Physiological kawm ntawv: social hauv chav kawm hauj lwm, nws lub neej, vaj tse, cov me nyuam yaus thiab qhov tseem ceeb

Tej yam kev kawm ntawm kev nco nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub puas tawm xyoo dhau twb ua kom muaj qhov ib hom ntawv nyeem, raws li ib tug muaj sia sau ntawv. Nekrasov thiab Belinsky, tsim almanacs thiaj li hu ua tsev kawm ntawv tshiab, raws li yog hais ua los Russia lub zajlus ua si nyob rau hauv lub nyaum thiab principled ryleevskoy bestuzhevskoj "North Star". Ib tug txaus loj pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv koom cov advanced ideology ntawm lub sij hawm, yog li to taub muaj tswv yim paub tab tau hloov radically.

muaj tiag cov hom phiaj

Revolutionary nobles ntev dhau los hloov lub revolutionary Democrats, yog li ntawd, los hloov civil Romanticism nws tiag ua hauj lwm txoj kev npaj. Physiological txoj kev tshawb no yog ib tug ntawm cov highlights yuav coj lub pre-revolutionary lub sij hawm. Lo lus "physiology" ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv tsis yog lub creators thiab los ntawm UFW ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv tshiab. Nws nyob npaum li cas lawm.

Koni ntau nyob rau hauv 1841 luam tawm nyob rau hauv "Literary ntawv xov xwm" tej yam me me ironic sketches nrog funny npe: "Physiology ntawm cov poj niam kev zoo nkauj", "Physiology ntawm lub qhov ntswg", piv txwv li. Cov neeg txhais lus ntawm tib lub hnub nyoog coj Fabkis "Physiology Parisian theaters" thiab "Physiology ntawm ib tug sib yuav txiv neej."

Cov niaj hnub to taub txog lo lus tsis phim li cas nws meant by Nekrasov contemporaries. Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 pom nws raws li txoj kev tshawb no ntawm kev ua tau thiab tus cwj pwm zoo thiab mores nyob rau hauv tej yam kev los yog kev sib raug zoo ib puag ncig.

physiology ntawm Petersburg

Sau ntawv, soj ntsuam ntawm ib tug tshiab kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem tau txiav txim siab los hais lus rau tus nyeem ntawv nrog rau cov physiology ntawm Petersburg. Thiab nws tsis yog official, pem hauv ntej sab ntawm no loj coj mus muag thiab thawj tswj centre yog xam tau tias yog muaj tswv yim thiab kev lub neej ntawm nws qab. Physiological sau ntawv raws li ib tug ib hom ntawv nyeem Iwj meticulously xim ib daim duab ntawm hais lus phem lub neej, dhau li ntawm tus deb nws qab lub scenes, uas yog, rov qab kev thiab slums.

Yog li ntawd, Vladimir Dahl coj ib tug kos ntawm St. Petersburg janitors, Ivan Ivanovich Panaev piav Petersburg columnist Alexander Kulchytsky - Petersburg tag nrho, thiab Evgeniy Grebenka - St. Petersburg sab ... cov txawj sau ntawv tau rau plunge rau hauv lub xwm nrog nws lub taub hau rau tag nrho cov paub meej yuav ntau kom zoo zoo pom tau hais tias tsis paub rau lawv kev sib haum xeeb baseman.

ntiaj teb no kom paub meej

Physiological txoj kev tshawb no nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm yog tsis zoo nyob rau hauv cov uas dhau lawm zoo xav nyob rau hauv lub physiology ntawm hais tias yog no txaus siab los ua nws tus kheej-txaus. Duab tsev neeg, portrait, hais lus los yog puas siab puas ntsws yam kiag li txhaws cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm ntawm tus kws, txawm qhia pab koj tu siab rau cov neeg pluag tsis yeej ib txwm ua hauj lwm.

Cov poob mus rau hauv naturalism - nyob rau hauv lub narrowest kev txiav txim zoo ntawm lub sij hawm - ua cov txawj sau ntawv thuam. Txawm hais tias artistic kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej kev, ntawm chav kawm, txhawb. Ximxoo txoj kev tshawb no yog tsis tsuas cov teeb meem ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm, tab sis kuj ib hom ntawv nyeem, thiab song.

heroes qhia tawm los ntawm piav txog lub hnub qauv ntawm lub neej txhua hnub, lub narrative tau muab thiab tsawg tsawg qhov chaw ntawm lub cuab ntxhiab tuaj rau naught, raws li cov yeej sau ntawv - ib tug neeg paintings thiab scenes ntawm lub neej txhua hnub, hais txog tsis lub ntsiab lus, tsis muaj ib qhov kev txiav txim, thiab ib tug ntawm cov ideological teeb meem.

physiology ntawm lub peasantry

Ib hom ntawv nyeem muaj sia sketch sai sai los ua fashionable, los ua ib lo lus tshiab nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub 1840s. Petersburg sau ntawv tsis tau nres. Paj nyob rau hauv cov neeg pluag lub neej, nws qhia txog cov av yog tseem heev loj. Cov qhia tawm ntawm lub ntsiab lus no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog distinguished hluas sau ntawv Grigorovich ( "Anton tsis muaj hmoo" thiab "Lub Zos"), Dal ( "Lavxias teb sab txiv neej"), Herzen ( "The Thieving Magpie").

Kev ceeb toom yuav tsum yog Nekrasov thiab nws zaj paj huam "Txoj Kev", qhov twg heev feemxyuam kis duab ntawm ib tug dog dig neeg pluag, tab sis yog heev gifted, tab sis puas serfdom. Raws li zoo tuaj koom nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm realism nrog lub physiology ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub zos, Ivan Turgenev, uas nyob rau hauv 1847 pib luam tawm tsab ntawv los ntawm tus tswv tsev thiab cov neeg pluag lub neej.

critics pab koj tu siab

Kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug tshiab ib hom ntawv nyeem yog heev sympathetic rau Belinsky. Nws sim mus nrhiav pov thawj raws tsos, originality thiab yuav tsum muaj cov xws li ib tug tshwm sim, raws li ib tug muaj sia sau ntawv. Txhais nws raws li ib tug ntawm cov yam ntawm journalism los yog tsab ntawv, kawm ua ib tug tej yam kev kawm ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li nws cov hauv paus ntsiab lus, qhov tseem ceeb thiab ib puag ncig yog muab nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntsuam xyuas cov khoom ntawm kev thuam, qhov uas nws characterizes lub tshiab zaj dab neeg ntawm lub neej ntawm lub peasantry. Feem ntau cov hauj lwm ntawm sau ntawv nyob rau hauv no ib hom ntawv nyeem Belinsky muab siab qhuas.

Composite nta tsim nyog ntawm nws cov xim. Belinsky ntseeg tias muaj sia txoj kev tshawb no yuav tsum tsis txhob ua tej zaj dab neeg los dab neeg. Yog li ntawd thuam Grigorovich, nws sau tseg txawj sau ntawv txuj ci rau pej xeem lub neej sketches, tab sis cem cov "Zos" ntawm lub narrative. Tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom no, raws li Belinsky, uas mus kos duab tag nrho cov duab uas nyob deb nroog lub neej yuav tsum tau externally tsis kam muab tej kev twb kev txuas, tab sis ib tug yuav tsum pa rau thought.

tsev sau ntawv

Ib tug tshiab qauv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv hloov zuj zuj tsis yog raws li cov neeg koom thiab lub ntsiab tiam sis ntawm creativity qhia maj. Belinsky twb ntxias hais tias pib nrog Gogol bytopisatelstvo uas ua cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov tshiab ntsiab yog thiaj kaj lug uas spawned ntau lossis xyaum nquag li, Gogol tsom cov pej xeem qhov tseeb contemplation ntawm Lavxias teb sab tshiab, vim hais tias nws yog nrog nws, thiab pib ib tug tshiab lub sij hawm ntawm peb cov ntaub ntawv.

Cov uas Nikolaya Vasilevicha Belinsky singled Vladimir Sologub nrog nws tshiab "Lub Ob menyuam kawm ntawv", "Ib tug taleas ntawm ob galoshes", "Lub Xyooj" thiab "chemist". Sologub, lub conservative aristocrat, thiab nws pom lub emptiness ntawm secular lub neej, raws li txwv mus rau nws lub siab dawb paug thiab ncaj ncees los ntawm cov neeg rau sab hauv chav kawm ntawv. Belinsky sau tseg hais tias sib sib zog nqus txoj kev ntseeg thiab mob siab txoj kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv Sologub tsis, vim hais tias tej zaum cov duab no yog untouched. Txawm li cas los, tam sim no yooj yim thiab leej txiav txim zoo ntawm kev muaj tiag ua rau tus tshiab Sologub tsis tshua muaj neeg tseem ceeb.

kev kawm lub luag hauj lwm

Tshwj xeeb yog zoo-pom nta nyob rau hauv lub physiological sketch "Oblomov tus npau suav". Lub cim ntawm lub hero yog guessed tag nrho piav Goncharov tej yam uas nyob ib ncig nws. Yog hais tias txhua yam benevolently, tab sis txawm lub siab zoo tsis tham txog siab Oblomov tus kheej lub neej. Nws tiag tiag txoj hauj lwm yog npliag thiab tu siab heev, thiab cov hero yog paub txog.

Nws ua npau suav thaum yau, uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub yawg suab Oblomovka qhov twg inquisitive thiab frolic me tub twb tsis tau tso cai txawm hnav khaub ncaws. Tsuas yog cov tub qhe ua hauj lwm muaj. Oblomov tus npau suav theem nyob rau hauv ib tug lub sij hawm ntawd rau nws lub neej tsis yog li ntawd hnov, tab sis tig. Raws li ib tug me nyuam, thiab tam sim no puas tsav puas yam twb pom tau hais cov Oblomov, thiab waking li, muaj tsis tau muab.

tag kev cia siab kev cia siab

Muaj sau ntawv uas xav Belinsky muab tso rau hauv lub thawj kab ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, txawm lub fact tias nws tau pom ib co ntawm cov shortcomings ntawm tsab ntawv, tab sis yog ntseeg hais tias tag nrho cov neeg sau ntawv yuav tsum tau los mus kov yeej.

Hopefully cov thuam yog, piv txwv li, I. I. Panaev, uas nws tshiab "Tus poj niam laus", "Onager", "Actaeon" thiab lwm tus neeg hu ua rau ntawm tsawg kawg yog ib tug zoo kawg li tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Nws sau hais tias nyob rau hauv cov dab neeg tsuas npaum li ntawd tias yog qhov tseeb, tus yam ntxwv, skillfully thiab tenaciously hlob. Belinsky thiab pom ib yam dab tsi vacillating, indecisive, unsteady, tab sis qhia txog nws kev coj li hluas zoo kawg li txuj ci. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, cov yog cov khoom teejtug uas yog xav txog tus sau, los kov yeej hais tias, nws tsis tau ua tau zoo.

Tsis tas li ntawd extolled lub critic thiab novels V. I. Dalya, qhov twg yog ib tug heev artistic, amazing nta txoj cai ua lag luam lub neej. Cov zaj dab neeg "Batman", nws ua ib tug general nyob rau hauv lub txhab nyiaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Thiab enthusiastically hais tom qab Gogol Dahl - tsuas yog thawj txuj ci, ib tug yeej muaj tseeb kws sau paj lug physiological sketch. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, Dahl yog tsis zoo ntaub ntawv, thiab rau yav tom ntej es sai sai prioritize.

Fantasy ntiaj teb no tiv thaiv tsis tau qhov hnyav truth

Nws yog tam sim no peb txhua tus yeej paub hais tias yog qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, thiab nws yog ib qhov tseeb hais tias lwm cov kev kawm yog cov ntau ntau kim heev. Ib tug thib kaum cuaj-xyoo pua sau ntawv twb neprotoronnoy txoj kev nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov zajlus realism. Nws sau txog cov loj loj sib txawv ntawm cov kev taw qhia, yam, cov ntsiab lus thiab ntsuj plig ntawm cov ntawv ntawm cov laus thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv tshiab. Cov laus zaj dabneeg portrayed ib lub ntiaj teb ntawm fantasy, thiab cov tshiab - lub neej tiag tiag.

Tshiab lub tsev kawm ntawv lub koom haum tau coj zoo, thaum Belinsky koom los ntawm yau sau ntawv - Grigorovich, Nekrasov, ib tug me ntsis tom qab - Dostoevsky. Ces lawv tau sau thiab luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub editorship ntawm Nekrasov peb Almanac: ob tagnrho ntawm "Physiology ntawm Petersburg" thiab "Petersburg Collection", uas los ua ib tug zoo ntawm manifesto ntawm no txawj zog. Muaj tau xaus lus thiab daim ntawv uas muaj tswv yim hauv paus ntsiab lus (foreword Belinsky), thiab txoj kev ntawm creativity.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tsis muaj masterpieces tsis nyob twj ywm thiab lub theej txheej thaum ub ib hom ntawv nyeem - nrog xws thiab xws li sau phau ntawv. Ntawm no peb yuav tsum xub hu Turgenev lub "Sau ntawv ntawm ib tug saib xyuas": qhov kev kawm ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab cai ntawm kev sau ntawv muaj sia sketch yim ib hom ntawv nyeem duab tau muab tawm lub siab tshaj plaws nrws ntawm lub poetic lo lus. Plus - antiserfdom xav hais tias nrog tus nyeem ntawv Thoob plaws hauv lub "Cim".

Laus tshiab magazine

Txij li thaum 1847 pib mus kiag li kho "Kawm", uas tau los ua tus hloov khoom nruab nrog ntawm lub siab heev tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab txawj zog. Txawm tias cov kev hloov ntawm cov neeg kho (zits-chairmen), cov kev cai ntawm lub magazine nkaus N. A. Nekrasov. Nees nkaum xyoo no magazine tau nrov tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws.

Tej hauj lwm luam tawm nyob rau hauv "Kawm" thiab "Sau ntawv ntawm lub Fatherland", twb kom meej meej wider thiab fuller physiological sketch, thiab muaj tswv yim hom kev kawm uas siv los ntawm tus neeg sau, yog tsis yog tas rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub neej txhua hnub ntawm lub cim. Muaj luam tawm "Ib tug Ordinary Story" Goncharova, no tuaj lub thib ob yog ib feem ntawm qhov zoo Herzen tus tshiab "Leej twg yog txhaum?". Tag nrho tshiab twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub appendix mus rau lub "Kawm". Nws nyob M. E. Saltykov (Shchedrin tsis tau) nrog nws tus thawj tshiab. Thiab Fyodor Dostoevsky. Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 los ntawm lub physiological sketch pom thiab mastered ib tug tshiab kev coj, tsis lub tsev kawm ntawv - realism.