lwm yam sab ntawm tus dej, "nrog rau hauv pem teb los ntawm." Academician Dmitry Likhachev feem ntau yog tag nrho cov lus version tsis txhij. Nws xav hais tias cov tsis muaj lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov npe ntawm cov pawg neeg no yuav tsis raug solved, raws li cov Kipchak-Cumans tshuav qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi ntawm tus kheej sau cov ntaub ntawv.

Cumans - qhov no yog tsis yog ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib pawg neeg

Niaj hnub no, nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov Polovtsian - ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm lub conglomeration ntawm nomadic pab pawg neeg, thiab cov ntaub ntawv no yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum ib xyoo pua AD, cov neeg Kipchak twb kov yeej los ntawm Mongol pab pawg neeg kumosi-Kimaks, thiab ces migrated rau lub sab hnub poob, nrog rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Mongoloid pab pawg neeg - Kidane. By kawg ntawm lub thirties ntawm lub xyoo pua eleventh, no sau los ntawm haiv neeg invaded lub steppes ntawm lub Volga thiab Irtysh thiab tuaj mus rau tus ciam teb ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab xeev.

"Daj" cov neeg tuaj mus rau tus ciam teb ntawm Russia

Hais txog leej twg lub Cumans los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab documentary rau cov thawj lub sij hawm muab ib tug kev piav qhia Hypation Chronicle nyob rau hauv 1055. Raws li qhov no sau, mus rau lub ciam teb ntawm lub nceeg vaj Pereslavsky neeg tuaj "kaj daj", uas tso cai rau kom muab cov Kipchaks thiab Mongoloid pab pawg neeg generic npe "Cumans".

Qhuav tuaj haiv neeg tsawm nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv ntawm Azov, thaum lub sij hawm lub Lower Don thiab sab qaum teb, nyob qhov twg lawv pom lub pob zeb "poj niam", uas, raws li zaum ntseeg, nomadic pab pawg neeg tsim nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm cov pog koob yawg koob.

Leej twg yog cov Cumans lub sij hawm los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm kev cai dab qhuas tej lus qhia? Nws yog ntseeg hais tias qhov nruab nrab twb pib xyaum nomadic cult pog koob yawg koob, uas yog siv los ntawm qhov chaw kawm pob zeb sculptures siab feem steppe, watersheds nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb tej chaw dawb huv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, mus ncaj burial twb tsis yeej ib txwm nyob ze. Lub Polovtsian lub graves muaj feem ntau ncua kev faus tus tuag lawm, nrog rau tsev neeg tej khoom thiab cev (stuffed) nws warhorse.

Ob txhiab pob zeb mlom thiab ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus sau ntawv

Nyob rau lub graves ntawm muaj koob cov neeg los ntawm cov qauv ntawm Polovtsian barrow. Nyob rau hauv ntau tsis ntev los no lub sij hawm, thaum Muslims conquered lub Kipchaks, ib feem pagan monuments lawv pov tseg. Rau hnub tim, lub teb chaws uas niaj hnub Russia tseem txog 2000 pob zeb "poj niam" (los ntawm "balbal" - "txwv zeej txwv koob"), uas yog tseem pom tau hais tias muaj lub hwj chim ua kom lub fertility ntawm cov av, cov restoration ntawm qhov. Cov monuments dim rau centuries, nrog rau lub sij hawm ntawm Christianization Polovtsian. Pagans, Muslims, ntseeg - hais tias yog leej twg lub Cumans nyob rau hauv sij hawm sib txawv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm no set ntawm cov neeg.

Lawv yog ib tug xub xuas phom tua cia noog rau tus yoov

Tom qab hnyuj hnyo rau sab hnub tuaj nyob sab Europe steppes nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XI BC Cumans tsis txhob nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam thiab txuas ntxiv mus khom rau, cov kev pab ntawm no yog vim muaj cov xws li ib tug haib tsheb thaum lub sij hawm, zoo li ib tug nees, thiab zoo riam phom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug hneev nti.

Polovtsian - yog thawj thiab foremost ib tug tub rog. Cov me nyuam ntawm cov pab pawg neeg los ntawm thaum yau qhia horsemanship thiab kev sib ntaus los hom kev kawm hais tias tom qab lawv tuaj txog nyob rau hauv lub koshuna - militias los ntawm tib lub genus. Nyob rau hauv koshun koj yuav muaj xws li dozens ntawm cov neeg, los yog peb los yog plaub puas, uas tawm tsam tus yeeb ncuab zoo li ib tug avalanche, twb ncig los ntawm nws ntiv nplhaib thiab them nrog sub. Dhau li slozhnosostavnyh technically tshaj nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm twb bows Polovtsi sabers, riam, hmuv rau cov tibneeg. Lawv armor nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub phiaj hlau. Lawv cov tub rog prowess yog li ntawd siab uas nyob rau ntawm daim ntawv qhia txog qaij los ntawm nyo hau rider yuav tua cia tej noog flying.

Camp qhov cub nyob rau hauv lub eeb ...

Leej twg yog cov Cumans nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lawv txoj kev ntawm lub neej? Cov neeg tau raug nomadic, heev unpretentious, txawm los ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub sij hawm. Thaum chiv thawj lawv nyob rau hauv them wagons los yog muaj tej tsev pheeb suab, noj mis nyuj, cheese, thiab cov nqaij nyoos, uas softens nyob rau hauv lub eeb ntawm ib tug nees. Ntawm raids lawv coj cov nyiaj nyiag los thiab raug lawm, maj mam noj los ntawm lwm haiv neeg kev txawj ntse, cwj pwm tsis zoo thiab kev lis kev cai. Txawm tias lub keeb kwm ntawm cov lo lus no tsis yog ib pes tsawg txhais ntawm yog dab tsi nws txhais tau hais tias Polovtsian, kev rau koj tus kheej ntau haiv neeg ntawm hais tias lub sij hawm.

Txais yuav haivneeg kev coj noj Polovtsy yog los ntawm ib tug neeg raws li nomadic Kipchak nyob rau hauv lub kaum ob xyoo pua mus txog Ciscaucasian steppes (nyob rau p. Sunzha tus nqi yog Polovtsian khans), mus xyuas nyob rau hauv Pomorie, Surozh thiab Korsun, Pomorie, Tmutarakani cog lus ib tug tag nrho ntawm txog 46 raids Rus, uas feem ntau yeej, tiam sis muaj losers. Nyob rau hauv kev, nyob ib ncig ntawm 1100 BC txog 45 txhiab Kipchaks tau ousted Rusichi nyob rau hauv lub Georgian av, uas mingled nrog lub zos coob.

Polovtsian cwj pwm tsis zoo tsis tau txhua yam thiab txhua tus neeg uas ntes tau los ntawm txhais tes, coj mus rau qhov tseeb hais tias mus rau ib tug tej lub sij hawm ntawm lub nomadic haiv neeg tau kawm kom lawv muaj lub tsev rau lub caij ntuj no, qhov twg txawm lawm nruab cua sov nyob rau hauv lub likeness ntawm Lavxias teb sab cua sov ntsiab. Txheej thaum ub tawv ris tsho twb dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ribbons nyob rau hauv lawv cov tes tsho, zoo li lub Byzantine nobles, cov cov pab pawg neeg muaj tej yam tshwm sim ntawm lub koom haum.

Polovtsian nceeg vaj yog tsis tsawg European

By lub sij hawm ntawm nws conquest ntawm lub Mongol-Tatar rog nyob rau hauv lub XIII xyoo pua Polovtsian horde yog ib lub koom haum, tus muaj zog ntawm cov uas twb Don thiab cov Dniester. Nyob rau hauv cov hnub, Polovtsian - ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg uas nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam piv nyob rau hauv loj rau European kingdoms. Cov quasi tsim impeded tso cai ntawm lub caravans lawv "los ntawm Varangians rau Greeks", nqa tawm nyob rau cais incursions Rus twb active ua ntej thiab 90s ntawm lub kaum ob xyoo pua, whereupon kipchaki sib ntaus sib tua mas nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab squads thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm mezhknyazheskih civil tsov kev rog.

Yog li ntawd yuav ua li cas yuav ua tau peb teb cov lus nug ntawm uas cov Cumans? nws peev xwm yuav xaus los ntawm ancient keeb kwm, uas cov neeg no, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm ib co txheej thaum ub, ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv shaping tus nom tswv daim ntawv qhia txog lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm thiab nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ntau yam nationalities, xws li niaj hnub no.