Opekushin Aleksandr Mihaylovich, Lavxias teb sab sculptor: biography, ua hauj lwm

Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no koj yuav nrhiav tau ntau qhov chaw uas yuav tsis tau tsuas yog amaze nrog lawv grandeur, polished kab, tab sis kuj pab mus taug txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kos duab ntawm cov duab puab ntawm lub hnub nyoog. Tab sis ua dab tsi peb paub txog cov neeg uas tsim cov monuments, uas muab tso rau ib feem ntawm nws tus plig nyob rau hauv ib tug nyiam tshaj plaws?

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb nco qab lub zoo-paub Lavxias teb sab sculptor. Opekushin Aleksandr Mihaylovich - uas nws yog, zoo li cas pab tau mus rau lub kos duab lub ntiaj teb no, thiab yog dab tsi ua hauj lwm los ua nto moo?

biography

yug AM Opekushin Kaum ib hlis 28, 1838 (raws li mus rau lwm cov chaw nyob rau hauv Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1833) nyob rau hauv ib tug me me lub zos Svechkino Volga (Yaroslavl xeev). Nws tuaj ntawm ib tug neeg pluag tsev neeg. Nws txiv yog ib tug serf ntawm tus tswv av Ekateriny Olhinoy, txawj modelers nws tus kheej-qhia.

Txij li thaum tseem yog menyuam yaus Opekushin tsom artistic txuj ci thiab saj, los rau tej yam yooj yim cov neeg pluag teeb meem creatively. Nws ntse kawm tiav los ntawm lub zos lub tsev kawm ntawv. nws yog nyob rau tus me nyuam tub txuj ci yog ib qho nyuaj tsis them sai sai, ces tus txiv yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm tej nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, kuv txiav txim siab xa cov me nyuam tub mus kawm. Thaum tau kev tso cai los ntawm E. Olkhin, cov tub ntxhais Opekushin thaum lub hnub nyoog ntawm 12 mus rau npe nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm teeb duab ntawm lub Imperial Society rau lub txhawb ntawm Artists.

tsim

Kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg yog ib qho yooj yim. Thiab es tsis txhob ntawm peb lub xyoos nws siv xwb ob. AM Opekushin qhia tsis tshua muaj peev xwm thaum lub sij hawm lawv cov kev tshawb fawb, thiab yeej lub siab lub ntsws ntawm zoo-paub ntxias thiab professors. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog Danish sculptor David Jensen. Tom qab qhov kawg ntawm lub teeb duab lub tsev kawm ntawv, nws caw rau nws studio Opekushin li volnoprihodyaschego modelers.

Ntxiv kev kawm ntawv thiab ua hauj lwm rau cov ntxhais sculptor yog tsis yooj yim sua, txij li thaum cov ntaub ntawv nws yog tseem muaj ib tug serf. Yuav kom daws tau qhov teeb meem Opekushin yuav tsum tau cov nyiaj rau tus nqe txhiv - 500 rubles. Yuav kom qhov no kawg, nws ua hauj lwm nyuaj, ua kom tiav ntxiv txiav txim thiab tau txais ib cov nyiaj hli.

Muaj zog kev nyuaj siab, kev kawm txhua hnub, tas mus li pw tsaug zog deprivation thiab undernourishment ho tsis muaj zog txaus Opekushin lub cev, thiab nws poob mob. Tsuas yog tu phooj ywg ntawm lub academy thiab tus hluas uas muaj hnub nyoog pab los mus kov yeej tus mob. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1859, nws tau kos npe Opekushin freestyle. Tam sim no nws yog dawb thiab yuav ntxiv ib tug muaj tswv yim txoj kev, yuav ua li cas thiab nyob qhov twg nws xav.

Tshiab alma mater yog tus Imperial Academy of Arts. Nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus, tus tub hluas modeller txuas ntxiv mus koom qhov kev Jensen thiab nyuaj yeej title ntawm ib qho ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab sculptors.

tsev neeg

Nyob rau hauv 1861, Alexander sib yuav. Tu siab, lub qhov chaw yog tsis tau muab ntaub ntawv hais txog nws tus poj niam thiab cov me nyuam. Nws yog tsuas yog lub npe hu hais tias Opekushin muaj ib tug loj tsev neeg, ob peb cov ntxhais. Pab kom nws ib txwm nyiaj tau los ntawm lub creation ntawm cov hniav sculptures.

Opekushin Aleksandr Mihaylovich yog ib tug heev kev cai dab qhuas tus txiv neej thiab ib tug staunch monarchist. Nws ua hauj lwm yog heev ntshai nyob rau hauv lub imperial tsev neeg. Thaum lub sij hawm nyuaj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab tsev neeg yog tus naas ej Lavxias teb sab sculptor begging thiab starving. Thaum pej xeem nyiaj them, nws tsiv los ntawm revolutionary St. Petersburg (ces Petrograd) nyob rau hauv nws cov haiv neeg xeev Opekushin. Tom qab ntawd Rybnitsa txais lub tsev nyob rau hauv free siv. Alexander yog nyob rau hauv nws tus qub lub hnub nyoog thiab yog tsis koom nyob rau hauv nyiam cov paj ntaub. Txawm li cas los, cov neeg Commissariat singled tawm rau nws tsev neeg Academic rations.

Nyob rau hauv 1923 Opekushin ntes tau mob ntsws dej thiab tuag. Nws raug faus nyob rau hauv tib Rybnitsa zos, tom ntej no mus rau lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm tus Cawm Seej, uas ua kevcai raus dej. Ib nrab xyoo tom qab, lub sculptor lub ntxa nyob coj tombstone. Thiab nyob rau hauv 2012, ib tug tsis paub admirer Opekushin faib nyiaj rau granite tombstone nrog lub inscription: "Qhov zoo sculptors ntawm thov ua tsaug xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv."

Early hauj lwm

Ua hauj lwm Opekushin Aleksandr Mihaylovich li ib tug artist thiab modeler pib thaum ntxov. Los ntawm cov muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 17, nws tsim ib tug lub koob npe nrov ntawm ib tug txawj ntse tswv. Txawm li cas los, cov raws taw tes rau hauv txoj hmoo ntawm nws los ua 1862. Bas-relief "tub txib saum ntuj, tshaj tawm rau cov neeg yug yaj Christmas" yog ib tug zoo pib taw tes rau lub kawg thiab kos duab rau cov ntxhais sculptor.

Tsis ntev nws twb pom los ntawm ib tug naas ej artist Mikhail Mikeshin thiab muaj noj ib feem nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm lub monument nyob rau hauv Novgorod "xyoo txhiab of Russia" - ib tug loj-scale project thaum lub sij hawm. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, kev koom tes nrog Mikeshin muaj ib tug loj feem nyob rau hauv Opekushin. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws tiv kev txom nyem sculptor. Style ntawm cov tub ntxhais sculptor tau lom zem ntau tsim nyob rau hauv lub cawv thiab creativity ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg uas xav tau qhov tseeb sculptor Mark Antokolsky, nyob rau hauv particular, nws saum Ivana Groznogo thiab Peter I.

ua hauj lwm

Thaum lub sij hawm tag nrho cov hauj lwm Opekushin tsim ob peb lub kaum os masterpieces. Rau ib txhia ntawm lawv Lavxias teb sab sculptor tau txais khoom plig thiab lub npe. Tab sis, hmoov tsis, npaum li cas ntawm cov monuments twb rub down thaum lub sij hawm lub revolutionary lub sij hawm. Xws li, piv txwv li, tau los ua ib tug monument rau Alexander II. Nws twb qhib nyob rau hauv 1898. Lub bronze monument sawv ntawm sab qab teb ntawm lub Kremlin phab ntsa.

Thoob plaws lub koob meej coj Opekushin ua hauj lwm pom hais tias nws nyob rau lub ntiaj teb tso rau neeg pom nyob rau hauv Paris. Cov no muaj xws li caum tais depicting keeb kwm scenes, uas tau ua rau tus tswv qauv.

Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los tsis kam tus nco tshab ua rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab lub ntiaj teb no puab Opekushin Aleksandr Mihaylovich. Nws sculptures muaj tej yam yooj yim, tsawg-qhov tseem ceeb, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm heev tus kheej style ntawm kev ua tau zoo. Daim ntawv teev cov hauj lwm muaj xws li monuments ntawm tus naas ej poet AS Pushkin thiab KUV Lermontov, naturalist Karl von Baer thiab Admiral Greig, ib tug tsoo ntawm Countess Shuvalov thiab Tsesarevicha Nikolaya Aleksandrovicha.

Tom qab ntawd, li cas los xij, critics ntawm lub sculptor creativity yog pom raws li tau zoo thiab paub qhia tej lo. Piv txwv li, ib tug monument rau huab tais Alexander III twb tsis heev heev menyuam los ntawm nws lub contemporaries.

Pej thuam ntawm Peter Kuv

Opekushin enjoyed ua hauj lwm nrog cov portrait sculptures uas nto moo keeb kwm nuj nqis. Tshwj xeeb yog muaj kev vam meej tau nws ua hauj lwm mob siab rau rau Peter I. Tus pej thuam depicts ib tug huab tais zaum ntawm ib lub rooj zaum nyob rau hauv nws yam thiab khau looj plab hlaub.

Sculptor amazingly tswj mus ntes tus impulsiveness thiab cov kev mus ncig ntawm cov ua cim nrog Petr Veliky. Txawm li cas los, raws li tau hais tias, nws tsis yog lub tsuas iconic masterpiece, tsim los ntawm cov wizard.

Lub monument rau Pushkin

Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tej hauj lwm uas tsim Opekushin - Pushkin monument. Rau nws creation ntawm lub sculptor pib nyob rau hauv 1872, muaj ces muab pov tseg tag nrho cov lwm yam tej yaam num. Ntev peb lub xyoo nws coj mus tsim ib tug kos ntawm lub monument. Yuav kom qhov no kawg, lub tswv yuav tsum tau kawm ntau tshaj ib tug kaum os cov portraits ntawm lub kws sau paj lug thiab nws ua hauj lwm. Tom qab Opekushin candidacy pom zoo nyob rau hauv 1875, nws pib mus rau kos duab qhov kev siv. Cov pab coj sculptor kes duab vajtse I. Bogomolov.

Tsuas yog tsib xyoo tom qab ntawd, tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm twb tiav lawm. Thiab Lub rau hli ntuj 6, 1880 nyob rau hauv Tverskoy Boulevard nyob rau hauv Moscow twb officially qhib monument rau cov poj Lavxias teb sab paj huam AS Pushkin. Lub bronze monument ntawm lub nce majestically rau ib tug pedestal thiab tam sim ntawd tshwm sim los ntau excitement ntawm cov townspeople.

Thiab niaj hnub no lub Lavxias teb sab paj huam nyob rau hauv ib tug bronze tsim thoughtfully stands rau ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab hauv txoj kev ntawm lub capital nyob rau hauv ib tug elegant tsho tiv no, li uas ib tug dav-draped cloak. Nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm muaj yooj yim ntawm lub siab. Me ntsis qaij ntawm lub taub hau thiab ob lub qhov muag qhia qhov inspiration ntawm Pushkin thiab noble greatness.

Sam Opekushin Pushkin monument yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm feem loj thiab nquag ua hauj lwm, qhov kev siv ntawm cov uas nws tau nyiaj ua lag luam tsis tsuas yog lawv lub sij hawm thiab kev rau siab, tab sis kuj yog ib tug ib feem ntawm nws tus plig, txoj kev hlub ntawm lub poetic kos duab.

monument Lermontov

Nyob rau hauv 1889, nws nyob rau lub creation ntawm lwm nto moo Lavxias teb sab paj huam, thiab tsa ib tug monument rau Lermontov nyob rau hauv Pyatigorsk. Nws muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tej yuav thiab kev txom qhov chaw ntawm kev tshoov siab thiab kev xav ntawm lub kws sau paj lug - lub Caucasus.

Nrhiav nyob rau monumental Lermontov, unwittingly ntes koj tus kheej xav tias qhov kws sau paj lug tom qab ib co qho thiab zaum saum ib lub pob zeb, nws lub taub hau, admiring lub snow-dawb kaus mom ntawm lub roob. Nws ob lub qhov muag qhia sib sib zog nqus kev xav thiab kev tshoov siab. Ib co kiv cua duab puab xav hais tias ib tug monument ntawm lub kws sau paj lug Lermontov xwm heev tu siab thiab dab tuag, uas ntse ntse nta. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, raws li cov portraits ntawm nws tham ntxiv txog softness. Txawm li cas los, nws yog ib lub creation ntawm lub artist nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg lub sijhawm thiab xaav thiab sab laug qhia txog yam tshiab ntawm lub nroog.

Monument ntawm Muraviev-Amur

Qhov loj tshaj plaws loj nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm pre-revolutionary Russia thiab nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm Opekushin (16 meters siab) tau los ua ib tug monument rau suav Muraviev-Amur - tus tswv xeev ntawm Eastern Siberia. Tom qab nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1881, Emperor Alexander III txiav txim siab los memorialize approximate. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1886, nws tshaj tawm ib tug kev sib tw rau sculptors. Cov lawv kuj yog ib tug "golden trio" Mikeshin, Antokolsky thiab Opekushin.

Project Alexander tus pom zoo raws li qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Bookmark lub monument coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1888, thiab peb lub xyoo tom qab nws tau officially qhib nyob rau hauv Khabarovsk thiab ntsia ntawm lub Khabarovsk pob tsuas. Daim duab count sawv ntawm lub sam thiaj, nws ob lub qhov muag twb qhia ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Lub pedestal yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog tsib memorial plaques nrog lub npe ntawm tub ceev xwm thiab civilians uas nquag koom nyob rau hauv lub accession mus rau lub Amur cheeb tsam ntawm Russia. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv 1925, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov "Decree rau lub monuments," lub monument twb npaum li cas thiab muab tso rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej, thiab tom qab ntawd txiav rau seem.

hniav duab puab

Ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm cov hniav puab Opekushin nyob. Nws yog nws leej twg yog tus kwv uas nws qhov xim, kev txhim kho thiab loj qhov chaw ntawm cov nyiaj khwv tau. Nws yog ua tsaug rau nws Alexander ntawm ib tug hluas hnub nyoog twb paub raws li ib tug feemxyuam modelers.

Tom qab keej tua ntawm bas-reliefs thiab tus naas ej xya nuj nqis rau lub monument rau Catherine II nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg twb qhia rau qhov teeb meem Opekushin Royal Qhov Rooj rau lub iconostasis nyob rau hauv lub Cathedral ntawm Sawv Rov Los. Thiab nws coped nrog nws masterfully.

muaj tiag mus kom ze nrog ib tug yuav luag tsis paub thiaj cwm pwm sijhawm cai nyob rau hauv portrait busts, uas tau raug tsim los ntawm tus sculptor. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam copyright tej hauj lwm ntawm cov hniav art sculptures hais txog cov artistic expressiveness ntawm cov dluab thiab elegance, mos kab.

Txeeb thiab lub npe

• Thaum kawm nyob rau hauv lub Imperial Academy of Arts Opekushin Aleksandr Mihaylovich tau txais nws cov thawj puav pheej - ib tug silver puav pheej - rau yav tom ntej kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov bas-relief rau lub biblical ntsiab.
• Nyob rau hauv 1864, rau cov sketches saum "Belisarius" thiab "Cupid thiab psyche" sculptor tau nce neklassnogo artist. Tsib xyoos tom qab ntawd nws tau nce mus rau qhov no nyob qib rau cov hoob kawm artist ntawm 2 degrees, thiab tom qab ntawd tau txais ib tug 1 degree.
• Qhov loj tshaj kawm tau lub title ntawm academician, uas Opekushin twb muab nyob rau hauv 1872. Imperial Academy ntawm Fine Arts nrog nws nyob rau hauv ib feem vim hais tias ntawm nws kev kawm kom tau zoo thiab tseem ceeb lub xeev-hom hauj lwm: ib tug tsoo ntawm lub Crown tub huabtais thiab tus pej thuam Petra Velikogo.
• Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, Alexander Mikhailovich Society of Naturalists twb muab tsub ib tug kub puav pheej rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm thematic tej hauj lwm.
• Opekushin yeej nyob ntawm lub thoob ntiaj teb. Ib qho ntawm feem koj tau ua yog tus thawj puav pheej, tau txais los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv Estonia, Tartu (ces Dorpat) rau cov creation ntawm lub monument rau Karl Baer. Opekushin par nrog cov kev sib tw tau kawm los ntawm sculptors los ntawm teb chaws Europe thiab America.

nthuav lus tseeb

• Nyob rau hauv 1978, nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm cov sculptor (nws 140th ib) tau tso tawm pictorial (artistic) lub hnab ntawv nrog nws portrait nyob rau obverse.
• Nyob rau hauv 1986, astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh sab asteroid, uas yog hu ua tom qab lub Lavxias teb sab sculptor.
• Txij li thaum 1993, koj kev coj noj coj cov nuj nqis hais txhua xyoo Yaroslavl nqi zog muaj npe Opekushin.
• Nyob rau hauv 2013 nws luam tawm ib phau ntawv Olgi Davydovoy hais txog lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm lub sculptor. Los ntawm txoj kev, tus sau dua luam tawm tsab ntawv hais txog Opekushin. Phau ntawv no kuj muaj ib tug piav qhia ntawm feem ntau cov tseem ceeb lub sij hawm ntawm lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm tus poj masters. Yuav kom tsim nws coj ze li ntawm 30 xyoo. Thiab yog vim li cas rau daim ntawv tau txais kev pab xwb ob hnub: lub 175th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm cov me nyuam yug Opekushin (raws li cov kev pab, yug nyob rau hauv Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1833) thiab cov 90 hnub tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj kev tuag.

PS

Cov piv txwv tsom lub ntiaj teb no Opekushin Aleksandr Mihaylovich, nws biography thiab achievements nyob rau hauv lub duab - yog tiag tiag ib tug feat ntawm ib tug serf. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj los mus tiv thaiv cov kev system, thiab muaj pov thawj tias tej kev raws li txoj cai los yog lwm yam kev txwv tsis tiv thaiv kom txhob muaj ib tug neeg los ntawm ua tej yam uas koj hlub thiab tsim ib yam dab tsi zoo nkauj, mus ib txhis tawm hauv ib lub cim xeeb ntawm nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv no ntiaj chaw. Thiab cia ib tus Lavxias teb sab sculptor tom qab heev heev qhuas thiab lub npe tsis nco qab lawm rau ob peb lub xyoo, critics ntseeg ib tug kab ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lub monumental thiab sculptural kos duab uniquely sib sib zog nqus thiab twb tsis muaj cim xeeb txwv.