Panjshir Valley, Afghanistan: geography, xaiv yaam tseem ceeb

Panjshir Valley - ib tug sib sib zog nqus roob hav, nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj Afghanistan. Los ntawm 1980 mus 1984, muaj ob peb cov tub rog ua hauj lwm tau nqa tawm nrog kev koom tes ntawm Soviet troops thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog nyob rau hauv Afghanistan los ntawm 1979-1989.

Keeb kwm ntawm lub npe

Panjshir Valley tau paub txij li thaum pib ntawm XI caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv ib tug literal txhais lus los ntawm cov Afghan nws lub npe txhais tau tias "tsib tsov ntxhuav." Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv cov hnub nws hu ua lub xeev ntawm cov haib Sultan Mahmud ntawm Ghazni, uas kav nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw. Nws yog padishah thiab lub Emir ntawm lub xeev ntawm cov Ghaznavids ntawm lub lem ntawm X-XI centuries. Raws li Legend, cov governors thaum hmo ntuj los ua ib tug pas dej tauv nyob rau lub Panjshir dej, uas tseem tshwm sim niaj hnub no. Local ntseeg hais tias qhov no pab lawv sib sib zog nqus thiab muaj zog txoj kev ntseeg.

Panjshir - nws yog ib tug loj dej, uas yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tributaries ntawm lub Kabul River. Muaj nyob rau hauv lub Indus dej phiab. Panjshir hav nyob raws ib tug paub roob Hindukush. Nws cheeb tsam yog hais txog 3.5 txhiab square kilometers. Qhov nruab nrab qhov siab ntawm ntau tshaj 2200 meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem. Lub ncov point yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 6000 meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem. Center Pandzhershskogo noj tsau hwv lawm lub zos xam tau tias yog Rukh. Ntawm no cov txwj laus tau raws li xeev.

Lub ntsiab lus noj tsau hwv lawm

Noj tsau hwv lawm yog xaiv yaam tseem ceeb. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav nws tsom thaum lub sij hawm lub Afghan kev tsov kev rog. Lub fact tias cov hav ntawm tus dej, uas ntws los ntawm cov noj tsau hwv lawm faib Afghanistan rau hauv sab qaum teb thiab yav qab teb qhov chaw.

Nws yog ntawm no lub feem ntau muaj kev vam meej thiab yooj yim dhau los ntawm ib tug ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws mus rau lwm lub. Lub teb nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no muaj ib tug complex system ntawm cov dej ntws thiab tributaries uas khiav los ntawm cov noj tsau hwv lawm. Yog li ntawd, lawv yog ib qho zoo heev tej yam ntuj tso qhov chaw nkaum thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog. Lub hav yog hloov mus rau hauv ib tug fortress, organically haum rau kev sib ntaus los guerrillas.

Panjsher muaj tswv yim tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv tsov rog tiv thaiv cov communist regime nyob rau hauv 1975, thiab ces thaum lub sij hawm lub confrontation nrog lub Soviet troops thaum lub sij hawm 10-xyoo tsov rog.

Thaum lub sij hawm tag nrho lub sij hawm uas lub Soviet Union kom pab tub rog nyob rau hauv cov neeg Esxias lub teb chaws, noj tsau hwv lawm, uas yog nplooj siab mus rau qhov tsab xov xwm yog heev kub cov nqaij ntawd thoob plaws Afghanistan daim ntawv qhia. Qhov no yog qhov twg lub fiercest sib ntaus sib tua coj qhov chaw, nws yog no hais tias tus Soviet troops raug kev txom nyem lub loj tshaj poob ntawm cov neeg ua. Rau ntau Soviet cov tub rog thiab tub ceev xwm Panjshir yog ib tug npau suav phem rau ib tug lub neej.

tsiv sib ntaus sib tua

Kuj nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no coj cov haib Afghan warlord Ahmad Shah Massoud. Ntau xim tau them mus rau lub Salang Pass, uas yog colloquially hu ua "Kabul lub caj pas." Nws nyob ntawm no khiav qhov lawv los ntawm Hairatan rau Kabul. Nws suav hais tias ib tug tseem ceeb txoj kev kab tsheb thauj khoom uas raug muab los rau Afghanistan los ntawm Soviet pej xeem thiab cov tub rog cargo.

Nyob ze ze ntawm lub zos ntawm Rukh nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo ntawm tsov rog stationed thiaj li hu ua Muslim battalion, raws li nyob rau hauv cov 177th cais tshwj xeeb rog. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, nws muaj xws li ntau tus neeg.

Txij li thaum 1984, nws raws li 682 motorized infantry tso kom muaj kab muaj kev, numbering txog ib txhiab tub rog. Tag nrho cov anti-guerrilla units Ahmad Shah Massoud twb tau soj xyuas cuaj loj-scale ua hauj lwm. Muaj ntau ua timkhawv pom ntawm cov txheej xwm txog, uas yog cov feem ntau nyuaj teeb meem no nyob rau hauv Pandzhurshskom noj tsau hwv lawm. Lub guerrillas tswj kom tsis tu ncua muaj kev cuam tshuam lub Soviet offensive.

Tus nro nyob rau hauv no ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws yog fwm thiab tom qab tshem ntawm cov Soviet pab tub rog nyob rau hauv 1989. Thawj confrontation nrog lub Afghan thawj tswj hwm lub tsoom fwv los ntawm 1987 mus 1992, Mohammad Najibullah, thiab tom qab lub Taliban. Islamist zog uas tau yug los nyob rau hauv Afghanistan nyob rau hauv 1994 raws li Pashtuns ib puag ncig.

Cov pej xeem ntawm lub noj tsau hwv lawm

Cov pejxeem ntawm lub hav no, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm Panjshir xeev, kwv yees li ntawm txog 100 txhiab tus neeg. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-80s, thaum lub Soviet troops twb muaj active hostilities.

Tag nrho cov neeg raug dispersed 200 settlements. Tam sim no tsis muaj tseeb cov ntaub ntawv rau cov pejxeem muaj. Raws li rau ntau yam kev kwv yees, nyob rau hauv lub hav nyob ntawm 150 mus rau 300 txhiab tus neeg. Yeej nws yog lub Afghan Tajiks. Feem ntau, cov Tajiks nyob rau hauv Afghanistan heev npaum li cas. Raws li ib co kev kwv yees, 11 mus rau 13 lab tus tib neeg, ris rau ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem. Nws yog tus thib ob loj tshaj plaws kev neeg ntawm Afghanistan.

Panjshir - keeb kwm cheeb tsam vaj tse Afghan Tajiks. Ces lawv cov nyob 99%. Nyob rau hauv lub kwj ha tsim extraction ntawm lithium thiab emeralds. Lub ntsiab attraction yog lub mausoleum ntawm Ahmad Shah Massoud.

Lub confrontation nrog cov rog ntawm Massoud

Los ntawm 1979, thaum ua tsov ua rog nyob rau hauv Afghanistan, los ntawm cov noj tsau hwv lawm twb thaum kawg knocked tawm tag nrho cov chav ntawm lub Afghan tsoom fwv tub rog. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub meej kev tswj ntawm lub teb commander Ahmad Shah Massoud. Tom qab ntawd, nws txawm khwv tau lub npe menyuam yaus Pandzhshursky tsov ntxhuav.

Nyob rau hauv 1979, lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws tuaj mus rau ib tug thawj coj tshiab, General Secretary ntawm cov neeg txoj kev ywj pheej tog ntawm Afghanistan Babrak Karmal. Nws cog noob kom sai li sai restore lub xeev txoj cai nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov xeev. Nyob rau qhov no hauv paus, lub tsoom fwv rog nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug tsawg contingent ntawm Soviet troops nyob rau hauv Afghanistan koom nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus los ua hauj lwm rau tso kev koom tuaj nyob rau hauv ntxeev siab tswj.

Koog tsev kawm ntawv Panjshir Valley muaj pov thawj yuav tsum yog ib ntawm cov feem ntau problematic nyob rau hauv no hwm. Geography ntawm Afghanistan yog tias nkag ntawm no nyob rau hauv txoj kev thauj tau tau heev tas vim lub complex mountainous roob hav. Lub tsuas txoj kev coj los ntawm lub nroog Gulbahor. Txawm li cas los, nws tsis yog ib qho yooj yim mus siv raws li grouping Masuda muaj ib tug loj kuj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog Masood City. Qhov no tso cai rau nws kom zoo dua next lub struts thiab tau kev pab los ntawm lub natives.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, qhov no noj tsau hwv lawm yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thauj txoj kev hauv tsev rau cov mov no ntawm caj npab los ntawm Pakistan thiab lub koom haum kev kawm bases rebels.

Txoj hmoo Massoud

Yog li, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, Ahmad Shah Massoud yog ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab tw ntawm Soviet troops thaum lub sij hawm tag nrho 10-xyoo stint nyob rau hauv Afghanistan. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias nws tau yug los nyob rau hauv lub Tajik tsev neeg.

Nyob rau hauv 1973, tom qab lub coup, nws twb yuam rau hauv exile nyob rau hauv Pakistan. Muaj nws tuaj koom lub Islamist tsis sib xws, coj los ntawm Burhanuddin Rabbani.

Nyob rau hauv 1975 nws tau koom tes nyob rau hauv lub ua tsis tau tejyam uprising tiv thaiv cov dictator Mohammed Daoud. Tom qab ntawd nws tau tawm tsam lub Soviet rog thiab Karmal li tus thawj tswj hwm.

Tom qab tshem ntawm cov tub rog ntawm lub USSR ua tau kuv los ua tus kav Masudistana. Qhov no nws tus kheej-proclaimed lub xeev, uas muaj lub xeev nyob rau hauv northeast Afghanistan. Ib lub koom haum nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub capital ntawm Takhar xeev - Taloqan. Masudistan tau nws tus kheej tsoom fwv, hais txog 2.5 lab cov neeg, feem ntau lawv twb Tajiks, nws tus kheej txiaj thiab 60000th pab tub rog.

Nyob rau hauv 1992, Massoud pab tub rog nkag mus hauv Kabul. Tom qab ntawd, cov thawj coj ntawm Afghanistan los ua Rabbani thiab Massoud tau txais lub portfolio ntawm Minister ntawm kws muaj txuj ci. Txawm li cas los, tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub Soviet regime, Massoud yuav tsum tau hais Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. Nyob rau hauv 1994, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov sib ntaus sib tua kev tswj ntawm Kabul tua txog plaub txhiab ntawm civilians, thiab lub nroog ntawd yeej tseem zoo lawm.

Tsis tau nyob rau hauv 1996, lub Taliban seized hwj chim nyob rau hauv Afghanistan, thiab Masudistan los ua ib tug mej zeej ntawm lub sab qaum teb Alliance, uas yog mus ntawm Massoud.

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias txij li thaum xyoo 1999, Massoud ua hauj lwm nrog American txoj kev ntse. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv 2001, nws raug tua thaum lub sij hawm ib tug tib sim los ntawm ib tug yus tua yus bomber. Nws qhia nws tus kheej raws li ib tug journalist, thiab ib lub foob pob muab zais rau hauv ib tug video koob yees duab. Raws li ib co lus ceeb toom, Massoud raug tua nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm hauv Laden vim hais tias ntawm ties nrog cov neeg Mis Kas.

Panjshir offensives

Thawj Panjshir offensives coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1980. Hostilities pib nyob rau hnub tim 9. Massoud lub tsev hauv paus twb puas lawm, tab sis nws twb tsis tau mus caum tus retreating rebels. Vim lub topography hnyav machinery yuav hla tsis tau. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj ua tau zoo ntawm Soviet troops nyob rau hauv Afghanistan. Panjshir Valley tsis zoo li unassailable.

Tau ntawm kev ua hauj lwm pom tau tias muaj kev vam meej. Grouping Masud twb swb lawm, nws tau khiav, tau tiag raug mob.

Txawm li cas los, rau qhia yog vim li cas, lub Soviet rog txiav txim siab tsis tawm lawv lub zos nyob rau hauv lub nyob battalions. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lawv twb tsis ntev rov qab nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov guerrillas restore Massoud.

Ntawv sib yeem lus nrog Massoud

Massoud yog ib tug ntawm cov Afghan warlords, uas kam mus rau ib tug sib yeem lus nrog lub Soviet units. Tus thawj ntawv sib yeem lus twb xaus lus tam sim ntawd tom qab cov tub rog lub lag luam nyob rau hauv 1980.

Masood tau cog lus tias tsis mus tua lub Soviet thiab tsoom fwv rog, nyob rau hauv lem, lawv tau cog lus tseg tsis txhob muab tej huab cua thiab artillery kev txhawb nqa nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm collisions Massoud units nrog lub Islamic tog ntawm Afghanistan, coj los ntawm Hekmatyar.

Lwm ntawv sib yeem lus twb mus txog ntawm lub lem ntawm 1982-1983 tus.

Cov qhabnias ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Panjshir

Tag nrho huvsi thaum lub sij hawm nyob ntawm Soviet troops nyob rau hauv Afghanistan tau ua 9 loj-scale ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub noj tsau hwv lawm. Cov tshwm sim ntawm txhua ntawm lawv yog ib ntus thiab ib nrab tswj ntawm lub Panjshir Valley, uas nws thiaj li poob.

Yog cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv losses los ntawm cov Soviet Army thiab lub Afghan mujahedeen tsis.