Pioneer - Tho ntawm lub Soviet Union yog ...

Koj paub lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "ib tug tho kev"? Yuav ua li cas yog nws tuaj los ntawm? Ib tug neeg hu ua li ntawd? No thiab lwm yam lus nug peb yuav teb nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm. Hu ua cov tho kev tho tho kev. Thiab txawm li ntawd hu ua tub rog post los yog series nyob rau hauv lub engineering pab tub rog ntawm lub Armed Forces ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub XVIII-XIX centuries thiab ib co niaj hnub lub teb chaws (xws li, lub teb chaws Yelemees).

Pronouncing lo lus "tho kev", ib tug neeg tej zaum yuav muaj nyob rau hauv lub siab lub hnub los yog sapper German xeev, los yog cov tub rog nyob rau hauv them nyiaj ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm earthworks, staging choj, khawb kwj deg, txoj kev kab zauv thiab thiaj li nyob. Thiab tsis tau lawv hu mej zeej ntawm lub Pioneer zog - qhov nplog liab cov me nyuam pab pawg nyob rau hauv lub USSR thiab lwm yam socialist xeev, tsim los ntawm cov qauv ntawm Scouting kev ua ub no.

nqi

Raws li Efa-i, cov pioneer - yog ib tug uas thawj ua nws txoj kev mus rau ib tug tshiab, unexplored cheeb tsam los yog lub teb chaws, thiab tau pib kawm nws. Li ntawd, yog ib tug uas muab cov me nyuam yaus ntawm ib yam dab tsi tshiab nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kab lis kev cai, science los yog lwm teb ntawm kev ua si. Efremov tseem ntseeg hais tias cov tho kev yog ob qho tib si mej zeej ntawm lub communist tsim ntawm cov me nyuam raws li cov tub rog thiab sapper units ntawm engineering pab tub rog. Ushakov thiab kub yus yog tib lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus. Nyob rau hauv Dahl tus phau ntawv txhais lus hais tias yav tas los muaj cov tho kev thiab nees.

keeb kwm

Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi nws txhais tau hais tias "ib tug tho kev"? Lo lus yog borrowed los ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab-hais lus pej xeem ntawm lub Fab Kis thaum pib ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua thiab nws siv mus txhais ua "warrior ko taw tub rog." Thaum lub sij hawm, qhov no txhais tau ploj mus cia nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, thiab lo lus "tho kev" pib hu cov tho kev - cov neeg uas blaze tshiab ke.

Thaum ua tiav rau lub kaum hli ntuj 1917 kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Russia pib tsim ua ib tug tho me nyuam txoj kev pab pawg, uas muaj kev xav tau los ua thawj nyob rau hauv txhua yam. Lawv xav kom lawv cov kev ua si rau leem "txoj kev mus rau lub radiant tag kis."

Tus thawj tub rog

Tho ... yog leej twg? Tag nrho-lub npe-hnub tho kev xam tau tias yog Tej zaum 19, 1922. Tib hnub ntawd, nyob rau ntawm lub lub 2nd All-Lavxias teb sab Congress ntawm lub Koom Haum Ntxhais Communist League, nws tau txiav txim siab los ua ib tug ua ib tug tho pawg thoob plaws lub teb chaws. Lub npe nrov lub koom haum txij li thaum xyoo 1924 bears lub npe V. I. Lenina. Nyob rau hauv 1925, lub xeev launched cov ntawv xov xwm "Pioneer tseeb", uas yog feem ntau affectionately hu ua lub "Pioneer".

Tus thawj units krasnogalstuchnikov ua ntawm YCL formations nyob rau hauv lub factories, nyob rau hauv chaw ua hauj lwm, koom nyob rau hauv tej, pab tshem tawm illiteracy, mus nrog tsis muaj tsev nyob. Pib los ntawm lub 1920 los. Cov koom haum tau teeb tsa nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv tau pioneer tub cheev xwm, thiab nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawv - tog. Yuav ua ib tug tho kev yuav luag txhua tus me nyuam ntawm 9-10 xyoo. Thaum ua ke ceremony cov me nyuam coj ib tug cog, cog rau "nyob, sib ntaus thiab kawm, raws li bequeathed mus rau lub zoo Lenin, raws li tau qhia los ntawm cov Communist tog."

Pioneer - nws yog ib lub cim ntawm lub Soviet era. Nws coj qhws ib tug liab khi (raws li ib tug kos npe rau ntawm lub revolutionary liab chij), lub icon nrog lub motto "Yuav npaj txhij!" Thiab dluab ntawm nplaim taws ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, Lenin lub profile thiab tsib-taw lub hnub qub. A qhov chaw zoo nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ub ntawm cov me nyuam nyob krasnogalstuchnoy tiv thaiv-cov tub rog ua hauj lwm: mugs raws li cov kws saib mob, cov tub ntxhais marksmen, kev sib txuas lus, muaj ib tug kev ua si thiab cov tub rog kev ua si.

tsab ntawv tsa suab

Koj puas paub hais tias ib tug pioneer - qhov no yog ib qho piv txwv rau tag nrho cov? Thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union muaj yog ib tug loj zog ntawm Timur, nws lub npe hu raws li lub npe ntawm tus hero zaj dab neeg "Timur thiab nws pab neeg", uas yog sau los ntawm A. P. Gaydar. Tho nyob rau hauv tib yam li cov khoom ntawm cov cim pab xiam oob qhab tsev neeg cov tub rog, cov neeg laus. Nyob rau hauv lub postwar lub sij hawm timurovtsi muaj patronage ntawm lub qub Bolsheviks, sau pov tseg daim ntawv thiab seem hlau nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no, lub caij ntuj sov - tshuaj ntsuab, pab cov qub tub rog ua tsov ua rog, ua hauj lwm rau lub sau.

Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws muaj yog ib tug system ntawm palaces (tsev) pioneer nrog rau ntau yam voj voog (technical, kev ua si nawv, kos duab), thiab pioneer camps, qhov twg cov me nyuam thaum lub sij hawm lawv lub caij ntuj sov hnub caiv. Yuav Tsum cwj pwm ntawm lub neej ntawm lub xeem tsim tau campfires thiab zaj nkauj, lub yav tsaus ntuj thiab thaum sawv ntxov kab (kev siv ntawm tag nrho cov chav), tus sawv thiab qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob ntawm tus chij, tus nqi krasnogalstuchnikov (rooj sib tham mob siab rau ntau yam patriotic ntxhais). Qhov zoo tshaj plaws suav hais tias "Eaglet" thiab "Artek" Hluas Pioneer camps, uas tau nyob rau hauv lub dub hiav txwv. Pioneer muaj hnub nyoog tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv 14 xyoo, thiab ntau cov me nyuam tuaj koom lub Komsomol.

disappearance

Yog li ntawd, peb tau pom hais tias ib tug pioneer - ib tug txhim khu kev qha luag. Tu siab, tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub USSR amazing lub koom haum nws muaj ze li ntawm ua kom tiav nws cov hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv Russia niaj hnub no muaj ib tug tho kev pab pawg, tab sis lawv yog ob peb thiab tsis heev nrov ntawm cov me nyuam. Nyob rau hauv 1990-ies. ib co kev formations sim los hloov lub disappeared Scout Movement lub koom haum uas ua nyob rau hauv pre-revolutionary Russia, tiam sis nws kuj tsis tau coj tej kev tshwm sim.

publicism

Niaj hnub no, muaj coob tus neeg nug dab tsi ib tug tho kev. Lub ntsiab txhais ntawm lo lus no yog tsis nco qab lawm los ntawm ntau. Cuaj kaum, nyob rau ib tug ntau ntawm zaj nkauj thiab cov phau ntawv tau raug sau krasnogalstuchnikah USSR, cia, feem ntau ntawm uas tsis muaj tswv yim zoo muaj nqis. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov neeg tuaj saib yeej nyiam comedy ntawm lub caij ntuj sov camp "Zoo siab txais tos, cov Hmoob los yog cov tswv yim vospreschon!".

Nyob rau hauv hnub no tus hais lus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg laus, koj muaj peev xwm tej zaum hnov cov lus "raws li ib tug pioneer (Pioneer)," piv txwv li, "mus nqa tawm ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv ib tug disciplined, mloog lus." Thiab cov kab lus "Nco ntsoov npaj txhij!" Txhais tau hais tias qhov kev tso cai thiab kam ua dab tsi. Nyob rau hauv Soviet journalism krasnogalstuchnikov hu ua hluas Leninists (ntawm UFW ntawm V. I. Lenina).

khi

Los ntawm txoj kev tsim tsa ntawm cov me nyuam txoj kev forged tshiab cadres rau lub Soviet lub teb chaws. Ib txhia niam txiv forbade cov me nyuam los ua cov tho kev, tab sis lawv tseem tuaj mus rau hauv lub koom haum. Lawv yuav tsum tau nraim ntawm niam thiab txiv ties. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, yuav luag tag nrho cov me nyuam twb tho kev. Thawj kas kom mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv, thiab nws tau txais nyob rau hauv lub Octobrists, tom qab uas nws tau hais khov kho coj qhws rau nws lub hauv siab cim nrog ib tug portrait ntawm curly-haired me nyuam tub.

Thaum tus me nyuam puv 9 xyoo, nws candidacy yog pom zoo nyob rau hauv cov los ua ke unit, thiab ces rau rau siab ua cov tho kev. Thiab thaum kawg, qhov kawg ntawm txoj kev tshawb, raws li cov "theem kawg ntawm tsim ntawm tus neeg kawm ntawv," nws tau tso Komsomol paib tiv npe.

Txhua leej txhua tus twb yuav tsum tau hnav ib pioneer Pioneer khi. Nws yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm tej ntaub, tab sis yeej ib txwm muaj yuav tsum tau liab. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv muaj peev xwm tau khi tshwj xeeb knot. Yog hais tias koj tus me nyuam tuaj txog tom tsev kawm ntawv nrog ib tug rumpled, nws khi nyob rau hauv ib tug maj los yog tsis muaj nws, nws suav hais tias ib tug disgrace. Pioneer yeej ib txwm muaj yuav tsum tau zoo huv si, huv si thiab nrog yawm hnav cov cim ntawm lawv lub koom haum.

Yuav ua li cas peb cov xaus ntawm tus khi? Lawv taw tes rau lub unbreakable kev sib sau ntawm peb tiam: cov Communist, cov tho kev thiab Komsomol neeg. Nyob rau hauv tej lub teb chaws, lub zog nyob rau hauv ib tug liab txoj phuam muaj tsis muaj kev hloov (Moldova, Venezuela, North Kauslim, Tuam Tshoj, teb chaws Cuba, Vietnam).

heroes

Soviet tho kev, cov tau ua tiav feat thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm lub Soviet tsoom fwv, lub ob ntiaj teb rog, hu ua heroes.

Lawv dluab tau dav siv nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm siab morality. Nyob rau hauv 1954, lub official daim ntawv teev cov heroes-tho kev raug tsim, thiab twb muaj li ntawm yawm Phau Ntawv ntawm lub All-Union Hluas Pioneer Organization muaj npe tom qab V. I. Lenina, uas tau daim ntawv Phau Ntawv ntawm yawm ntawm lub zos chav nyob krasnogalstuchnikov.

wartime

Lub npe nrov tho-heroes ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog? Twb tau nyob rau hauv thawj hnub ntawm lub sib ntaus sib tua rau Brest Fortress txawv 14-xyoo-laus Klypa Petya - ib tug kawm tiav ntawm cov suab paj nruas platoon. Muaj ntau cov tho kev tiv thaiv nrog lub Nazis nyob rau hauv partisan pawg, uas twb scouts thiab saboteurs, thiab ua clandestine kev ua ub no.

Ntawm cov tub ntxhais partisans yog nto moo Dubinin Volodya, Kazei Marat, Golikov Lenya, Zhora Antonenko, Valya Kotik. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau tuag nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua tab sis Dubinina Volodi, pob tawg lawm nyob rau hauv ib tug kuv. Txhua yam ntawm lawv, tshwj tsis yog rau overage Golikova Loni, thaum lub sij hawm ntawm txoj kev tuag yog 13-14 xyoo.

Heev feem ntau, cov tub ntxhais kawm tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov tub rog units (thiaj li hu ua "cov ntxhais thiab cov tub regiments" - paub zaj dab neeg txog Kataeva Valentina "Leej Tub ntawm tus tso kom muaj kab muaj kev").

Cov neeg phais nias ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog tsom lawv zoo tshaj plaws zoo nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua. Yog li, lub 15-xyoo-laus Chekmak Vilor nqi ntawm nws tus kheej lub neej los cawm ib tug partisan detachment ntawm Sevastopol. Tus tub muaj ib tug mob plawv, nws yog ib tug me nyuam, tab sis nyob rau hauv 1941, nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj, mus rau hauv lub hav zoov nrog cov partisans. Nws yog nyob rau hauv saib xyuas nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 10, ces tus thawj saib lub nce punitive detachment. Vilor rab yaj phom ceeb toom txog cov kev hem thawj ntawm lub guerrillas, thiab ib tug coj lub sib ntaus tawm tsam tus fascists. Thaum nws khiav tawm ntawm cov mos txwv, nws tos rau cov yeeb ncuab yuav txoj kev los ze zog rau nws, thiab tag nws tus kheej nrog ib tug grenade Nazis. Vilor faus rau hauv lub tojntxas ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II cov qub tub rog nyob rau hauv lub zos Dergachi, nyob ze Sevastopol.

Qhov ntau koom lub zoo tho kev? Lawv warships nkoj tub tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv lub Soviet rear tau ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub factories, hloov cov neeg laus mus rau pem hauv ntej, coj ib feem nyob rau hauv civil tiv thaiv.

Thaum lub chaw nres tsheb Obol (Vitebsk cheeb tsam) Komsomol underground lub koom haum "Hluas Avengers" yog tsim. Nws ua pioneer Portnova Zina, tuaj koom lub Cov Qib ntawm cov Komsomol underground, tua los ntawm cov Nazis thiab cov Hero ntawm lub Soviet Union posthumously muab tsub lub title.

Kaum ntawm ntau tus tub hluas twb muab tsub rau cov tub rog nqis:

• Kev txiav txim ntawm lub Red Banner twb muab tsub - Yuliy Kantemirov, Dubinin Volodya, Makarikhin Andrey, Konstantin Kravchuk Kamanin Arkady ;
• Kev txiav txim ntawm Lenin - Vitya Korobkov, Shumov Tolya, Kaznacheev Volodya, Lenya Golikov Chekalin Aleksandr;
• Kev txiav txim ntawm lub Red Star - Samoruha Volodya Efremov Alex, Andrianov Vanya, Ankinovich Lenya, Kovalenko Vitya, Kamanin Arkady (ob zaug);
• Kev txiav txim ntawm lub Patriotic ua tsov ua rog 1 degree - Volkov Valery, Klypa Pete, Kovalov Sasha.

pua pua ntawm cov tho kev twb muab tsub lub puav pheej "partisan ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog", ntau tshaj 15 000 - cov puav pheej "Rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm Leningrad", tshaj 20 000 puav pheej "Rau qhov kws muaj txuj ci ntawm Moscow".

Hero ntawm lub Soviet Union tau muab tsub tsib tho kev: Golikov Lenya, Valya Kotik, Kazei Marat, Portnova Zina, Chekalin Alexander. Muaj ntau ntawm cov tub ntxhais combatants tua nyob rau lub battlefield los yog raug tua los ntawm cov Germans. Lub teeb ntawm cov npe ntawm cov me nyuam muaj rau hauv lub "Phau Ntawv ntawm yawm ntawm lub All-Union Hluas Pioneer Organization muaj npe tom qab V. I. Lenina" thiab tsa rau cov nyob qib ntawm "cov tho kev-heroes".