Parliamentary koom pheej: kev piv txwv ntawm lub teb chaws. Parliamentary koom pheej: daim ntawv teev

Muaj ntau ntau yooj yim ntaub ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub ntiaj teb no, uas tsim nyob rau dabneeg. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb yuav kub siab rau xws li ib tug nom tswv system raws li ib tug parliamentary koom pheej. Piv txwv ntawm cov teb chaws koj yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Yuav ua li cas yog nws?

Parliamentary koom pheej (piv txwv ntawm cov teb chaws nyob rau hauv no daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv muaj nyob hauv qab) - ib yam ntawm cov tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov uas hwj chim belongs rau ib tug tshwj xeeb rau tsoom fwm lub cev - parliament. Nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws nws yog hu ua sib txawv: Bundestag - nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, lub xeev Parliament - nyob rau hauv Austria, lub Saeima - nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland, thiab thiaj li nyob ..

Daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv "parliamentary koom pheej" yog yus feem ntau los ntawm lub fact tias nws yog tus Parliament ntaub ntawv rau tsoom fwv, uas yog tag nrho accountable rau nws, thiab kuj elects tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub teb chaws (nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob). Raws li tag nrho cov no yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev xyaum? Tom qab lub parliamentary kev xaiv tsa ntawm neeg lub tog yeej ib feem ntau tsim tau ib pab koom tes nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm uas tus tshiab tsoom fwv yog tsim. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, txhua tog twg thiaj li raug ib tug xov tooj ntawm "nrog cov" nyob rau hauv raws li nws hnyav nyob rau hauv lub Coalition. Thiab yog li ntawd, ib tug ob peb kab lus, thiab muaj peev xwm piav qhia txog lub lag luam ntawm ib qhov chaw xws li ib tug parliamentary koom pheej.

Piv txwv ntawm cov teb chaws - lub "dawb huv" parliamentary republics - yuav ua nyob rau hauv cov nram no: nws yog lub teb chaws Yelemees, Austria, Ireland, Is Nrias teb (qhov no yog feem ntau classic piv txwv). Txij li thaum 1976, lawv muaj pes tsawg ntxiv Portugal, thiab txij li thaum 1990 - African lub teb chaws ntawm dhaus Cape Verde.

Tsis txhob xav yuam kev rau cov tswv yim xws li ib tug parliamentary monarchy thiab ib tug parliamentary koom pheej, txawm hais tias lawv yog heev uas zoo sib xws. Lub ntsiab kev zoo sib thooj yog hais tias ob qhov chaw overriding cai ua raws li cov Parliament thiab tus thawj tswj hwm (los yog huab tais) muaj tsuas ib tug neeg sawv cev muaj nuj nqi, xws li nws tsuas yog ib yam ntawm cov cim ntawm lub teb chaws. Tab sis lub ntsiab sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv yog ib tug parliamentary koom pheej nyob rau hauv uas tus thawj tswj hwm yog raug xaiv los ntawm parliament txhua txhua lub sij hawm, thiab nyob rau hauv no txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub monarchy yog raws roj ntsha.

Koom pheej: thawj tswj, parliamentary, tov

Rau hnub tim, muaj peb hom ntawm lub xeev. Nyob ntawm seb qhov luaj li cas thiab qhov dav ntawm lub powers tus thawj tswj hwm - tus thawj tswj hwm - distinguished thawj tswj thiab parliamentary koom pheej. Ib tug classic piv txwv ntawm ib tug thawj tswj koom pheej ib txwm raug xa mus rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, cov piv txwv ntawm cov tsoos parliamentary koom pheej - Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Ltalis, Czech koom pheej thiab lwm tus neeg.

Tsis tas li ntawd, peb hom tseg thiab cov koom pheej - thiaj li hu ua mixed. Nyob rau hauv xws xeev, lub ob ceg endowed nrog kwv yees li tib lub hwj chim thiab tswj txhua lwm yam. Cov feem ntau cov tawm cov piv txwv ntawm xws lub teb chaws - Fabkis, Romania.

Lub ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug parliamentary koom pheej

Tag nrho cov States ntawm ib tug parliamentary koom pheej muaj ntsis zoo ib nta, uas yuav tsum tau muab sau:

• executive hwj chim yog nkaus rau hauv lub taub hau ntawm tsoom fwv, nws yuav yog tus Prime Minister los yog Chancellor;
• Tus Thawj Tswj Hwm yog raug xaiv rau hauv txoj hauj lwm tsis yog cov neeg, thiab Parliament (los yog tus tshwj xeeb board);
• prime minister tsa los ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm, txawm hais tias nominated los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm cov thawj coj mus ua ib lub feem ntau coalition;
• tag nrho lub luag hauj lwm rau cov tsoom fwv kev txiav txim bears nws lub taub hau;
• tag nrho cov kev ua ntawm cov Thawj Tswj Hwm yuav tsum siv tau xwb yog hais tias lawv yog kos npe rau los ntawm tus Prime Minister los yog cov Minister.

Parliamentary koom pheej: daim ntawv ntawm lub teb chaws

Lub loj heev nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv yog loj txaus. Tam sim no, muaj txog peb caug parliamentary koom pheej, nws muaj nqis ntsoov teev hais tias ib tug tib daim duab nyob rau hauv no hais txog tsis yog. Lub fact tias ib txhia lub teb chaws yog heev yooj yim mus tus cwj pwm mus rau ib tug kev hom. Piv txwv Parliament koom pheej yuav muab hauv qab no (lawv yog faib nyob qhov chaw hauv lub ntiaj teb no):

• Teb chaws Europe - Albania, Tim Nkij teb chaws, Bulgaria, Ltalis, Estonia, Ireland, Iceland, lub teb chaws Yelemees, Poland, Portugal, Malta, Lithuania, Latvia, Serbia, Czech koom pheej, Croatia, Hungary, Finland, Slovenia thiab Slovakia;
• Asia - Qaib ntxhw, Ua Ixayees, Nepal, Singapore, Is Nrias teb, Bangladesh, Iraq;
• Teb chaws Africa - Ethiopia;
• nyob rau hauv America - Dominica;
• Oceania - Vanuatu.

Raws li peb tau pom, lub parliamentary koom pheej, daim ntawv teev cov uas muaj ntau tshaj li 30 lub teb chaws, yog predominant nyob rau hauv cov European cheeb tsam. Lwm feature uas tam sim ntawd catches lub qhov muag - cov feem ntau ntawm cov teb chaws (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog hais tias peb tham txog cov teb chaws Europe) yog hais txog mus rau lub kev lag kev luam tsim kev vam meej lub xeev uas muaj ib theem siab ntawm kev ywj pheej txoj kev loj hlob.

Yog hais tias peb coj mus rau hauv tus account lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no qeb duas los rau theem ntawm kev cai ywj pheej (lub koom haum nyiaj txiag txawj ntse Unit), peb yuav pom tau hais tias ntawm lub 25 lub xeev uas tau raug muab tsub lub siab tshaj plaws raws li txoj cai ntawm "tag nrho kev cai ywj pheej", 21 lub teb chaws - ib tug parliamentary koom pheej thiab lub monarchy. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov teb chaws yog cov thawj coj nyob rau hauv qhov qeb duas ntawm lub IMF nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ib capita GDP ntawm lub teb chaws. Yog li ntawd peb yuav xyuam xim hais tias qhov zoo tshaj thiab vam meej daim ntawv board (active sij hawm) yog precisely Parliament koom pheej.

Daim ntawv ntawm lub teb chaws saum toj no, thiab yuav sawv cev los ntawm cov hauv qab no daim ntawv qhia hais tias tus parliamentary koom pheej cim nyob rau hauv cov txiv kab ntxwv:

"Pros" thiab "cons" ntawm daim ntawv no ntawm tsoom fwv

Lub ntsiab zoo ntawm cov nom tswv system yog cov nram qab no:

• parliamentary system muab kev sib sau PatientsÕ thiab executive branch;
• tag nrho cov thawj kauj ruam ntawm lub tsoom fwv, raws li ib tug txoj cai, tau txais tag nrho cov kev pab txhawb nqa ntawm Parliament, uas saib kuas ruaj khov lag luam ntawm lub tag nrho qhov system ntawm tsoom fwv;
• Qhov no tswj system tso cai rau koj mus tag nrho ua raws li cov ntsiab cai ntawm lub teb chaws sawv cev nyob rau hauv tsoom fwv.

Muaj, li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv parliamentary republics thiab disadvantages uas yog cov tawm ntawm lub merits ntawm cov nom tswv system. Tus thawj yog cov khov ntawm lub Coalition cov tsev koom nyiaj, uas feem ntau ua rau yus mus rau nom tswv crises (tiag tiag li piv txwv - Ukraine los yog Ltalis). Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau heev lub Coalition tsoom fwv yuav tsum muab mus pab rau lub teb chaws ua, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua raws li cov ideological kab ntawm lub Coalition daim ntawv cog lus.

Lwm tseem ceeb disadvantage ntawm ib tug parliamentary koom pheej - ib tug txaus ntshai ntawm usurpation ntawm lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub xeev tsoom fwv thaum lub parliament yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, puv mus rau hauv lub niaj zaus "stamping tshuab" rau cov kev cai.

Tom ntej no, xav txog lub peculiarities ntawm cov nom tswv system nrov tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm parliamentary republics: Austria, lub teb chaws Yelemees, Is Nrias teb thiab teb chaws Poland.

Lub tseem fwv koom pheej ntawm Austria

Lub Austrian parliament yog hu ua tus "Noj cov zaub mov" thiab nws deputies yog raug xaiv rau ib lub sij hawm ntawm plaub lub xyoos. Lub teb chaws central parliament - Tsoom fwv teb chaws cov nqi Austria - muaj ob lag: Natsionalrat (183 deputies) thiab cov Bundesrat (62 deputies). Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, koj noj cov zaub mov muaj nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm cov cuaj tsoom fwv teb chaws lub xeev ntawm Austria.

Nyob rau hauv Austria, tsuas hais txog 700 registered ob tog, tab sis nyob rau ntawm no taw tes rau hauv lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub Austrian parliament sawv cev tsuas yog tsib ntawm lawv.

Lub tseem fwv koom pheej ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees

Lub German parliament kuj raug xaiv rau plaub lub xyoos. Nws muaj ob lag, lub Bundestag, xws li 622 deputies, thiab cov Bundesrat (69 neeg). Lub deputies ntawm lub Bundesrat - nws yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tag nrho cov 16 ntawm lub teb chaws pawg neeg thaj av. Txhua yam ntawm tus tsoom fwv teb chaws lub xeev muaj los ntawm 3 mus rau 6 cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws parliament (nyob ntawm seb qhov loj ntawm lub ntiaj teb).

Lub German parliament raug xaiv raws li Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Chancellor, uas hau thawj ceg thiab, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yog lub ntsiab tus neeg nyob rau hauv lub xeev. Txij li thaum 2005, no chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees yuav siv sij hawm Angela Merkel - tus thawj poj niam Federal Chancellor lub chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws lub keeb kwm.

Cov koom pheej ntawm Poland

Polish Parliament Sejm yog lub npe, nws kuj yog ib tug bicameral. Lub Polish Parliament muaj ob qhov chaw: nws yog tus noj cov zaub mov, uas muaj 460 deputies thiab lub Senate, muaj li ntawm 100 deputies. Saeima yog raug xaiv los ntawm proportional sawv cev, raws li cov D'Hondt txoj kev. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tau txais ib tug parliamentary lub rooj nyob rau hauv lub noj cov zaub mov yuav tsuas yuav cov neeg uas tau txais tsawg kawg yog 5% ntawm cov votes nyob rau hauv ib tug thoob teb chaws pov ntawv tawm suab (nrog rau cov kev zam ntawm tsuas yog tus neeg sawv cev ntawm haiv neeg tsawg ob tog).

Cov koom pheej ntawm Is Nrias teb

Is Nrias teb kuj yog ib tug parliamentary koom pheej nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov uas lub hwj chim yog vested nyob rau hauv parliament thiab tsoom fwv, uas lawv tsim. Indian parliament muaj xws li cov neeg Chamber thiab lub Council of States - lub cev uas nruab nrab yog cov kev txaus siab ntawm ib tug neeg lub xeev.

Cov neeg lub tsev (Lok Sabha) deputies raug xaiv los ntawm universal nrov pov ntawv tawm suab. Tag nrho cov (lub siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub Constitution ntawm Is Nrias teb) tus xov tooj ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm lub tsev ntawm cov neeg - 552 neeg. Lub neej ntawm ib tug Convocation ntawm lub tsev yog 5 xyoo. Txawm li cas los, lub Lok Sabha tej zaum yuav neej los ntawm cov Thawj Tswj Hwm thaum ntxov, thiab nyob rau hauv tej lub sijhawm Indian cai muab rau tus extension ntawm lub Chamber rau ib lub xyoos. Is Nrias teb mus los ntawm cov neeg Chamber lus uas tom qab nws kev xaiv tsa no txoj hauj lwm yog yuam ua hauj lwm tawm ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv.

Tswv yim States (Rajya Sabha) yog tsim los ntawm indirect kev xaiv tsa thiab muaj xws li 245 MPS. Txhua ob xyoo, cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub Rajya Sabha tshiab los ntawm ib tug thib peb.

Nyob rau hauv xaus ...

Tam sim no koj muaj ib lub tswv yim li cas ib tug parliamentary koom pheej. Piv txwv ntawm cov teb chaws kuj qhia tau hais tias peb nyob rau hauv no dawb daim ntawv: nws yog Austria, lub teb chaws Yelemees, Ltalis, Poland, Is Nrias teb, Singapore, lub Czech koom pheej thiab lwm lub teb chaws (tag nrho - hais txog 30 lub xeev). Nyob rau hauv xaus, peb yuav hais tias cov nom tswv system ntawm tsoom fwv muaj ob nws zoo thiab nws cov drawbacks. Txawm li cas los, niaj hnub no ib parliamentary koom pheej - nws yog lub feem ntau npaum thiab zoo hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.