Opus - ib tug suab paj nruas lub sij hawm. Yuav ua li cas yog lub hom phiaj ntawm cov suab paj nruag yog lub tswvyim?

Lo lus "ua hauj lwm" nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai? Lub keeb kwm ntawm tshwm sim ntawm lo lus, nws theoretical lub hauv paus raws li ib tug suab paj nruas lub sij hawm, qhov tam sim no tus nqi - tag nrho cov no tom qab nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.

Nyob rau hauv peb kab lis kev cai, cov lus lo lus "ua hauj lwm" daig mas ob semantic lub ntsiab:

• Luag thuam thiab derogatory txhais rau ib co txawj tej hauj lwm yog tsis commendable.
• "Opus" - ib tug suab paj nruas lub sij hawm.

Raws li nrog rau cov thawj embodiment txhua yam yog tseeb, qhov thib ob zaug to taub.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm lo lus "ua hauj lwm"

Hauv plawv ntawm lo lus "music" yog lub notion ntawm "music", tab sis lub thib ob yog tsis zoo tib yam rau cov thawj, thiab muaj ib tug keeb kwm ib thaj tsam.

Muaj yog suab paj nruag, raws li ib yam khoom, thiab qhov no yog vim rau daim ntawv sau kev lig kev cai; thiab muaj suab paj nruag, raws li cov kev ua ub txuam nrog nws improvisational qauv playback.

Qhov no txim hluav taws xob twb xub sau nyob rau hauv nws treatise N.Listeniusa «Musica» nyob rau hauv 1537. Nws yog nyob rau hauv no treatise twb xub hais tias ua hauj lwm - ib tug "muab sau ua ntawv, tag nrho khoom tiav." Yog li, tus tshiab tswvyim ntawm "hauj lwm" twb xub muab sau cia.

Nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo txhiab of Christianity yeej lub qhov ncauj hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov suab paj nruag yog li ntawd txawm lub sij hawm "improvisation" tsis muaj nyob, vim hais tias muaj tsis muaj lwm txoj kev. Cov kev loj hlob ntawm ob versions ntawm creativity nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag tsuas pib nrog lub 9-10 centuries, thaum thawj cov ntawv luam ntawm cov sau tseg rau daim ntawv.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog "opusnaya" suab paj nruag thiab "kev xyaum" tseem muaj nyob rau hauv parallel, tag nrho cov txheej xwm ntawm tib neeg lub neej tau nrog los ntawm musicians ua si thiab cov artist ntau alternated nws tus kheej compositions nrog rau lwm cov neeg uas tsis muaj lawm ntse kab nruab nrab ntawm cov tswv yim.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb mus ua ke txawj twb tsim qauv, cov tib motives dawb do migrate los ntawm ib tug ua hauj lwm mus rau lwm lub, thiab nws twb tsis yog plagiarism. Txuj ci manifested nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev ntawm kev kho mob ntawm cov khoom.

Sau cov suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai - European innovation

Maj mam ua ntau thiab ntau menyuam novelty khoom nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm, yog cov creation ntawm tshiab, tsis tau muaj tunes, lub npe hu ua "sau ntawv". Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim, lub keeb kwm ntawm lub tsim ntawm lub European suab paj nruas kev kos duab yog tsis sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lwm yam continents.

Tus thawj xib fwb txawv lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nws yog nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe originates nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv creativity, no tau yug los rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tsuas sau cov suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai. Thiab hais tias hloov txhua yam: ib cov tswvyim tshiab ntawm cov suab paj nruas kos duab, cov aesthetic kev tau hloov lub psychology ntawm creativity, hnov chaw twb tsim tej kev qhia suab paj nruag tso.

Ua ke nrog unikalizatsiey suab paj nruas muaj pes tsawg leeg, lub notion ntawm "composer" - tus creator ntawm ib yam khoom tshiab. Cov tom ntej no tej yam ntuj tso kauj ruam yog los tsim ib tug stand-alone suab paj nruag uas yog tsis txuam nrog txhua tus neeg xav tau kev pab, thiab yog ib yam uas muaj nuj nqis nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej.

Lub theoretical neeg ncajncees rau lub notion ntawm "hauj lwm"

German philosopher thiab theorist ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua Carl Dahlhaus tau pom cov nram no tej yeeb yam uas txhais tau lub tswvyim ntawm "hauj lwm":

• compositional tiav;
• siab kaw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv sau ntawv nyeem ntawm lub siab zoo;
• autonomy, tsis muaj ib tug losis tswvyim dabtsi daim ntawv thov ntawm cov suab paj nruag;
• "Zoo nkauj contemplation li awe" intrinsic tus nqi "tsis music" tsis muaj cov ntawv nyeem thiab cov kev pab cuam.

Lwm German music theorist Hans Eggebreht muab ib tug ntau leej txhais ntawm "ua hauj lwm" ntawm lub tswvyim, kev sau ntawv hais tias "ua hauj lwm" - yog:

• theoreticity (subordination ntawm cov kev cai ntawm txoj kev tshawb xav);
• lub xub ntiag ntawm lub philosophical richness ntawm cov ntsiab lus;
• zafiksirovanny nyob rau hauv lub sau ntawv;
• polyphony;
• belongs rau tus sau;
• tiav lawm;
• uniqueness.

Lo lus "ua hauj lwm" niaj hnub no?

Rau hnub tim, lub hauj lwm - yog tsis cia li ib tsab ntawv, kaw sau ntawv rau ntawm daim ntawv. Lo lus "ua hauj lwm" txhais tau hais tias ua hauj lwm tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv thiab muab ib tug tej yam muaj pes tsawg tus. Nyob rau lub sij hawm thaum nws twb luam tawm suab paj nruag, ua hauj lwm tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug ntau dua los yog tsawg hais txog zauv qhia.

Yog hais tias thaum lub sij hawm lub neej ntawm lub composer rau ib co ntawm nws tej hauj lwm los yog tsis tau sau ib zaug thiab, yog li ntawd, yog tsis muaj nws hauj lwm, nws yog muab lub npe "posthumous hauj lwm", uas yog, ib tug uas tau luam tawm tom qab tus sau tus tuag.

Opus tooj tsis yeej ib txwm muaj kev cuam tshuam lub sij hawm ntawm kev sau ntawv tej hauj lwm. Yog hais tias nws twb sau nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm thaum ntxov ntawm nws ua hauj lwm, thiab luam tawm rau thawj lub sij hawm tom qab tau ntau xyoo, thiab cov hauj lwm tus xov tooj yuav tsum muab tom qab. Piv txwv li, twb muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov tub ntxhais hluas Rondo "npau taws heev heev tshaj ib tug poob penny" yog ib tug lig hauj lwm tus xov tooj 129.

Tej zaum cov composer luam tawm ob peb tej hauj lwm. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog muab lub hauj lwm tiam sis txawv serial tooj. Piv txwv li, lub 24 Preludes los ntawm Chopin luam tawm raws li Opus 28, tab sis muaj ntau serial tooj ntawm 1 mus rau 24. Yog li, cov kev qhia "Chopin - Prelude fifth" thiab "Chopin - Opus 28 №5" txhais tau tib yam.